Тheoretical grammar

The Adjective and The Adverb

Теоретичний компонент:

2.1. Semantic classification of adjectives.

Adjectives can be semantically classified based on the qualities they express. Common semantic
classifications include:

Qualitative Adjectives: Describe the inherent qualities of a noun (e.g., big, small).

Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate quantity or number (e.g., many, few).

Relative Adjectives: Describe the relationship between two or more things (e.g., superior, inferior).

Possessive Adjectives: Indicate ownership or possession (e.g., my, his).

Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns (e.g., this, that).

Interrogative Adjectives: Used in questions to modify a noun (e.g., which, what).

2.2. Morphological structure of English adjectives.

English adjectives typically have a simple form (e.g., fast) and can take comparative and superlative
forms (e.g., faster, fastest). Some adjectives, especially shorter ones, may follow irregular patterns (e.g.,
good, better, best).

The morphological structure of English adjectives involves understanding how these words are formed,
modified, and inflected. Let's explore the key components of the morphological structure of English
adjectives:

Base Form:

Most adjectives have a base form that is used in simple statements.

Examples: happy, tall, beautiful

Comparative Form:

Adjectives can take a comparative form when comparing two things. The comparative form is often
formed by adding "-er" to the base form or by using "more" before the adjective.

Examples: happier, more beautiful

Superlative Form:

Adjectives can take a superlative form when comparing three or more things. The superlative form is
often formed by adding "-est" to the base form or by using "most" before the adjective.Examples:
happiest, most beautiful

Irregular Forms:
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms that don't follow the typical "-er" or
"-est" pattern.

Examples: good, better, best

bad, worse, worst

far, farther/further, farthest/furthest

Use of "Very" and "Less" or "Least":

Adjectives can be intensified by using "very" or weakened by using "less" or "least."

Examples: very happy, less happy, least happy

Adjective Phrases:

Adjective phrases can be formed by combining multiple adjectives to provide more detailed
descriptions.

Examples: a tall, dark, and handsome man; an old, tattered book

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives:

Many adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the adjective form.

Examples: happily (from happy), beautifully (from beautiful)

Comparison of Adverbs:

Adverbs, like adjectives, can have comparative and superlative forms to express degrees of intensity or
manner.

Examples: quickly, more quickly, most quickly

Formation of Adjective Clauses:

Adjective clauses, introduced by relative pronouns (such as "who," "which," or "that"), provide
additional information about a noun.

Example: The book that is on the table is mine.

Understanding the morphological structure of adjectives is essential for constructing grammatically

correct and nuanced sentences in English. It involves recognizing and using different forms of adjectives
based on the context and the intended meaning.

2.3. Grammatical category of the English adjective:

a) the grammatical content of the comparative degree;

b) the grammatical content of the superlative degree.

a) The grammatical content of the comparative degree:

The comparative degree is used to compare two things. It is often formed by adding "-er" or "more"
before the adjective (e.g., faster, more beautiful).

b) The grammatical content of the superlative degree:

The superlative degree is used to compare three or more things. It is often formed by adding "-est" or
"most" before the adjective (e.g., fastest, most beautiful).

The grammatical category of the English adjective involves two important degrees of comparison: the
comparative degree and the superlative degree. Let's delve into the grammatical content of each:

a) The Grammatical Content of the Comparative Degree:

Formation:

The comparative degree is formed to compare two entities or qualities. It is typically created by adding
"-er" to short adjectives or by using "more" before long adjectives.

Examples: faster (short), more beautiful (long)

Use:

The comparative degree is employed when making comparisons between two entities or when
expressing a higher degree of a quality.

Example: This book is more interesting than that one.

Modifiers:

Adjectives in the comparative degree can be further modified by adverbs like "much," "far," or "a little."

Example: She is much taller than her brother.

Irregular Forms:

Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms that don't follow the typical "-er" or "more" pattern.

Examples: good, better; bad, worse

b) The Grammatical Content of the Superlative Degree:

Formation:

The superlative degree is formed to indicate the highest degree of a quality among three or more
entities. It is typically created by adding "-est" to short adjectives or by using "most" before long
adjectives.

Examples: fastest (short), most beautiful (long)

Use:

The superlative degree is used when making comparisons among three or more entities or when
expressing the highest degree of a quality.
Example: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

Modifiers:

Adjectives in the superlative degree can be modified by adverbs like "very," "quite," or "absolutely."

Example: This is a very interesting book.

Irregular Forms:

Similar to the comparative degree, some adjectives have irregular superlative forms.

Examples: good, best; bad, worst

Understanding the grammatical content of the comparative and superlative degrees is crucial for
constructing clear and accurate comparative and superlative forms of adjectives in English.

2.4. Substantivized adjectives in English:

a) wholly substantivized adjectives;

b) partly substantivized adjectives.

a) Wholly substantivized adjectives:

Adjectives that function as nouns without the need for an accompanying noun (e.g., the rich).

b) Partly substantivized adjectives:

Adjectives that require a noun for full meaning (e.g., the poor man).

Substantivized adjectives in English refer to adjectives that are transformed into nouns, either wholly or
partly. Let's explore these two categories:

a) Wholly Substantivized Adjectives:

Definition:

Wholly substantivized adjectives are adjectives that, when used, function entirely as nouns. They don't
require the presence of a noun to convey their meaning.

Examples:

The rich have responsibilities. (Here, "rich" functions as a noun representing wealthy individuals.)

The old are respected. (In this case, "old" is used as a noun representing elderly people.)

Usage:

Wholly substantivized adjectives can be used to represent groups or categories of individuals based on a
shared characteristic described by the adjective.

b) Partly Substantivized Adjectives:

Definition:

Partly substantivized adjectives are adjectives that, when used, still retain some characteristics of
adjectives but are employed in a noun-like manner.

Examples:

The poor need assistance. (Here, "poor" is partly substantivized, representing individuals in a state of
poverty.)

The injured were taken to the hospital. (In this case, "injured" is used as a partly substantivized adjective
referring to people who are injured.)

Usage:

Partly substantivized adjectives are often used when referring to a group of people who share a
particular condition or quality described by the adjective.

In both cases, substantivized adjectives allow for conciseness in expression by turning an adjective into a
noun, often representing a class or group of individuals. The distinction between wholly and partly
substantivized adjectives lies in whether the adjective functions entirely as a noun or still retains some
characteristics of an adjective while being used as a noun.

2.5. Syntactic functions of the adjective.

Adjectives in English can function as:

Attributive Adjectives: Modify a noun directly (e.g., a red car).

Predicative Adjectives: Follow a linking verb and modify the subject (e.g., The sky is blue).

Adjectives in English play various syntactic functions within a sentence, contributing to the overall
structure and meaning. Here are the primary syntactic functions of adjectives:

Attributive Function:

Adjectives often function attributively, directly modifying and providing more information about a noun.

Example: The blue sky is clear.

Predicative Function:

Adjectives can also function predicatively, appearing after a linking verb and describing the subject of
the sentence.

Example: The sky is blue.

Postpositive Position:

Some adjectives appear in a postpositive position, coming after the noun they modify.

Example: The person in question is the President elect.

Cumulative Adjectives:
Adjectives can cumulatively modify a noun, providing multiple layers of description.

Example: She wore a beautiful, elegant dress.

Coordinate Adjectives:

Multiple adjectives that independently modify a noun are coordinated using commas.

Example: It was a cold, dark, and stormy night.

Adjective Clauses:

Adjective clauses, introduced by relative pronouns (e.g., who, which, that), function as adjectives,
providing additional information about a noun.

Example: The book that is on the table is mine.

Comparative and Superlative Forms:

Adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can also be used to compare or describe multiple
entities.

Example: She is the tallest in the group.

Quantifying Adjectives:

Adjectives that express quantity, such as "few," "many," "some," contribute to the syntactic structure.

Example: There are many books on the shelf.

Demonstrative Adjectives:

Demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those) indicate which noun is being referred to.

Example: I like this book.

Possessive Adjectives:

Words like "my," "your," "his," and "their" function as possessive adjectives, indicating ownership.

Example: This is my car.

Understanding the various syntactic functions of adjectives is crucial for constructing grammatically
correct and meaningful sentences in English. Adjectives enhance the description and precision of
language, contributing to effective communication.

2.6. Morphological characteristics of Adverbs and their morphological composition.

Adverbs are typically formed by adding "-ly" to an adjective (e.g., quickly, beautifully). Some adverbs
have irregular forms (e.g., well).

Morphological Characteristics of Adverbs:

Adverbs are a diverse category of words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire clauses.
Morphologically, adverbs can exhibit certain characteristics:
Formation:

Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix "-ly" to adjectives.

Examples: quickly, happily, beautifully

Irregular Adverbs:

Some adverbs have irregular forms and don't follow the typical "-ly" pattern.

Examples: fast (adjective), well (adjective "good"), hard (adjective), late (adjective)

Adjective-to-Adverb Conversion:

Some adverbs are formed by using the base form of adjectives without adding "-ly."

Examples: fast (adjective and adverb), hard (adjective and adverb)

Comparative and Superlative Forms:

Adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms, similar to adjectives.

Examples: quickly, more quickly, most quickly

Adverbs without "-ly":

Certain adverbs don't have an "-ly" ending and have the same form as their corresponding adjectives.

Examples: He's feeling good. (adjective), He's doing well. (adverb)

Morphological Composition of Adverbs:

Adverbs can be classified based on their morphological composition and how they relate to other words:

Simple Adverbs:

These adverbs consist of a single morpheme and are not derived from other words.

Example: soon

Derived Adverbs:

Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by adding the suffix "-ly" or other suffixes.

Example: beautifully (derived from the adjective "beautiful")

Compound Adverbs:

These adverbs are formed by combining two or more words.

Example: thereafter (there + after)

Phrase Adverbs:

Adverbial phrases are groups of words that function as adverbs.

Example: in a hurry
Relative Adverbs:

Words like "when," "where," and "why" can function as both adverbs and relative pronouns.

Example: He told me the reason why he was late.

Understanding the morphological characteristics and composition of adverbs is essential for using them
effectively in sentences. Adverbs add nuance to the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs,
providing additional information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action or state occurs.

2.7 Semantic classification of Adverbs.

Adverbs can be semantically classified as:

Adverbs of manner: Describe how an action is performed (e.g., quickly, softly).

Adverbs of time: Specify when an action occurs (e.g., now, yesterday).

Adverbs of place: Indicate the location of an action (e.g., here, everywhere).

Adverbs of frequency: Describe how often an action occurs (e.g., always, rarely).

2.8 Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability of Adverbs.

Adverbs can function as:

Adverbial modifiers: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Adverbial complements: Complete the meaning of certain verbs (e.g., He ran fast).

Adverbs in English serve various syntactic functions and exhibit patterns of combinability to convey
information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or degree of an action or state. Let's explore the
syntactic functions and patterns of combinability of adverbs:

Syntactic Functions of Adverbs:

Modifier of Verbs:

Adverbs often modify verbs, providing information about how an action is performed.

Example: She sings beautifully.

Modifier of Adjectives:

Adverbs can modify adjectives, enhancing or limiting their meaning.

Example: The car is very fast.

Modifier of Other Adverbs:

Adverbs can modify other adverbs, indicating the degree or manner of an action.
Example: He spoke too quickly.

Modifier of Entire Sentences:

Adverbs can function as sentence adverbs, expressing the speaker's attitude or providing an overall
comment on the entire sentence.

Example: Certainly, we can discuss this further.

Intensifier:

Some adverbs function as intensifiers, emphasizing the degree or extent of an adjective or adverb.

Example: The movie was really good.

Disjuncts:

Adverbs can function as disjuncts, expressing the speaker's attitude or providing a comment on the
entire situation.

Example: Honestly, I don't know.

Patterns of Combinability:

Front Position:

Adverbs can appear at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis.

Example: Quickly, he finished his homework.

Mid Position:

Adverbs often appear after the subject but before the main verb.

Example: She always arrives early.

End Position:

Adverbs frequently appear at the end of a sentence.

Example: He finished his work quickly.

Split Position:

Some adverbs can be split by the verb, especially in informal speech.

Example: She will probably call later.

Conjunctive Adverbs:

Adverbs like "however," "therefore," and "nevertheless" can connect clauses and express logical
relationships.

Example: She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.

Frequency Adverbs:
Adverbs indicating frequency (e.g., always, often, never) are commonly used with present simple tense
verbs.

Example: I usually go to the gym on Mondays.

Temporal Adverbs:

Adverbs indicating time (e.g., now, later, yesterday) help convey when an action occurs.

Example: He will arrive soon.

Understanding these syntactic functions and patterns of combinability enables effective use of adverbs
to convey precise meanings and nuances in English sentences. Adverbs contribute to the overall flow
and clarity of communication by providing additional information about the circumstances surrounding
an action or state.

3. Практичний компонент:

3.1 Adjectives vs adverbs: confusing cases.

Some words may function as both adjectives and adverbs, and their usage can be context-dependent
(e.g., fast, hard).

Adjectives and adverbs are both modifiers, but they serve different functions in a sentence. However,
there are certain cases where confusion may arise due to similar forms. Let's explore some of these
confusing cases:

Adjective Forms Used as Adverbs:

Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form, especially in the case of short adjectives.

Example: He ran fast. (Here, "fast" is an adverb describing how he ran.)

Example: She has a fast car. (Here, "fast" is an adjective describing the car.)

Adjective Forms After Linking Verbs:

After linking verbs (e.g., be, seem, feel), adjectives are used to describe the subject.

Example: She seems happy. (Here, "happy" is an adjective describing the subject "she.")

Example: She seems to dance happily. (Here, "happily" is an adverb describing how she dances.)

Well vs Good:

"Well" is an adverb, and "good" is an adjective. However, people often use "good" instead of "well" in
informal speech.

Correct: She sings well.

Informal: She sings good.

Late vs Lately:
"Late" is an adjective, and "lately" is an adverb. However, in informal speech, people may use "late" as
an adverb.

Correct: He arrived late.

Informal: He arrived late to the party.

Hard vs Hardly:

"Hard" is an adjective, and "hardly" is an adverb. However, colloquially, people may use "hard" in place
of "hardly."

Correct: It's hard work.

Informal: I can hard wait.

Adjective or Adverb After Sense Verbs:

After verbs related to the senses (look, smell, taste, sound, feel), adjectives are often used.

Example: The flowers smell lovely. (Here, "lovely" is an adjective describing the flowers.)

Example: She sang the song beautifully. (Here, "beautifully" is an adverb describing how she sang.)

It's essential to distinguish between adjectives and adverbs for clear and accurate communication.
However, language evolves, and in informal contexts, some flexibility exists. In more formal or academic
writing, it's advisable to adhere to the standard usage.

3.2 Positional characteristics of Adverbs.

Adverbs can appear in different positions within a sentence, including the beginning, middle, or end,
depending on the type of adverb.

Adverbs in English can occupy different positions within a sentence, and their placement often depends
on the type of adverb, the emphasis desired, and the overall structure of the sentence. Here are the
primary positional characteristics of adverbs:

Initial Position:

Some adverbs, especially those expressing the speaker's attitude or introducing the main idea, can
appear at the beginning of a sentence.

Example: Suddenly, the lights went out.

Mid Position:

Adverbs often appear after the subject but before the main verb.

Example: She always completes her assignments on time.

End Position:
The most common position for adverbs is at the end of a sentence, especially when the adverb is
modifying the verb.

Example: He spoke loudly, so everyone could hear clearly.

Between Subject and Verb:

Adverbs can be placed between the subject and the main verb.

Example: She never eats meat.

After the Object:

Adverbs often appear after the object when they modify the verb.

Example: He played the piano beautifully.

Split Position:

Some adverbs can be split by the verb, especially in informal speech.

Example: She will probably call later.

End Position with Auxiliary or Modal Verbs:

When there are auxiliary or modal verbs, adverbs often appear after them.

Example: He can easily complete the task.

Conjunctive Adverbs:

Adverbs like "however," "therefore," and "nevertheless" are often placed at the beginning or in the
middle of a sentence and are set off by commas.

Example: He studied hard; therefore, he passed the exam.

Frequency Adverbs:

Adverbs indicating frequency (e.g., always, often, never) are commonly placed before the main verb.

Example: She usually wakes up early.

Adverbs of Degree:

Adverbs expressing degree (e.g., very, too, enough) are typically placed before the adjective or adverb
they modify.

Example: It's too hot today.

Understanding the positional characteristics of adverbs is crucial for constructing grammatically correct
and well-structured sentences. Adverb placement can affect the overall meaning and emphasis of a
sentence, and choosing the right position contributes to effective communication.

3.3 Modal words.

Modal words express modality, indicating necessity, possibility, probability, or permission. Common
modal words include can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must.

Feedback on content:

What are the common features and differences in the degrees of comparison of English Adjectives and
Adverbs?

Degrees of comparison apply to both adjectives and adverbs in English, and they share several common
features while also having some differences. Let's explore these:

Common Features:

Base Form:

Both adjectives and adverbs have a base form used in simple statements.

Adjective Example: happy

Adverb Example: quickly

Comparative Form:

Both adjectives and adverbs can take a comparative form when comparing two things.

Adjective Example: happier

Adverb Example: more quickly

Superlative Form:

Both adjectives and adverbs can take a superlative form when comparing three or more things.

Adjective Example: happiest

Adverb Example: most quickly

Irregular Forms:

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Adjective Example: good, better, best

Adverb Example: well, better, best

Differences:

Formation of Comparative and Superlative:

Adjectives often form comparatives by adding "-er" or using "more," and superlatives by adding "-est" or
using "most."

Adverbs often form comparatives by adding "-er" or using "more," and superlatives by adding "-est" or
using "most."
Difference: While the comparative and superlative forms are similar, adverbs typically use the same
forms as adjectives (adding "-er" or using "more" for comparatives, and adding "-est" or using "most" for
superlatives).

Use of "Very" and "More":

Both adjectives and adverbs can be intensified by using "very" or "more."

Adjective Example: very happy, more happy

Adverb Example: very quickly, more quickly

Position in a Sentence:

Adjectives typically come before the noun they modify or after certain linking verbs.

Adverbs can appear in various positions within a sentence, including before or after the verb it modifies.

Difference: Adjective placement is often more fixed, while adverbs are more flexible in terms of position.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives:

Adverbs can also modify adjectives to provide additional information about the degree or manner of the
adjective.

Example: very happy, extremely beautiful

In summary, while adjectives and adverbs share common features in terms of base form, comparative,
and superlative forms, their differences lie in the typical placement in a sentence and how adverbs
modify adjectives. Adjectives and adverbs often follow similar patterns when expressing degrees of
comparison.

4.b. Feedback on accuracy: Discuss the role of substantivized Adjectives

Substantivized adjectives play a unique role in language. When an adjective is substantivized, it is

transformed into a noun, and it takes on the function of a noun in a sentence. This process is also known
as nominalization. Substantivized adjectives serve several important roles in communication:

Functioning as Nouns:

The primary role of substantivized adjectives is to function as nouns. They represent a concept or a
group of people characterized by the quality described by the adjective.

Example: The rich (referring to wealthy people), The poor (referring to those in poverty)

Representing Categories or Groups:

Substantivized adjectives are often used to represent categories or groups of individuals who share a
common characteristic.

Example: The elderly (referring to older people), The homeless (referring to people without a home)

Eliminating the Need for a Noun:

In some cases, a substantivized adjective eliminates the need for a separate noun because it
encapsulates both the quality and the entity.

Example: The accused (referring to individuals accused of a crime)

Expressing Generalizations:

Substantivized adjectives can be used to express generalizations about people or things with a particular
quality.

Example: The beautiful (referring to beautiful things or people in general)

Serving as Subject or Object:

Substantivized adjectives can function as the subject or object of a sentence.

Example: The brave are admired. (Here, "brave" is a substantivized adjective serving as the subject.)

Indicating Social or Economic Classes:

Substantivized adjectives are commonly used to refer to social or economic classes.

Example: The privileged (referring to those with special advantages or opportunities)

Expressing Abstract Concepts:

Substantivized adjectives can represent abstract concepts derived from adjectives.

Example: The infinite (referring to the concept of infinity)

Using Adjective Phrases as Nouns:

Substantivization can occur not only with single adjectives but also with adjective phrases, creating more
nuanced and specific nouns.

Example: The always hopeful (referring to those who are consistently optimistic)

In summary, substantivized adjectives add flexibility to language, allowing speakers and writers to
convey information more concisely and to create nouns that encapsulate qualities or characteristics.
They are a linguistic tool that enhances expressiveness and succinctness in communication.

II. Practical task

Task I. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives:

New Comparative: newer Superlative: newest

Small Comparative: smaller Superlative: smallest

Famous Comparative: more famous Superlative: most famous

Big Comparative: bigger Superlative: biggest

Nice Comparative: nicer Superlative: nicest

Beautiful Comparative: more beautiful Superlative: most beautiful

Old Comparative: older Superlative: oldest

Comfortable Comparative: more comfortable Superlative: most comfortable

Young Comparative: younger Superlative: youngest

Dark Comparative: darker Superlative: darkest

Tall Comparative: taller Superlative: tallest

Exotic Comparative: more exotic Superlative: most exotic

Short Comparative: shorter Superlative: shortest

Thin Comparative: thinner Superlative: thinnest

Thick Comparative: thicker Superlative: thickest

Hot Comparative: hotter Superlative: hottest

Expensive Comparative: more expensive Superlative: most expensive

Cheap Comparative: cheaper Superlative: cheapest

Interesting Comparative: more interesting Superlative: most interesting

Noisy Comparative: noisier Superlative: noisiest

Popular Comparative: more popular Superlative: most popular

Heavy Comparative: heavier Superlative: heaviest

Light Comparative: lighter Superlative: lightest

Simple Comparative: simpler Superlative: simplest

Slow Comparative: slower Superlative: slowest

Fast Comparative: faster Superlative: fastest

Hungry Comparative: hungrier Superlative: hungriest

Pleasant Comparative: more pleasant Superlative: most pleasant

Quiet Comparative: quieter Superlative: quietest

Soft Comparative: softer Superlative: softest

Strong Comparative: stronger Superlative: strongest

Cloudy Comparative: cloudier Superlative: cloudiest

Frosty Comparative: frostier Superlative: frostiest

Late Comparative: later Superlative: latest

Wet Comparative: wetter Superlative: wettest

Wonderful Comparative: more wonderful Superlative: most wonderful

Bright Comparative: brighter Superlative: brightest

Dry Comparative: drier Superlative: driest

Humid Comparative: more humid Superlative: most humid

Good Comparative: better Superlative: best

Windy Comparative: windier Superlative: windiest

Happy Comparative: happier Superlative: happiest

Little Comparative: littler (less common), smaller Superlative: littlest (less common), smallest

Early Comparative: earlier Superlative: earliest

Icy Comparative: icier Superlative: iciest

Many Comparative: more Superlative: most

Clever Comparative: cleverer Superlative: cleverest

Loud Comparative: louder Superlative: loudest

Bad Comparative: worse Superlative: worst

Far Comparative: farther (physical distance), further (metaphorical distance)

Superlative: farthest (physical distance), furthest (metaphorical distance)

Rainy Comparative: rainier Superlative: rainiest

Sunny Comparative: sunnier Superlative: sunniest

Narrow Comparative: narrower Superlative: narrowest

Task II. Form adverbs from adjectives:

Near Adverb: nearly ; Cheap Adverb: cheaply ; Shy Adverb: shyly ; Hard Adverb: hardly ; Nice Adverb:
nicely ; Fast Adverb: fast ; Quick Adverb: quickly ; Good Adverb: well ; Bright Adverb: brightly ; Late
Adverb: late ; Correct Adverb: correctly ; High Adverb: high ; Bad Adverb: badly ; Lovely Adverb: lovingly
(often used for actions expressing love or affection) ; Deep Adverb: deeply ; Slow Adverb: slowly ;
Beautiful Adverb: beautifully ; Wide Adverb: widely ; Happy Adverb: happily ; Angry Adverb: angrily ;
Fluent Adverb: fluently ; Straight Adverb: straight ; Close Adverb: closely

Task III. Make sentences according to the model:

I always get up early. Mary cannot go to bed before midnight. He always looks at me shyly. It has
been rather windy lately. I have met him by chance recently. He can hardly ever stay alone. They
have just come unexpectedly. You should get a good, well-educated job nowadays. I have already
spoken about it twice. She danced perfectly at the party.

Task IV. Choose the right word:

1. The cake smells delicious. 2. She spoke highly of him. 3. You treated him badly. 4. She seldom wakes
up late. 5. The plane was high in the sky. 6. Mary’s been working very hard lately. 7. Your sister looks
wonderful today. 8. I was deeply touched. 9. The cloth feels soft . 10. She looked at me closely. 11. Do
you feel bad today? 12. She entered the room quietly. 13. The cat smelled the meat suspiciously. 14. It
could hardly be heard. 15. The stew tastes perfect.

Task V. Put the adverbs of indefinite time in their proper places:

1. Where do you usually spend the summer ? 2. Do you always prepare your lessons in the afternoon ?
3. Must you always get up so early ? 4. Has your uncle ever mentioned this fact ? 5. You must always
follow the doctor’s advice ? 6. I never know what to speak to him about. 7. Is Helen in at this time of the
day rarely? 8. Does he often come home so late? 9. Does he ever smoke in bed? 10. I seldom enjoy
reading detective stories .

Task VI. Are the words in the box adjectives or adverbs or both? Look at the sentences and decide:

It’s getting late. 2. The Times is a daily paper. 3. She’s a lovely, friendly, lively person. But she seems
lonely. 4. It doesn’t seem likely that your children will be ugly. 5. The postman’s early. 6. She speaks
English well. 7. We have monthly meetings. 8. Don’t talk so loud. 9. If you’ve got a fast car, why don’t
you drive fast? 10. If you want me to work hard, you’ll have to pay more.

Daily: Adjective in sentences 2 and 7.

Weekly: Adjective in sentence 7.

Monthly: Adjective in sentence 7.

Yearly: Adjective in sentence 7.

Cowardly: Adjective in sentence 3.

Fast: Adjective in sentences 9 and 10; Adverb in sentences 6 and 9.

Friendly: Adjective in sentence 3.

Hard: Adjective in sentence 10; Adverb in sentence 10.

Late: Adjective in sentence 1; Adverb in sentence 5.

Likely: Adjective in sentence 4.

Lively: Adjective in sentence 3.

Lonely: Adjective in sentence 3.

Loud: Adjective in sentence 8.

Lovely: Adjective in sentence 3.

Silly: Adjective in sentence 3.

Ugly: Adjective in sentence 4.

Well: Adjective in sentence 6; Adverb in sentence 6.

Exercise VII. Choose the correct word and fill in the gaps in the sentences:

historic – historical

1. In his book, Winston Churchill describes his historic meeting with the then President of the United
States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 2. To understand the author’s message, it is important to look at the
novel in its historical context. 3. The Queen’s decision to pay income tax was a historic decision in the
life of the contemporary Bitish society. 4. Scientists are still arguing if King Arthur was a real historical
figure. 5. Founded in 1884, the American Historical Association encompasses every historical period and
geographical area and serves professional historians in al areas of employment. 6. Valentina Tereshkova,
the first woman cosmonaut, started her historic flight into space on June 16, 1963 and safely returned
from her three-day mission on June 19. 7. Historical fiction is currently enjoying a tremendous
renaissance, both in terms of literary and commercial recognition. 8. In our home library, there was
something to suit everyone: Leo Tolstoy, Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Hardy, thrillers and spy stories,
historical novels and light romances.

Exercise VIII

economic – economical

1. Slow economic growth and low consumer spending affected sales last year. 2. I’d like to buy a car that
is more economical on petrol. 3. In the current economic conditions, we must keep costs down. 4. In his
acceptance speech, the Nobel Laureate said that the Government’s economic policy was damaging
business in the north-east of the country. 5. Tim’s a very economical person. He always looks around for
the best buys. 6. Investors are holding out from Mexican stocks untill they see clear signs of an
economic recovery. 7. We have a very economical heating system, so the bills aren’t too high. 8. It’s
more economical to buy in big packet – it’s only 50 p. more than the small one. 9. It is believed that the
tax breaks will stimulate economic activity in the country.

Exercise IX. Choose the correct word from the box and fill in the gaps in the sentences:

1. “I find the pupils’ behaviour intolerable” said the new teacher. 2. We moved from Birmingham to an
arae that is less industrial. 3. This cream is very effective against most types of skin rash. 4. Helen was a
marvellous pupil, always conscious of those areas where she needed to improve. 5. The doctor comes
on alternate Tuesdays. 6. Have you any alternative proposals? 7. I want you to sing aloud . 8. That’s
£11.25 altogether . 9. Only a person with a conscientious approach will be acceptable as mediator to
both management and trade unions. 10. He was industrious in the job he was doing, so he decided to
leave. 11. The Marsh Murderers are notorious for the torture and brutal killing of their child victims. 12.
The kennels were closed down after the local council investigated and found no evidence of the human
treatment advertised by the owners. 13. So, Mandy, besides decorating your house, what else do you
enjoy doing in your spare time? 14. It’s quite credible why Jackie doesn’t get on with her parents. They
continue to treat her like a small child. 15. Jenny likes nothing better than to curl up on the sofa with a
thick classical novel. 16. So finally a bronze medal for Jane Smith. All in all, a very creditable
performance from a girl who is only seventeen. 17. John always says how lovely it would be to spend
more time together, but it’s never posssible to pin him down to a definite arrangement. 18. Harry’s not
a careful driver. Only last week he pulled out from behind a stationary vehicle staright into the path of
an economy lorry. 19. Every drug that is put on the market has undergone exhaustive tests. 20. Don’t
pay to much attention to what I just said now. I was really only thinking aloud . 21. People with sensitive
skin should always wear rubber gloves when doing the washing-up.