Preliminaries

§ Bandwidth: the difference b/w the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies.

v It is typically measured in hertz,

v Depending on context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth or baseband bandwidth.

v In radio communications, it is the frequency range occupied by a modulated carrier signal.

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Preliminaries (1)
§ Spectral efficiency or bandwidth efficiency: refers to the information rate (bps) that can be transmitted

over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system.

§ Downlink (DL): is the link from a base station to one or more user equipment

§ Uplink (UL): is the link from a UE to the base station.

§ It is essential to that data can flow DL and UL at the same time without any noticeable interruptions.

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Preliminaries (2)
§ FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex): Both spectrum usage techniques.

§ FDD: needs two separate frequency bands or channels, one for UL and one for DL

§ TDD: use a single frequency band for both transmit and receive.

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Preliminaries (3)
§ Macrocell (or macrosite): it provides radio coverage served by a high power cell site.

v Antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other existing structures,

ü at a height that provides a clear view over the surrounding buildings and terrain.

v The term macrocell is used to describe the widest range of a cell size.

v Macrocells are found in rural areas or along highways.

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Preliminaries (4)
§ Microcell: is used in a densely populated urban area.

v Cell area is typically smaller than a macrocell.

§ Picocell: are used for areas smaller than microcells, such as a large office, a mall, or train station.

§ Femtocell: currently the smallest area of coverage that can be implemented

v Example: home or small office.

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Preliminaries (5)
§ Transmission/reception point (TRP): (aka base station).

v the wireless devices are expected to access networks composed of multi-TRPs

ü i.e., macro-cells, small cells, pico-cells, femto-cells, relay nodes, etc).

§ Multi-TRP improves the reliability by achieving spatial

diversity.

v if one path is in deep fade, another path from a

second TRP can be used to ensure successful

transfer of data.

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5G System
§ 5G System (5GS) includes:

v 5G Core Network (CN),

v 5G Access Network (AN) and

v User Equipment (UE).

§ The 5G CN provides connectivity to the

internet and to application servers.

§ The 5G AN can be a 3GPP Next Generation

Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)

§ Or a non-3GPP Access Network

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5G System (1) UE
UE UE

UE

UE

Cell site 3
Cell site 2

Fronthaul fibre x3

Cell site 1 Fronthaul fibre x3

Fronthaul fibre x3
Typical Cellular
System

Backhaul fibre Core

BBU
Network
One BBU controls three cell sites
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5G System (2)
§ Core network: – is a telecommunication network's core part,

§ It offers numerous services to the customers who are interconnected by the access network.

v It connects wide-area networks (WAN) and local area networks (LAN) altogether.

v The devices and facilities used for the core networks are generally switches, routers, gateways.

v Technologies used for the core network are: primarily data link and network layer technologies

§ Core networks usually offer the following features: Authentication, Call Control or Switching, Charging,

Service Invocation (such as call forwarding, call waiting), Gateways (used in core network for accessing

other networks).

§ Core network in 5G is called 5G core (5GC); core network in 4G is called evolved packet core (EPC).
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5G System (3)
§ ‘Plane' in networking: is an abstract conception where certain processes take place.

v The term is used in the sense of "plane of existence."

v The two most commonly referenced planes in networking: control plane and the data plane.

§ Control plane: is the part of a network that controls how data packets are forwarded

v — meaning how data is sent from one place to another.

v For example: the process of creating a routing table is considered part of the control plane.

ü Routers use protocols to identify network paths, and store these paths in routing tables.

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5G System (4)
§ Data plane (aka forwarding plane): In contrast to the control plane, which determines how packets

should be forwarded, the data plane actually forwards the packets.

v Think of the control plane as stoplights that operate at the intersections of a city.

v Data plane is more like the cars on the roads, stop at the intersections, and obey the stoplights.

§ Network topology: refers to the way data flows in a network.

v The control plane establishes and changes network topology.

v Again, think of the stoplights example: network topology is like the way that roads are arranged,

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5G System (5)
§ Software-defined networking (SDN): method for managing and configuring networks using software,

v instead of changing the configuration of physical equipment.

v SDN is made possible by separating the control plane from the forwarding/data plane.

§ Network Function (NF): a functional building block within a network infrastructure,

v which has well-defined external interfaces and a well-defined functional behavior.

ü For example: routing, load balancing and firewall access controls etc.

§ Network functions virtualization (NFV): replacing network appliance hardware with virtual machines.

v The virtual machines use a hypervisor (a software that create and runs virtual machines) to run

networking software and processes such as routing and load balancing.

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ITU-R IMT-2020 Standardization Activities (1)
§ International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) develops radio interface

standards for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) in the form of recommendations and reports.

§ IMT standards are specifications and requirements, not specific technologies.

§ They specify what a technology is expected to provide in the corresponding timeframe.

§ The development of IMT standards started in 1990’s.

§ The initial standards approved by ITU is called IMT-2000.

§ 3G deployments started shortly after on this basis.

§ January 2012, ITU defined 4G technology, IMT-Advanced.

§ February 2021, ITU developed 5G technology, IMT-2020.

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ITU-R IMT-2020 Standardization Activities (2)
§ Fig shows ITU-R vision by comparing IMT-advanced and IMT-2020 features and requirements.

§ To serve different use cases, IMT-2020 has low to high-mobility applications and a wide range of data rates.

§ IMT-2020 is considered from multiple aspects including:

v users, manufacturers, application developers, network

operators, and service and content providers.

§ The technical characteristics of IMT-2020 systems have

been explained in Report ITU-R M.[IMT-2020.SUBMISSION].

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3GPP Standardization Activities 15

§ Multi-national technology specifications and standards – key to success of mobile communication.

v Allows deployment and interoperability of devices and infrastructure of different vendors

v Enables devices and subscriptions to operate on a global basis

§ 1G Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) technology was created on a multinational basis

qAllowed devices and to operate over the national borders between the Nordic countries

§ 2G GSM-jointly developed by European ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

v GSM devices able to operate over a large number of countries – covering a large number of users

§ True global standardization of mobile happened with 3G technologies, especially WCDMA

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3GPP Standardization Activities (1) 16

§ Work on 3G was initially also carried out separately within

v Europe-European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),

v North America – Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) ,

v and Japan – Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)

§ Although work was being done separately within different standard organizations

v e.g., ETSI, TIA, ARIB – similar underlying technologies were being pursued

§ Especially true for Europe and Japan – both were developing similar flavors of WCDMA

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3GPP Standardization Activities (2) 17

§ Different regional standardization organizations came together and jointly created the Third-Generation

Partnership Project (3GPP)

v task of finalizing the development of 3G technology based on WCDMA

§ A parallel organization (3GPP2) was later created to develop an alternative 3G technology,

v cdma2000, as an evolution of second-generation Interim Standard (IS)-95.

§ For a number of years, 3GPP and 3GPP2, with their respective 3G technologies co-existed.

§ Over time 3GPP came to completely dominate and has,

• despite its name, continued into the development of 4G (LTE, and 5G) technologies.

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3GPP Standardization Activities (3) 18

§ Today, 3GPP is only significant organization developing specifications for mobile communication.

§ Telecommunications Standards Development Society India (TSDSI) is the organization for

Telecommunications standards development in India, founded in Nov 2013.

§ 3GPP documents are divided into releases

v Each release has a set of features added compared to the previous release

§ LTE is defined from Release 8 and onwards.

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3GPP Standardization Activities (4) 19

§ 3GPP initiated study of 5G NR in Sept 2015 by inviting all 3GPP members.

§ A preliminary study on 5G candidate technologies was conducted as part of 3GPP Rel-14 in March 2017.

§ Release 15 is New Radio (NR)

v first set of the specifications was published in December 2017

v full specifications were due in mid-2018

§ 3GPP Technical Specifications (TS) are organized in multiple series

§ Following series of specifications are for 5G-NR:

v 38-series (38.211-38.214): Transceiver design aspects for NR.

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3GPP Standardization Activities (5) 20

§ 3GPP Rel-15 is associated with the first phase of 5G specifications that define basic features of 5G systems.

§ 3GPP Rel-16 specifies the second phase of 5G specifications defining additional features of 5G that combined

with those of the first phase will satisfy the IMT-2020 requirements.

§ 3GPP Rel-15 and 16 were completed in March 2019 and July 2020.

§ 3GPP Rel-17 is expected to be completed by June 2022. Focuses on 5G enhancement.

§ Rel-15 mainly focuses on eMBB use case of 5G-NR.

§ Rel-16 mainly focuses on URLLC use case of 5G-NR.

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5G-Requirements (Key Performance Indicators (KPIs))
§ ITU-R has specified requirements for IMT2020 technologies within report ITU-R M.2410-0 (next slide).

§ These requirements will be used when evaluating candidate technologies.

§ Peak Data Rate: maximum achievable data rate (bps) by a single user in ideal radio conditions

v assuming the air-interface does not cause any bit errors.

v achieved using the higher operating bands because the target values require a large spectrum.

• Spectral Efficiency (SE): measure of throughput per unit of bandwidth (measured in bps/Hz).

• User Experienced Data Rate: throughput achieved by 95% of users within a dense urban coverage area.

• Throughput: Amount of data successfully sent/receive over a communication link.

v It is measured in kbps, mbps.

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5G-Requirements Use Cases Uplink Downlink
Peak Data Rate eMBB 10 Gbps 20 Gbps
Peak Spectral efficiency eMBB 15 bps/Hz 30 bps/Hz
User Experience Data Rate eMBB 50 Mbps 100 Mbps
Average Spectral Indoor Hotspot eMBB 6.75 bps/Hz 9 bps/Hz
Efficiency per Dense Urban eMBB 5.4 bps/Hz 7.8 bps/Hz
Txion/Rxion Point
Rural eMBB 1.6 bps/Hz 3.3 bps/Hz
User Plane Latency eMBB 4 ms 4 ms
URLLC 1 ms 1 ms
Control Plane Latency eMBB & URLLC 20 ms
Connection Density mMTC 10! devices/km"
Energy Efficiency eMBB High Sleep Ratio & Long Sleep Duration while Inactive
Reliability URLLC 1 − 10#$ = 99.999% 1 − 10#$ = 99.999%
Mobility 10 Km/hr Indoor Hotspot eMBB 1.5 bps/Hz -
30 Km/hr Dense Urban eMBB 1.12 bps/Hz -
120 Km/hr Rural eMBB 0.8 bps/Hz -
500 Km/hr Rural eMBB 0.45 bps/Hz -
Mobility Interruption time
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Mobile and URLLC
Computing (EC-309) Prem Singh (IIITB) 0 ms 22
5G-Requirements (1)
§ Area Traffic Capacity: throughput over a unit of geographic area (traffic a network can deliver over a unit area).

§ It depends on site density, bandwidth, and spectrum efficiency.

§ User Plane Latency: delay introduced by RAN for transmitting an IP packet from source to destination.

v Aka delay b/w a packet entering layer 2/3 at the transmitter and leaving layer 2/3 at the receiver.

§ The requirement assumes that the UE is already RRC Connected and is ready to transfer data.

§ Control Plane Latency: time taken by a UE to transit from the IDLE state (battery efficient state) to the

CONNECTED state.

v The equivalent requirement for IMT-Advanced (4G) was 100 ms.

§ Connection Density: max number of UEs per unit area which fulfil a specific QoS. Applicable to mMTC.
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5G-Requirements (2)
§ Energy Efficiency (EE): network capability to minimize energy consumption for RAN and/or core CN operations

without affecting the performance.

§ Device EE (RAN aspects): capability of a network to minimize power consumed by a user device modem.

§ The proposed technology should support a high sleep ratio with a long sleep duration.

§ Reliability: ability to transmit a specific quantity of traffic in a specific time with a high probability of success.

§ Applicable to the URLLC -> latency is relatively short and the reliability requirement is high.

§ Success probability must be 1 − 10!" = 99.999% when transferring 32 bytes of data in a 1 ms time duration.

§ Packet must be successfully transferred from the top of L2/L3 at the Tx side to the top of L2/L3 at the Rx side.

§ In addition, the requirement must be achieved at the edge of urban macro coverage.
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5G-Requirements (3)
§ Mobility: the ability to maintain a specific normalised traffic channel data rate while moving at a specific speed.

§ Mobility classes defined in IMT-2020: i) Stationary: 0 km/h; ii) Pedestrian: 0 − 10 km/h;

§ iii) Vehicular: 10 − 120 km/h; and

§ iv) High-speed vehicular: 120 − 500 km/h.

§ Mobility Interruption Time: duration that a UE is unable to transfer user plane packets during a handover.

§ A requirement of 0ms is specified -> data transfer must be continuous during mobility procedures.

§ ITU-R References: ITU-R M.2410-0, ITU-R M.2412-0

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