Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry-1

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry-1

PC 101

Dr. Marwa Rifat El-Zahry

Lecture 2: Atomic structure

 Relationship between density and volume
ü The volume of substance related to quantity of substance at
definite pressure and temperature.
ü The volume of substance can be measured in volumetric or
graduated measurements.
ü Density is the amount of substance contained in a definite
volume.
ρ (rho)= m/v where m is mass, v is volume
ü The density of a material varies with temperature and
pressure.
ü Specific gravity is ratio between density of substance to
density of reference material (water for liquids or air in gases)
at constant volume.
 on an object decreases the volume of
the object and thus increases its density.
ü Increasing the temperature of a substances decreases its density
by increasing its volume.
ü As a general rule; increasing mass will increase density.
where its solidification (ice, mass
is high), however it becomes lighter (density is low) than liquid
state (water) and it floats.

Figure (1): Different densities of

fresh water at different degrees.
 The Mole Concept
•The mole is a link between a simply calculated macroscopic
property (bulk mass) and a truly significant fundamental property
(number of atoms, molecules etc.).
•One mole of any element contains the same number of atoms as
one mole of any other element. The masses of 1 mole of different
elements, however, are different, since the masses of the individual
atoms are different.
• The molar mass of an element (or compound) is the mass in grams
of 1 mole of that substance, a property expressed in units of grams
per mole (g/mol) (see Figure below ).

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 Converting between moles and grams

v In order to convert the moles of a substance to grams, you will

need to multiply the mole value of the substance by its molar mass.
No. of grams= No. of moles X molar mass
Molar mass= x grams/1 mole
Problems:
① How many grams are in 3.79 moles of calcium bromide (CaBr2)?
(M.wt= 199.88)
Answer is : 3.79×199.88 = 758 grams CaBr2

② How many grams are in 0.572 moles of glucose, C6H12O6?

[ C=12, O= 16 and H=1]
Answer is : Molecular weight= 12×6+ 12×1+ 16×6= 180 g/mol
No. of grams= 0.572×180 = 102.96 g C6H12O6
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ü The word atom comes from the ancient Greek adjective
atomos, meaning "indivisible”.
ü John Dalton is the first chemist that postulates the modern
atomic theory based on his experiments on gases.
ü Atom is smallest constituent of matter and consists of nucleus
and surrounding electrons
ü The nucleus is made of one or more protons and number of
neutrons.
ü Both protons and neutrons are called nucleons [the atomic
mass].
ü The atomic number is the number of protons.
ü To find the number of neutrons= …………….- ……………
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q The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a
negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge.
q If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is
electrically neutral.
q If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an
overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is
called an ion.

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ü These ideas based on his studies on gases:

A. All atoms of a given element are identical.

B. All atoms of different elements vary in size and mass.
C. Atoms are indivisible and their chemical reaction leads to
rearrangement of atoms.
NaCl + KBr NaBr + KCl
Ø Dalton outlined law of multiple proportions that describes how
reactants combine in set ratio.
Ø E.x. Dalton knew that the element carbon forms two oxides by
combining with oxygen in different proportions carbon
monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
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v Periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical
elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron
configuration and chemical properties.
v It lists all elements with information to their atomic numbers,
atomic weights and chemical symbols.

Chemical symbol
Atomic weight
v Consists of periods (horizontal) and groups (vertical).
v Atomic number determines its chemical properties.
v Atomic weight is the average mass of atoms of a chemical
element.
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Figure (2): List of all metals with their atomic numbers in periodic
table.
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v They are compound contain covalent bond, sharing of
electrons between two non-metals.
v So they have low melting point and boiling point when
compared with ionic compounds.

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§ Is an impure substance made up of two or more elements
physically combined together.
§ Can be broken down by physical means.
§ No chemical changes take place.
§ Substances held together by physical force.
§ The properties of an elements in a mixture remain same.
§ Has no formula.

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 Why is water compound and Air a mixture?
• Water components are hydrogen and • Air components are oxygen (O2),
oxygen which are nitrogen (N2), Carbon dioxide (CO2),
in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by mass. water vapor, etc, which
.
• The
from whatever source it
is obtained. Level of humidity and
pollutants varies around the world.
• The gases present in the air retain
i.e. hydrogen and oxygen. their individual properties.
Oxygen present in water does not .
support combustion. • When components of air are mixed
• Energy change in the formation of together, no change in energy takes
water. place.
• A molecule of water is represented by a • We cannot represent air by any
definite formula H2O. chemical formula.
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§ Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain
identical numbers of proton and different numbers of
neutrons. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-
14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass
numbers 12, 13 and 14, respectively.
§ The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that
every carbon atom has 6 protons, so that the neutron
numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7 and 8, respectively.

§ Despite having different numbers of neutrons, isotopes of

the same element have very similar physical properties.
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§ S o m e i s o to p e s a re u n sta b l e a n d w i l l u n d e rg o
radioactive decay to be other element.
§ Example:Carbon-14 is a rare version of carbon with
eight neutrons. It is radioactive and decays over time.
When carbon-14 decays, a neutron turns into a proton
and it loses an electron to become nitrogen-14
§ Half-life of isotope is the time it takes for half of
original concentration of an isotope to decay back to its
more stable form.

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Ø Molecules are neutrally charged species and has no charge e.g.
HCl, NaOH, H2, Na2CO3.
Ø A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more
atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are
distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.
Ø A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms
of one chemical element as with oxygen (O 2 ); or it may be
heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than
one element, as with water (H2O).

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Figure (3): 3D of caffeine molecule showing its atoms and
bonds.

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qIsomers are molecules with the same number of molecular
formula (same atoms) but different configuration (orientation).

qIsomers do not necessarily have similar chemical or physical

properties.

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q Ions are atoms or molecules have non-zero net electrical
charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total
number of protons).
q Types of ions are:
: number of protons more than electrons and so, have
positive charge e.g. Na+, K+
: number of electrons more than protons and so, have
negative charge e.g. Cl-, CO32-
Neutral molecules although it has positive and
negative ions at different positions e.g. most amino acids
+NH -CH -COO-
3 2

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Q1 NaCl is an example of .................. compound.
a- ionic b- covalent c- mixture d- element
Q2 A substance made up of two elements physically combined, is …..
A- compound C- mixture
B- element D- atom
Q3 Molecules have both positive and negative charges are called ….
A- ions C- cations
B- anions D- zwitter ions
+
Q4 Which sentence is correct about Na ions?
A- No. of proton equal the no. of electron. C- No. of proton more than no. of electron.
B- No. of proton less than no. of electron. D- All are false.
Q5 Increasing the pressure on an object, …………………
A- decrease the density C- increase the density
B- increase the volume D- decrease the mass
Q6 Which of these is not a covalent compound?
A- Ammonia C- water
B- Sodium carbonate D- Hydrogen gas 29
Q7 Complete: -
1- ..........are molecules with the same number of molecular formula (same
atoms) but different configuration.
2- .................... , .................... are examples of covalent compounds.
3- The mixture can be broken up by ................ means.
4- The chemical properties of the atom is related to ....................
5- .................. is the time takes for half of concentration of an isotope to
decay back to its more stable form.
6- Water & chlorofrom mixture is an example of ....................... mixture.
7- Both protons and neutrons are called ................
8- ................ is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance.

Q8 Give reason of the follwoing sentences: -

1- Water is a compound, while air is a mixture.
2- Liquid can not be dispersed.
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