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WEEK 1 Intro, Water Cycle N Treatment
WEEK 1 Intro, Water Cycle N Treatment
SERVICES ENGINEERING
DBT 223
• Introduction
• Processes
Water Cycle
• Introduction
• Characteristic
Water • Objective
Treatment • Processes
INTRODUCTION of WATER
• Water is a substance with the chemical formula
H2O.
• A water molecule contains one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.
• Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it
often co-exists on Earth with its solid state for
example ice, and gaseous state for example water
vapor or steam.
• Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near
hydrophilic surfaces.
• Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and
is vital element for all known forms of life.
• On Earth, 96.5% - oceans, 1.7% -groundwater,
1.7% -glaciers & ice caps and 0.001% in the air
as vapor, clouds and precipitation.
• Water on Earth
moves continually
through the
hydrological cycle.
• Safe drinking
water is essential
to humans and
other life forms.
WATER SOURCES
WATER SOURCES _ WATER CYCLE
INTRODUCTION of WATER CYCLE
enhance freshness
c
of water and
reduce hydrogen
sulphide odour in
b
water. d
CHEMICAL • Chemicals are added into raw water
immediately after aeration process.
DIFFUSION • The chemical are added in the channel that
transports water from aeration process
To generate basin to flocculation process tank.
thickening agent to • Coagulants normally used are aluminium
sulphate (alum), ferric chloride and ferric
trap micro sulphate.
impurities in water.
• Alum acts as thickening agent that allow
FLOCCULATION small particles to combine and form
AND flocculants.
• The flocculants then traps other small
COAGULATION particles, forming bigger and heavier
To trap and form particles which finally settled to base of
basin.
particles and settle
• Coagulation is a process where fine
easily. flocculants combined to form larger and
heavier flocculants so as it settle easily
during settling process (slow full slow / 30
min).
• The solid flocculants formed settles through
SEDIMENTATION gravity.
• The settled flocculants form sludge and this
To remove sludge has to removed from time to time so
suspended solid as the volume of the tank is unaffected.
• Sedimentation tank should possess laminar
from water. flow characteristics so that finer flocculants
settled easily and larger settled flocculants
are prevented from dispersing.
• The filtering process is carried out by
FILTRATION passing the water through porous medium
(sand or gravel), that can trap suspended
To remove the sediment.
• Some bacteria still remain in water.
finer particles.
FLUORIDATION • Fluoride is added to water.
• Chemical compound in the fluoridation
process is sodium silicofluoride.
To reduce dental
problems among
consumers.
•
CLORINATION Chlorine agent (solid, liquid or gas) is added
into water at specific dosage.
To destroy bacteria
in water.
• Acidic water (low pH value) causes
ADJUSTMENT corrosion to the distribution pipe.
OF PH • Corrosion of metal pipes must be controlled
to ensure the pipe is long lasting so as to
reduce operational cost.
To prevent
corrosion in pipe.
WATER • Treated water must measure up to the
Drinking Water Quality Standard as
QUALITY specified international by WHO.
• Compliance to the standard is determined
by testing the samples of treated water.
• Testing of water is normally carried out at
the Chemistry Department laboratory or
other accredited private laboratories.
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