Ch 2 Def

1-Research: Systematic attempts to seek order and meaning in a seemingly

chaotic universe
• Systematised knowledge from observation, study, and experimentation carried out in order to
determine the nature or principles of what is being studied (social, natural, biomedical, etc.) •
“A systematic investigation, including research development,testing and evaluation, designed to
develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge”.

2- Validity : soundness and e ectiveness of the measuring instrument

3- Reliability: Consistency of the measurement

4- Theory: Represents deductive reasoning to understand phenomena; to understand the world

around us ( cause and e ect)

5- Hypothesis:• A proposal that a new idea or concept is likely to be correct.

• Hypothesis predicts or indicates a relationship between behavior of variables under certain
conditions that are observable, measurable, testable and consistent with knowledge and
theory from previously veri ed hypotheses
• In logic, it is states as an “If…Then” contingency.

6- Null Hypothesis: • The hypothesis that counteracts the supposed relationship.

• It usually states that there is no signi cant relationship between the groups.

7- Scienti c Law: A uniform or constant fact or principle • A con rmed hypothesis that is supposed
to depict an objective pattern

conor - If à Then or Cause à E ect

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8- Deductive reasoning: (Reasoning before research)
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9- Inductive reasoning: (Reasoning after research data).E ect à Cause or Data à Theory
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10- Appeal to authority:An argument that attempts to establish its conclusion by referencing
someone who a perceived authority or expert that claims that something is true.

11- False cause (associated relationship): • The advocate asserts that there is a causal link between
phenomena, when the link is only apparent rather than real

12-Hawthorne E ect: • Known as the Observer E ect • The novelty of being research subjects and
the increased attention from such could lead to temporary increases in workers' productivity.

13-Ambiguity : Lack of clarity in de ning terms and variables used in research.

14- Generalization : Application of group data to a speci c individual in a representative sample of

a target population

15- Scienti c Problems: A statement or question or idea which poses an unknown relationship
between variables

16-Va r i a b l e s: A variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an

experiment

or Expirmentelvariable
17- Independent Variable : The one or more condition that you can change in an
experiment

18- Dependent Variable : • It is the variable that you measure or observe. De

19- Controlled Variable: It is the variable that does not change during the experiment.

20- Extraneous Variable :They are "extra" variables that may in uence the outcome of an
experiment but aren't considered during measurement

21- Ta rg e t Po p u l a t i o n: The phenotype • The target population is a group possessing the

same characteristics
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22- Experimental group :The group subjected to the experimental variables in a study

23- Control group : The sample group in a study that isn’t subjected to the experimental variables. •
That is, they aren’t subjected to the study (but don’t know about it)

24- Associated relationship: shows how the two groups compare to each other.
25- Statistical relationship : is the proven (numerical) relationship between the groups.
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33 ch
1-Ex Ante Facto (Latin) from “before the action” or “before the facts” The data collection procedure
is prospective because the presumed independent variable will be observed

2-Experimental: Experimental research involves assigning experimental and control groups and
so
inducing an intervention in the experimental and a placebo or no intervention in the control group to
measure out the e ectiveness of the intervention.

3- Methodological research is: focused on determining the appropriate method to measure change.
It contributes to the development of treatment algorithms and techniques.
4- Evaluation research : helps to objectively assess the e ectiveness of a model or system and
compares it to another or the gold standard of care at the time. It uses one treatment or system as a
model to evaluate the others according to it.

5-Clinical observation research : involves compilation of notes that documents the conditions that
are encountered, the treatments provided and the outcomes of those treatments without direct
in uence on the outcome. Clinical observations can be summarized and presented statistically.

6-Ex Post Facto (Latin) from: “after the action” or “after the facts” The data collection procedure is
retrospective because the presumed independent variable has already occurred

7-Heuristic:T o nd or to discover

8-HISTORICAL RESEARCH:Reconstructs events that happened in the past.

The researcher proposes a research problem or states guiding question(s), collects data, interprets
the results and arrives at conclusions and implications.

10- Correlational:It is similar to experimental research; a hypothesis is used BUT researcher doesn't
manipulate independent variables, nor does researcher initiate a cause-e ect relationship.
The researcher compares the relationships between variables and populations by measuring
di erences without manipulation.

11-S urvey research: involves asking questions to discover associations. It is an excellent tool to
collect mass data in a cost-e ective way.

ch 3
1-Altruistic: Showing a disinterested and sel ess concern for the well being of others; unsel sh.

2-Pragmatic: Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather
than theoretical considerations.

ch 7
1-Methodology:Materials & Methods

2-Population : the complete set of individuals, objects or scores of interest. Often too large to
sample in its entirety

3-Sample: A subset of the population.

4-Random sample: . A number (n) of groups are established by randomly assigning subjects to
each group from a list of random numbers

5- Convenient sample. A readily available population to a researcher. The researcher cannot

generalize to that fraction of the population that was not sampled. •

6-Volunteer population. Very useful when normality is being established. This is a self- selected
group that may not be representative of a population

7-Strati ed samples: These are homogeneous subgroups based on stated variables e.g. location,
educational level, geography etc.
stregth Randomsample
Strati ed sampling is usually determined by a previous evidence implying that the variable identi ed

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8-Questionnaires:Tool to collect data

9-Internal validity: The extent to which data support the hypothesis, When conclusions about the
hypothesis can be inferred from the data

10-External validity:The extent to which the ndings can be generalized to other conditions or
populations, Not a primary focus of the research, and only relevant internal validity is present

11-Variables: are the quantities measured in a sample

12-.Dependent/Response: Variable of primary interest (e.g. blood pressure in an antihypertensive

drug trial). Not controlled by the experimenter.

13 – Independent/Predictor: called a Factor when controlled by experimenter. It is often nominal (

treatment)

14- Nominal: Discrete and categorical with no hierarchy

• Examples: eye color, gender, blood type…

15-Ordinal: Discrete and categorical with hierarchy • Examples: mild/moderate/severe,

grade or level, grouped continuous data
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16-Interval: Has a relative zero • Zero has a meaning • Examples: temperature,

17-Ratio: Has an absolute zero • Zero has no meaning • Examples: height, weight…