Industries

The History of Industrial Development in India

- No proper development of industry in India during the colonial

period. The British policy was anti-Indian.
- For their own benefit they would export raw materials from India to
Britain and sold finished products in India.
- Some industries which developed -sugar industry, jute industry,
cotton and woollen industry, cement industry, paper industry etc..
Major Industries Established in India before Independence
● Iron and Steel Industry - First - 1874 - Kulti, WB.
● Aluminium Industry - Jaykay nagar (West Bengal) in 1837.
● Cement Industry - Chennai in 1904.
● Chemical Fertilizer Industry - Super Phosphate plant in Ranipet (Tamil
Nadu) in 1906.
● Shipping Industry - The Hindustan Shipyard in Visakhapatnam in 1941.
● Cotton Textile Industry - In 1818, the first cotton mill was established in
Fort Gloster which was unsuccessful. In 1854, the first successful cotton
mill was set up in Mumbai by Kavasji Davar.
● Jute industry - The jute industry was set up in Rishra (near Kolkata) in
1855.
● Woollen Textile Industry-India's first woollen textile mill was set up in
Kanpur in 1876 with the brand name 'Lal Imli'.
Classification of Industries
Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

1. Based on Raw Material – Agro based industries, Forest, Mineral, Marine

based industries.
2. Based on Size – Industries classified based on the amount of capital
invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale
industries. (Garments and Automobile)
3. Based on Ownership – based on the ownership industries can be
divided into
● Private sector – owned and operated by individuals or a group of
individuals
● Public sector or state-owned– owned and operated by the
government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel
Authority of India (SAIL).
● Joint sector- owned and operated both by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals, example, Maruti Udyog
limited
● Cooperative sector – owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Example – Amul India
and IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperatives.
Factors Responsible for Location of industries
Location of the industry can be divided into two broad categories i.e.
■ Geographical factors, and
■ Non-geographical factors.
Geographical Factors

1. Raw Materials:
● Weight Losing Industries are located close to Raw Material Sources
Ex: Sugar mills, iron and steel Industries
● While other industries like ‘footloose Industries’ can be located
anywhere. Ex: Electronics, Watch industry
2. Power:
● Coal, mineral oil, and hydroelectricity are the three important
conventional sources of power.
● I & S - uses coking coal as source of power
● Electro-metallurgical and electrochemical industries, - Aluminium
industry - hydropower production
● Electricity can be transported easily - Dispersion of industries.
● Industries moved to southern states only when hydro-power could be
developed in these coal-deficient areas.
● Ex: TISCO at Jamshedpur,
● Aluminum producing units at Korba (Chhattisgarh) and Renukoot (Uttar
Pradesh), the copper smelting plant at Khetri (Rajasthan), and the
fertilizer factory at Nangal (Punjab) are near the sources of power
3. Labour :
● Labour supply is important in two respects
■ (a) workers in large numbers are often required;
■ (b) people with skill or technical expertise are needed.
● Ex: Light consumer goods and agro-based industries generally
require a plentiful labour supply.
4. Transport :
● Transport by land or water is necessary for the assembly of raw
materials and for the marketing of the finished products.
● The development of railways in India, connecting the port towns with
hinterland, determined the location of many industries around Kolkata,
Mumbai and Chennai.
5. Market:
● Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods. It
helps in reducing the transport cost and enables the consumer to get things at
cheaper rates.
● Weight Gaining Industries are mostly located close to the markets Ex: Bakery
Industry
6. Water:
● Many industries are established near rivers, canals and lakes,
● Ex: The iron and steel industry, textile industries and chemical industries
7. Site:
● Sites, generally, should be flat and well served by adequate transport
facilities. Large areas are required to build factories.
8. Climate:
● There can be no industrial development in extremely hot, humid, dry, or cold
climates.
● The extreme type of climate of northwest India hinders the development of
industries.
● In contrast to this, the moderate climate of the west coastal area is quite
congenial to the development of industries.
● Because of this reason, about 24 percent of India’s modem industries and 30
percent of India’s industrial labour is concentrated in the Maharashtra-Gujarat
region alone. Ex: Cotton Textile Industry
Non-Geographical Factors
The non-geographical factors are those including economic, political, historical,
and social factors. These factors influence our modern industries to a great extent.

Following are some of the important non-geographical factors influencing the

location of industries.
1. Capital:
● Capital or huge investment is needed for the establishment of industries.
● Modern industries are capital-intensive and require huge investments.
Capitalists are available in urban centres. Big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata,
Delhi, and Chennai are big industrial centres, because the big capitalists live
in these cities.
2. Government Policies:
● Government activity in planning the future distribution of industries, for
reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water and for
avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has become no less an important
locational factor.
● Ex: Location of industries in backward areas (Trickle down theory)
● Location of the oil refinery at Mathura, coach factory at Kapurthala, and
fertiliser plant at Jagdishpur are some of the results of government policies.
3. Industrial Inertia:
● Industrial inertia is the predisposition of industries or companies to avoid
relocating facilities even in the face of changing economic circumstances that
would otherwise induce them to leave.
● Industries tend to develop at the place of their original establishment, though
the original cause may have disappeared. This phenomenon is referred to as
inertia, sometimes as geographical inertia, and sometimes as industrial
inertia. The lock industry at Aligarh is such an example.
● Often the costs associated with relocating fixed capital assets and labour far
outweigh the costs of adapting to the changing conditions of an existing
location.
 Major Industries of India
Iron and Steel Industry
● It is a basic industry.
● It is a weight-losing industry. So, this industry is established in the area of
the raw material so that the transportation cost could be kept minimum.
● Major raw materials - iron ore and coking coal, limestone, dolomite,
manganese etc.
● In 1874, for the first time, the Bengal Iron Works was set up in Kulti in West
Bengal.
In 1973, the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was set up as a public sector
undertaking for development of the iron and steel industry. At present plants in
Burnpur (IISCO), Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro, Bhadravati (VISW) and
Salem come under SAIL.
On the basis of location, iron and steel factories can be divided into four parts:
1. Plants established near coalfields (a) Kulti-Burnpur-Hirapur (IISCO) (b)
Durgapur (c) Bokaro. All the three plants get coal from the Damodar river
valley area.
2. Plants established near iron ore areas-
(a) Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) (b) Rourkela (Odisha) (c) Bhadravati (d) Salem
(Tamil Nadu) (e) Vijayanagar (Karnataka) (Karnataka)
3. Plants established near coal and iron ore fields (ideal location) -
Jamshedpur
4. Plants established in the coastal regions - Visakhapatnam (AP),
Gopalpur (Odisha)
Kulti-Burnpur-Hirapur (IISCO) :

● All these three plants of IISCO are located near Asansol.

● Since all the three plants are located on the Asansol-Kolkata rail route, it is
easy to send the finished steel to Kolkata
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur :
● Ideal location - Between iron ore and coal areas i
● Jamshedpur is close to Kolkata-Mumbai Rail route
Vishveshwarya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL), Bhadravati

● Localisation - Based on iron ore obtained from baba budan hills.

Rourkela Steel Plant, Rourkela (Odisha):
Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) :

● Much of the finished steel is consumed in the Hindustan Shipyard,

Vishakhapatnam.
Durgapur Steel Plant, Durgapur (West Bengal) :

The localization of this project was influenced by the Raniganj-Jharia coal belt.
Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro(Jharkhand) :
Salem Steel Plant, Salem (Tamil Nadu)
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam (Andhra
Pradesh) :
Vijayanagar Steel Plant, Hospet (Karnataka):
● New steel plants are being set up in Gopalpur (Odisha),
Paradeep (Odisha) and Marmagao (Goa). India's largest
steel plant is planned to be set up at Salboni in the district
of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal.
● India is the foremost producer of scrap iron in the world.
Scrap iron is made from old iron or iron scrap.
● India is the second largest producer of iron and steel in
the world.
Aluminium Industry
● It is that industry in which electricity must be available on a large scale.
● So, it has been localised at those places where cheap electricity is
available.
● The first aluminium plant in India was set up in Jaykaynagar (West
Bengal).
● In the Second Five-Year Plan, two new aluminium plants in Hirakud
(Odisha) and Renukoot (Uttar Pradesh) were set up.
● Aluminium plants were set up in Mettur (Tamil Nadu) in Third Five-Year
Plan and in Belgaum (Karnataka) in the Fourth Five-Year Plan.
Various companies producing aluminium in India and their localization :
1. Hindustan Aluminium Company (HINDALCO) - The plant is in Renukoot (Uttar
Pradesh). It gets bauxite from the mines in Ranchi, Palamau and Lohardaga, and cheap
electricity from Rihand Hydel Power Project (Uttar Pradesh).

2. Indian Aluminium Company Limited (INDALCO) - Its plants are at the following places

(a) Muri (Jharkhand) - It gets bauxite from Lohardaga and coal from the Damodar valley.
Here, alumina is made from bauxite.
(b) Alwaye (Kerala) - Here, aluminium is made from alumina brought from Muri. It gets
hydro-electricity from Pallivasal project.
(c) Belur (West Bengal) - Here, aluminium sheet is made from aluminium lump brought
from Alwaye.
(d) Hirakud (Odisha) - Here, aluminium is made from alumina brought from Muri. It gets
hydro-electricity from Hirakud project.
3. Bharat Aluminium Company Limited (BALCO)
(a) Korba (Chhattisgarh) - Here, bauxite is brought from Amarkantak hills. It gets electricity
from the local plant of NTPC. (Disinvestment of BALCO - 51% - Vedanta, 49% - GOI)
(b) Koyna (Maharashtra) - Bauxite is obtained from Maharashtra and hydroelectricity from
Koyna plant.
4. Madras Aluminium Company (MALCO)
(a) Mettur (Tamil Nadu)-Here, bauxite from Shevaroy hills and hydro-electricity from Mettur
project are obtained.
5. National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)
(a) Damanjori (Koraput, Odisha) Here, bauxite is obtained from Panchpatmalli mine
(Koraput).
(b) Angul (Dhenkanal Odisha) Here, water is obtained from Brahmani river and coal from the
Mahanadi valley region.
6. Aluminium Corporation of India
(a) Jaykay Nagar (West Bengal)-Bauxite from Lohardaga and
coal from the Damodar valley are obtained for this plant.
7. Vedanta Aluminium Ltd, Jharsuguda, Odisha.
Cement Industry
● Basic industry.
● 1904 first cement factory in Madras.
● weight- losing industry. Localization - near raw materials.
● Raw materials are coal, limestone and gypsum.
● In recent years seashells, sludge obtained from chemical fertilisers and slag obtained from
iron and steel industry are also being used as raw materials besides limestone.

➔ Plants based on seashells - Dwarka, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Porbandar.

➔ Plant based on sludge - Sludge obtained from the fertiliser plant in Sindri is the base for the
cement plant in Sindri.(JH)
➔ Plants based on slag - Jhinkpani (Chaibasa, Jharkhand), Bhadravati, Rourkela, Durgapur,
Visakhapatnam, Durg (Chhattisgarh) cement plants have been set up near iron and steel
plants.
The centralisation of this industry is seen in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Bihar, Karnataka etc because of the availability of limestone.
Major Cement Producing States and Plants:

● Madhya Pradesh - Satna, Katni, Maihar, Jabalpur, Ratlam, Neemach,

Banmor, Akaltara etc.
● Chhattisgarh - Jamul, Durg, Mandhar etc.
● Andhra Pradesh - Vijayawada, Krishna, Guntur, Kurnool, Vishakhapatnam
etc.
● Telangana - Adilabad
● Rajasthan - Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Lakheri, Churu, Chittorgarh etc.
Porbandar, Jamnagar, Dwarika,
● Gujarat - Ahmedabad, Sikka, Vadodara, Bhavnagar, Veraval etc.
● Tamil Nadu- Tulukapatti, Thalaiyuthu, Dalmiapuram, Tirunelveli etc.
● Karnataka - Bhadravati, Shahabad, Kurkunta, Bagalkot, Gulbarga etc.
● Maharashtra - Chanda, Ratnagiri, Sevari, Manikgarh etc.
● Bihar- All cement plants in Bihar have been set up on the bank of the river
Son. Banjari, Dalmianagar, Kalyanpur are major cement plants.
● Jharkhand - Sindri, Khelari, Jhinkpani (Chaibasa), Japla (Palamau) etc.
India is the second largest producer of cement in the world. [Year – 2020]
Chemical Fertilisers Industry

● Great demand for fertilizers.

● Three kinds - Nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash.
● The demand and production of nitrogenous fertilisers are more in India
because of lack of nitrogen in the alluvial soil here.
● In the plateau region of India, the demand and production of fertilisers
containing phosphate and potash have increased with the growth of
agriculture.
● India's first fertiliser plant was set up in Ranipet (Tamil Nadu) in 1906, the
second in Belagola(Karnataka) in 1943, the third in Alwaye (Kerala) in
1947 and the fourth in Sindri (Jharkhand) in 1951. The fertiliser plant in
Sindri was the first public sector fertiliser plant.
● The raw materials have a special effect on the localization of the
chemical fertiliser industry. Naphtha, coke, coke-oven gas,
electrolytic hydrogen, sulphuric acid, ammonium sulphate
(obtained from gypsum), natural gas and rock phosphate are
used as raw materials in this industry.
Petrochemical Industry

Several kinds of things are made from crude petroleum. Many

of them provide raw materials for new industries. They are
collectively known as Petrochemical industries. These are of
four kinds
1. Polymers
2. Artificial fibres
3. Illustromers
4. Surfactant Intermediate
(1) Polymers - Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene which are obtained
during refining of crude oil. Polymers are used in the plastic industry. National Organic
Chemical Industry Limited (NOCIL) is the country's first naphtha based chemical industry
which was set up in 1961 in Mumbai by the Mafatlal Group. Mumbai, Barauni (Bihar),
Mettur (Tamil Nadu), Pimpri (Pune), Rishra (West Bengal) etc are the major plastic
producing centres.
(ii) Artificial Fibres-They are used on a large scale in the textile industries. Nylon and
polyester are major artificial fibres. In 1960, raw materials obtained from petroleum
refineries gave a fillip to the development of this industry. Plants for making nylon and
polyester fibres have been set up in Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain,
Nagpur and Udhana. Acrylic staple fibres are made in Kota and Vadodara. Polyester
staple fibres are produced in Thane, Ghaziabad, Manali, Kota and Vadodara.
Illustromers and artificial detergent are being produced in the Haldia Petrochemical
industry. Explosives-making industries are centralised at Auraiya (UP); Jamnagar,
Gandhinagar, Hazira(Gujarat); Nagothane, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra); Sivakasi (Tamil
Nadu); Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh); Haldia (West Bengal) etc.
 Agro based industries
Cotton textile industry
● The first modern cotton textile mill was set up in 1818 in Port Gloster,
Kolkata; it was unsuccessful; the first successful mill with Indian capital was
set up in 1854 in Mumbai by Kavasji Davar.
● Pure raw material based industry - Localisation : Either near raw material or
market.
● The cotton textile is produced in three sectors - mill sector, powerloom
sector and handloom sector.
● The share of the mill sector in the production of cotton textile is gradually
decreasing. In the decade of 1950s, the share of the mill sector was 81%
which reduced to about 4% in 2019-20. During this period, a special increase
was recorded in the powerloom sector.
● In 2019-20, about 60% cotton textile was produced in the powerloom area.
● During the same period, the handloom sector produced 15% cotton textile.
● 95% of the world's handwoven fabric is manufactured in India.
Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry:
Maharashtra - Mumbai is a major centre. Mumbai is called the
'Cottonopolis of India'. Besides Mumbai, the cotton textile mills are
centralised in Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Wardha, Sangli etc
in Maharashtra.c
Gujarat - Ahmedabad is the major centre. Ahmedabad is called the
'Manchester of India'. It is also called the 'Boston of the East'.
Besides Ahmedabad, Surat, Bharuch, Rajkot, Vadodara,
Bhavnagar, Porbandar etc are major centres in Gujarat.
Surat is famous for 'zari' work.
Major Reasons of Development of Cotton Textile Industry in
Maharashtra and Gujarat :
1. Marine Climate (humid climate).
2. Availability of local cotton (in (black cotton soil).
3. Availability of hydro-electricity.
4. Facility of import of machine and raw materials and export of
finished goods from Mumbai and Kandla (Gujarat) harbours.
5. Availability of cheap labour.
3. Tamil Nadu -
● The largest number of cotton textile mills (about 959) is in Tamil Nadu.
● Most of the mills here spin cotton.
● Tamil Nadu produces about 38% of mill spun cotton of the
country.Coimbatore is the major centre of it.
● If we consider the number of cotton textile mills in a town in whole India,
Coimbatore (81 mills) ranks first.
● Coimbatore is called the 'Manchester of South India'.
● Other major centres are Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Salem,
Tanjavur and Ramanathapuram.
Major Reasons of Development of Cotton Textile Industry in TamilNadu :
1. Availability of cheap hydro-electricity (electricity supply to Coimbatore,
Madurai, Tirunelveli from Paikara project).
2. Availability of local cotton.
3. Availability of cheap labour.
4. Availability of internal market.
4. West Bengal - Here, there are 30 cotton textile mills of which most of them are
around Kolkata.
Major Reasons of Development of Cotton Textile Industry in West Bengal :
1. Facility of import-export from Kolkata harbour.
2. Supply of cheap electricity from DVC.
3. Availability of cheap labour (from Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and West Bengal).
4. Availability of markets.
5. Humid climate.
5. Uttar Pradesh -
● Here, Kanpur is the most prominent centre of the cotton textile industry.
● It is called the 'Manchester of North India'.
● Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Agra and Lucknow are other major centres.
● The most important reason for the development of the cotton textile industry in the
state is the availability of a large market and cheap labour.
1. Karnataka - Here, the cotton textile industry has developed in the cotton
producing areas of eastern parts of the state. Davanagere, Hubli, Bellary, Mysore
and Bengaluru are the major centres of cotton textile.
2. Telangana - Here, the cotton textile industry has developed in the cotton
producing area. Most of the mills are spinning mills which produce yarn.
Hyderabad, Secunderabad and Warangal are major centres.
3. Punjab - In recent years, the importance of Punjab in cotton textile production
has increased rapidly (because of increase in cotton production). Here, there are
total 90 mills of cotton textile. Amritsar, Ludhiana and Phagwara are major
centres.
There has been about an 8.77 times increase in the production of cotton textile from
1950-51 to 2014-15 in India.
Problems of Cotton Textile Industry:
(i) Lack of high quality raw material (long staple cotton).
(ii) Lack of infrastructural facilities, especially insufficient power supply.
(iii) Obsolete machines & technology.
Sugar Industry

● In India, sugar is obtained from sugarcane (sugar is obtained mainly from

sugar-beet in Europe).
● The first successful sugar mill was established by the British in 1903 in
Marhowrah (Saran district, Bihar).
● Later on several sugar mills in Bihar and the adjacent areas of UP were set up.
● The sugar industry is a weight-losing industry. 9-12 kg sugar is obtained from
100 kg sugarcane.
● The transportation of sugarcane is difficult in comparison to that of sugar. So, the
sugar mills are set up around sugarcane producing areas. sugarcane must be
crushed within 24 hours from the time of its cutting from the field. The delay in its
crushing results in gradual decrease in the quantity of sucrose.
● Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh etc are the major sugar producing states. So, the sugar industry has
developed mostly in these states.
Uttar Pradesh -
Here, there are two major areas of sugarcane production and sugar
mills in the
(a) Ganga-Yamuna doab region (b) North-eastern terai region.
Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad etc are major sugar
producing areas in doab.
Gorakhpur, Basti, Deoria, Gonda, Sitapur, Faizabad etc are major
sugar producing districts in terai region.
Maharashtra
● Here, the production of sugarcane is high in the black soil irrigated by
the rivers Godavari, Krishna, Pravara, Neera etc.
● The sugarcane here contains more sucrose. This produces more
sugar.
● The sugar mills in Maharashtra are expanded in a narrow belt from
Manmad in the north to Kolhapur in the south.
● Most of the mills are in co-operative areas.
● Ahmednagar is the major centre of sugar production.
● Other major centres are Kolhapur, Solapur, Pune, Satara, Sangli,
Nasik, Malinagar, Sakkarwadi etc. yield is high
Tamil Nadu
● The sugarcane production per hectare is more in Tamil Nadu. The
quantity of sugar is more in it. The production of sugar is more because of
new machines and a long crushing period (about 160 days).
● Several mills have been set up under co-operatives.
● Coimbatore is the major district in sugar production. Other major districts
are Tiruchirapalli, Vellore, North and South Arcot.
Karnataka - The sugar mills here are spread in the districts of Belgaum,
Bellary, Mandya, Shimoga, Bijapur, Chitradurg etc.
Andhra Pradesh - The sugar mills here are spread in the districts of East and
West Godavari, Visakhapatnam in the coastal region and Chittur (in
Rayalaseema) in the interior areas.
In the beginning, sugar mills were concentrated in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In the
1970s, the decentralisation of sugar mills happened towards the southern states.
Its major reasons were
1. The areas of the black soil of the Deccan plateau are favourable for the sugar
crop. It needs more moisture and the black soil has more capacity of holding
moisture..
2. The crushing period of the sugarcane is longer in South India than that of
North India because the former has marine humid climate.
3. Most of the sugar mills in South India have been set up in co-operatives which
has enhanced the affection of the farmers towards sugarcane and sugar
production.
4. The sugarcane of South India contains more juice than that of North India.
Here, the recovery rate is about 11.6%.
5. The development of hydro-electricity has been more in South India.
Problems of Sugar Industry:
1. Competition with jaggery (gur) and unrefined sugar (Khandsari)—Half of
the sugarcane juice is used in making jaggery and unrefined sugar in India. So,
the sugar mills get less quantity of sugarcane.
2. In comparison to conventional sugarcane producing areas in the world (Hawaii
islands, Cuba, Mauritius etc), India has very less per hectare yield of
sugarcane. In comparison to the southern states in India, it is lesser in the
northern states. For example
3. Sick sugar mills.
4. Small crushing period. (Nov to Feb in North and Oct to June in south)
5. Low recovery rate of sugar-In India the average recovery rate of sugar is 10%
whereas it is 14% in Australia.
6. The price policy of the Government is not in favour of the sugar mill owners.
Jute Industry
● Jute industry is an agro-based industry.
● It is a weight-losing industry. So the localization of the industry is in the areas of
raw materials.
● The first jute mill in India was set up at a place called Rishra on the bank of
the Hugli river in 1855.
● Before partition, India had a monopoly over the world's jute industry. But there was
an unfavourable impact of the partition of India over this industry. Most of the jute
mills (102 out of 112 jute mills) remained in India but most of the jute cultivation
areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
● At present this industry is concentrated in the state of West Bengal. Most of the
mills in West Bengal are located in the Hugli industrial area (on both banks of the
Hugli). Major centres of this area are Rishra, Bansberia, Barrackpore, Howrah,
Kolkata, Budge Budge etc
Reasons of Concentration of Jute Industry in West Bengal :

1. 76% raw jute in India is produced in this area.

2. Supply of fresh water from the Hugli delta for extracting
jute fibres.
3. Facility of water transportation.
4. Availability of thermal and hydroelectricity from DVC.
5. Facility of Kolkata harbour for export of finished goods.
6. Availability of cheap labour.
7. Infrastructural facilities already available in this state.
Expansion of Jute Industry :
● There has been limited expansion of this industry in other areas at present.
● New jute cultivation areas have been identified under agro-climatic
regionalization. For example Loktak basin (Manipur), Tripura basin, the terai
area of Uttar Pradesh, the deltai areas of the Mahanadi and the Godavari.
Problems of Jute Industry:
● There has been a decrease in the demand of finished jute goods in the
international and the internal markets because of competition with artificial
fibres.
● Most of the mills are old and outdated.
● At present, the mill owners are not in favour of their modernisation because it
is a less profitable industry.
● The conventional jute cultivation areas have decreased because of the use of
hybrid paddy.
Paper Industry
● The first effort to produce paper by modern techniques was done in
1816 in Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu). It was unsuccessful.
● The first successful paper mill was set up in 1879 in Lucknow. In
1881, paper mills were set up in Titagarh (West Bengal). It is
considered the beginning of the modern paper industry.
● Paper industry is a weight-losing industry. About two and a half tons
of raw materials are needed for making one ton paper. So, the
localization of this industry is mainly in the areas of raw materials. The
following raw materials are used in making paper in India
1. Soft wood -Soft wood (of coniferous trees) is obtained from the Himalayan
region.(7%)
2. Bamboo - Most widely used raw material. (70%) raw material for paper industry is
obtained from bamboo.(Karnataka )s the largest producer of bamboo followed by
Assam.
3. Sabai grass - 15%. The best quality paper is produced from its fibres. (Madhya
Pradesh is the largest producer of sabai grass. (Others - MH, AP, OD).
4. Bagasse - It is a sugarcane residual part. (7%) Industrial paper, hard board paper,
packing paper etc are made from it.
5. Rags - Pulp is also made from wastepaper and rags. It is used to make handmade
paper. India is foremost in production of handmade paper. India also exports it. This
paper is used in making university certificates. Asia's largest handmade paper mill is in
Puducherry. Besides rags, straw of paddy, wheat and maize is also used in making
paper.
Distribution of Paper Industry:
West Bengal - It is a conventional area of paper industry. Here paper mills are set up in
Titagarh, Raniganj, Naihati, Bansbaria, Howrah, Kolkata, Dumdum etc. Here, raw material
is obtained from north-west Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Bangladesh.
Maharashtra Here the major centres are Ballarpur (the largest paper mill in the country),
Kalyan, Khopoli, Chinchbud (Pune), Sangli, Kampati, Jalgaon etc. > Ballarpur and Sangli
are major centres of newsprint production.
> Here, this industry is based on bamboo, eukalyptus, bagasse, rags and imported pulp.
Karnataka - Here, paper mills have been set up in Bhadravati, Mysore, Bengaluru,
Ramnagar, Dandeli etc. The local bamboo is mainly used as raw material.
Madhya Pradesh-Most of the paper industries in Madhya Pradesh are based on sabai
grass. Major centres are Bhopal, Indore, Ratlam and Amlai.
➤ Nepanagar is famous for newsprint production.
➤ Paper for currency notes is made in Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram).
Newsprint
The first newsprint mill was set up in Nepanagar (Shahdol district, Madhya
Pradesh) at the time of independence. At present, newsprint is being
produced at the following places
1. Nepanagar – Madhya Pradesh
2. Ballarpur– Maharashtra
3. Sangli – Maharashtra
4. Bhadravati – Karnataka
5. Vellore – Tamil Nadu
6. Pugalur – Tamil Nadu
Silk Industry
There are two stages in silk industry -
(1) Sericulture and obtaining of silk fibres
(2) Production of silk textile from silk fibres (silk textile industry)
1. Sericulture:
● It is a completely forest based industry.
● Sericulture is done mainly using the leaves of the mulberry trees.
● Besides it, sericulture is also done on the trees like oak, mahua, castor, sal,
plum, kusum etc.
● 45% of the total silk production in the country is done in Karnataka
alone.
● Other major silk producing states are Andhra Pradesh (29.5%), West Bengal
(9%) and Tamil Nadu (8.2%). Several kinds of silk are produced in India :
(i) Mulberry silk - Silk made by sericulture using mulberry trees. It is the best kind of
silk. 72% of the silk produced in the country is mulberry silk. It is produced in
Karnataka (Bengaluru, Mysore, Kolar and Tumkur districts), West Bengal (Bankura,
Murshidabad, Midnapur and Burdwan districts), Jammu & Kashmir and Assam.
(ii) Tussar silk - Tussar silk is made from silkworms who live and thrive on the leaves
of the trees like mulberry, dhak (palash), kusum(ಕೆಂದಾಳೆ) , mahua(ಇಪೆ್ಪೆ ಮರ), sal,
arjun(ಮ ತ್ತಿ ಮರ) etc. Its color is light yellow and is considered less good than mulberry
silk. Bhagalpur (Bihar) is famous for Tussar silk (handloom). About 80% of Tussar
silk is produced in Jharkhand and 11% in Chhattisgarh.
(iii) Muga silk - The worms preparing Muga silk thrive on the leaves of plum, arjun etc.
It is called wild silk and its color is golden yellow.
(iv) Eri silk-It is produced by sericulture done on the leaves of castor. It is a low quality
silk.
2. Silk Textile Industry:
It is indirectly a forest based industry. There are three tendencies of its
localisation (in the country):
(i) Raw materials based centres - Mysore, Bengaluru, Coimbatore and
Srinagar.
(ii) Demand based centres in religious places (market based centres) -
Varanasi, Tirupati, Madurai, Kanjivaram.
(iii) Industries set up at commercial or collection centres - Bhagalpur
(Bihar), Erode and Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Mumbai.
➤ Karnataka is the largest producer of silk fibres in India.
Industrial Regions

● Industrial regions are those areas, where the concentration of industries

has occurred due to favorable geo-economic conditions. These are areas
within which the manufacturing industry is carried out on a relatively large
scale and employs a relatively large proportion of the population.
● An industrial region is usually a lot larger, such as the Ruhr in Germany,
being even a significant proportion of the whole country, such as the
Midlands in the UK.
● It is often developed around some natural resource, often coal or iron
ore, or a water supply. It is usually well serviced by transport arteries eg
rail, and may not be homogenous, that is, there may be several different
unrelated types of manufacturing in the one area.
Industrial Regions of India
● India has several industrial regions like Mumbai- Pune cluster,
Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region,
Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt,
Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region, and the Kollam Thiruvananthapuram industrial
cluster.
● Industrial Regions can be demarcated into two types:
■ Major Industrial Regions
■ Minor Industrial Regions
The Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region
● Most important industrial region. Developed after the arrival of British in
India who developed the Mumbai seaport.
● Opening of Suez canal on 1869 helped it. Mainly Cotton Textile.
● The humid climate, natural port facilities, availability of hydro-power,
skilled labour, and a vast hinterland producing cotton became the main
factors in the development of this industrial region.
● The other industries of the region are engineering goods, chemical
industries, food processing industries, leather goods, pharmaceutical,
and film industries. Over 15 lakh people are engaged in the industrial sector
of this region.
● Pune is the second most important industrial centre of the region. Its
industries are producing metallurgical, chemical, engineering, and
automobile goods.
● This industrial region has almost reached the saturation level. Some of the
important problems of this industrial region are:
■ Inadequate supply of power
■ Obsolete and outdated machinery
■ High cost of land and high rent of commercial space
■ Labour unrest
■ Increasing regionalism
■ High rate of crime
■ Increasing environment pollution
● The partition of the country in 1947 adversely affected this region because
81% of the total irrigated cotton area growing long-staple cotton went to
Pakistan. Mumbai, the nucleus of this industrial region, is facing the current
limitation of space for the expansion of the industry. Dispersal of industries is
essential to bring about decongestion.
The Kolkata-Hugli Industrial Region
● The Kolkata-Hugli industrial region is located along the banks of the Hughli River.
● Industries have also developed in the Midnapur district in the west.
● The river Hugli offered the best site for the development of an inland river port as a
nucleus for the development of the Hugli industrial region.
● The availability of Agro-Raw Material (jute, indigo, and tea), nearness of coal
mines (Raniganj and Jharia), abundance of water, cheap labour and facilities of
export are the main factors which helped in the fast growth of this industrial region.
● Moreover, Kolkata was the capital of British India from 1773 to 1911. Being the capital,
Kolkata attracted many of the industrialists to locate their industries in this region.
● This belt specializes in the production of jute, silk, cotton textile, engineering,
electrical goods, automobiles, chemicals, pharmaceutical, transport equipment,
leather-footwear, iron and steel and food processing, light machine, locomotives,
iron and steel, and spare goods for different types of machines.
● The main industrial cities and towns of this region are, Naihati, Bhatpara, Shamnagar,
Krishnanagar, Serampore, Titagarh, Rishra, Kolkata, Haora, Budge.
● The main problems of this industrial region are:
■ Paucity of space and traffic jams
■ Shortage of drinking water, insanitation and lack of infrastructural
amenities.
■ Silting of the Hugli river resulting in the silting of Kolkata port
■ Obsolete machinery
■ Naxalites movement and political unrest
■ Strikes and lockouts
■ Shortage of power supply
● In order to overcome these problems the government of West Bengal is
pursuing the policy of liberalization and inviting domestic and foreign
entrepreneurs to invest in the region. Some progress has been made in
this direction in recent years.
The Ahmedabad -Vadodra Industrial Region
● This is the third largest industrial region of the country.
● The main cause for the development of this industrial region is the availability of
cotton in the hinterland, availability of cheap land, cheap skilled and unskilled
labour, port facilities, and nearness of petroleum, thermal, hydel (Ukai project),
and nuclear power station (Kakrapara).
● It is the second largest cotton textile industrial centre in the country. It also
specialises in chemical industries, engineering goods, and pharmaceutical products.
● Vadodra is an important centre of woollen textile and petrochemical goods.
● Surat is well known for silk textile and diamond cutting. The other important
industrial centres of this region are Anand, Ankleshwar Bhavanagar, Bharuch,
Godhra, Jamnagar, Kalol, Kheda, Rajkot, and Surendernagar.
● Scarcity of water and shortage of good quality of cotton are some of the
important problems of the region.
The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Industrial Region
● Stretching over the state of Tamil Nadu and the southern parts of Karnataka,
● This region is mainly the cotton-producing area of the country. The good
climate, disciplined skilled and unskilled labour, regular supply of power (from
the Mettur, Papanasam, Pykara, Savitri and Sivasamudram), and the
nearness of Chennai, Kochi, Mangalore, and Tuticorin seaports have
contributed in the fast development of this industrial region.
● About 60% of the workers are engaged in the textile industry followed by
engineering at 18%, and food-processing about 12%.
The Chotanagpur Industrial Region
● Stretches over JH, OD, Southern Bihar and western parts of WB.
● Having a large concentration of iron and steel industry, it is often called as
the ‘Ruhr of India’. This region is rich in fossil fuel and metallic and non-metallic
minerals.
● Power is available from the Damodar Valley Corporation. There is an enormous
supply of cheap labour from the surrounding states.
● The main Iron and Steel producing centers of the region are Asansol, Bokaro,
Burnpur, Durgapur, Kulti, Jamshedpur, and Rourkela. The other important
industrial centers of the region are Sindri for fertilizer, Chittranjan for
locomotives, Ranchi for HMT, and Ramgarh and Bhurkunda for the glass
industry.
● The main problems of the region are shortage of power supply and political
unrest like those caused by Naxalites. The labour unrest has deterred many of
the investors in this region.
The Agra-Delhi-Kalka-Saharanpur Industrial Region
The main industrial centres are
● Agra (textile, tourisms)
● Ambala (scientific instruments)
● Chandigarh (electronic and strategic goods)
● Delhi (textile, chemical, drugs, pharmaceutical, light machine,
electronic goods, food processing)
● Faridabad (engineering)
● Ghaziabad (synthetic fibre, chemicals, electronics, pharmaceuticals,
agricultural equipment, iron & steel, cycle tyre, and tubes)
● Gurgaon (automobiles)
● Kalka (HMT)
● Mathura (petrochemicals),
● Meerut (sugar and textiles),
● Modinagar (textile, engineering goods, and paper)
● Modipuram (textiles),
● Mohannagar (brewery, alcohol),
● Moradnagar (ordinance),
● NOIDA (automobile, electronics, etc.),
● Panipat (textile, chemical, and food processing), and
● Saharanpur (paper, wood-work, sugar, textile, and food-processing).
● High price of land, traffic jam, and high rate of crimes are the
main problems of this region.
The Minor Industrial Regions of India
● Kanpur-Lucknow Industrial Region: cotton, woollen and jute textiles,
leather goods, fertilisers, chemical, drugs, pharmaceuticals, electric goods,
and light machinery.
● Assam valley industrial region: petrochemical, jute and silk textiles,
tea-processing industry, paper, plywood, match, and food processing
industries. Important industrial centres are Bongaigaon, Dlbrygarh, Digboi,
Guwahati, Noonmati and Tipsukia.
● Darjeeling-Siliguri Industrial Region: Tea processing industry and
tourism.
● North Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh Industrial Region: sugar, cement,
glass, jute, fertilisers, locomotive, paper, and food processing are main
industries. The main industrial centres are Allahabad, Dalmianagar (Bihar),
Gorakhpur, Patna, Sultanpur, and Varanasi.
● Indore-Ujjain Industrial Region: cotton textile, chemicals, drugs, electronic and
engineering goods, and food processing.
● Amritsar Jalandhar-Ludhiana Industrial Region: sports goods, cotton and
woollen, textiles, hosiery, food-processing, and tourism..
● Nagpur-Wardha Industrial Region: textiles, engineering, chemicals, and food
processing are the main industries of this region.
● Godavari-Krishna Delta: Main industries are Iron and Steel, ship-building,
fertilizer, rice-milling, cotton textile, sugar, fish processing, engineering, and
chemicals. Main industrial centres are Guntur, Machlipatnam, Rajamundry, and
Vishakhapatnam.
● Dharwad-Belgaum Industrial Region: cotton textile, chemicals, spices packing,
and food processing are the main industries.
● Kerala coast Industrial Region: Main industries of this region are coconut-oil
extraction, rice-milling, fish packing, paper, coir-matting, ship-building (Kochi),
petroleum refining (Kochi), and chemical and electronic goods.
Thank You