Cours D'anglais de G1 Tous FLSH

Practical and Technical English Language Course
INTRODUCTION
Course purpose
The purpose of the course is to help students understand, speak English,

and get acquainted with English literature in their fields.
Course Terminal Objectives

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. Take part in an English conversation or dialogue,
2. Read selected literature in the field of Business, trade and relate areas,
3. Identify appropriate vocabulary, and useful expressions.
Teaching strategies
The aural-oral method will be mainly used to help students develop an

acceptable pronunciation and style of speaking together with the ability to develop
appropriate vocabulary and expression in the field of Business, Trade and related
areas. Great emphasis is placed on spoken English through selected practice
exercises and dialogues.
Course Requirements
Enrolled students should:

 Have an English Dictionary
 REGULARLY ATTEND CLASS SESSIONS ON TIME
 Prepare daily readings
 Submit assignments on time
 Take active part in class conversion and discussion.
Student Evaluation
Students will be evaluated as follows:
 Class participation 35%

 Home works/assignments 20%
 Final exam (written or oral) 45%
 Total 100%
Course Evaluation
At the end of the course, the latter will be evaluated through an

anonymous questionnaire, to be handed in to the course Assistant by students
shortly after completion.
Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 1

I. LANGUAGE
1. ENGLISH ALPHABET
The 26 letters of the English alphabet are:
A [ei], b [ bi:], c[ si:] d [di:], e [i:], f [ef], g [dji:], h [eitch] , I [ai], j [djei], k [kei], l [el],
m[em], N [en], o [ou], p [pi:], q [kju:] , r [a:] s [es], t [ti:], u [ju:], v [vi:], w [d˄blju:], x
[eks], y [wai], zed [zid].
Practice exercise 1.
Write down your classmates’ names.
A: What’s your name?

B: I’m Sarah Baelongandi.
A: Is that S-A-R-A-H?
B: Yes, that’s right.
A: How do you spell your last name? B-A-E-L-O-N-G-A-N-D?
B: No, it’s B-A-E-L-O-N-G-A-N-D-I.
Practice exercise 2.
Read (after the teacher) loudly the letters of the alphabet and spell the following
words:
Education, English, Law, Constitution, psychology, French, development, statistics,
literary, logic, expression, linguistics, biology, mathematics, psychotherapy,
personality, library, test, construction, Chemistry, sciences, research, method,
diagnosis, creativity, organization, school, programmes, demography,
psychopathology, African, seminar, pedagogy, anatomy, psychophysiology,
dynamics, sociology, anthropology, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, accountant
accountancy, philosophy, creativity, encyclopedia, didactics, faculty, university, dean,
department, secretary, administration, receptionist, computer science, church,
chapel, pneumatic, vice chancellor, attendant, vice dean, minister, sceptical, prime
minister, sojourn, solution, sorry, spare, spare time, surgery, surgeon, specimen,
square, shape, squash, stand, state, step, stir, strike, success, supply,

IPA symbols: International Phonetic Alphabet symbols

The table below summarizes the 19 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds in the
English language.
Practical exercises
Read after the teacher the above sounds and find out other words having the sound
alike.
2. ARTICLES
A. The indefinite Article

1. Form
The indefinite article is a or an
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant.
e.g. a man
a table
a university
a useful thing
The form an is used before a vowel beginning (a, e, i, o, u) or a word beginning with
mute h.
e.g. an hour
an honourable man
an elephant
an apple
an actor (an actress)
2. Use
The indefinite article is used:
a) Before a singular countable noun
There is a policeman at the door
They need a holiday
b) With names of professions
He is a doctor
She is a teacher
c) In expression of price, speed, ratio
 5$ a kilo
 10$ a dozen
 Four times a day
 Six kilometer an hour
d) In exclamations before singular, countable nouns
 What a hot day!
 What a pretty girl!
3. Omission
The indefinite article is not used

a) Before plural nouns
The indefinite article has no plural form
A dog – Dogs
An apple – Apples
b) Before uncountable nouns
 Advice
 Information
 News
 Baggage
 Luggage
 Knowledge
They are often preceded by some, any, a little, a lot of, a piece of.
 I’ll give you a piece of advice
 There isn’t any news
 You need some furniture.
Notes:
a) Knowledge is also uncountable but when used in a particular sense, it takes
the article:
 A knowledge of language is always useful
 He has a good knowledge of English literature.
b) Experience means: practice in doing, is uncountable but an experience is
something which happens to someone and it is countable.
 He had an exciting experience yesterday (an adventure)
c) Materials, glass, wood, iron, stone, paper, cloth, wine, coffee, tea are
considered uncountable but many of these nouns can also denote one
particular thing, and then take an article.
 Iron is a metal, but we use an iron (electric iron)
 Windows are made of glass, but have a glass of wine
 We write on paper, but I’ve finished writer paper.
a. Before abstract nouns: beauty, happiness, fear, hope, death, except when in a
particular sense:
 He was pale wish fear
 Some children suffer from a fear of the dark
b. Before names of meals, except when preceded by an adjective
 We have breakfast at 8
 He gave us a good breakfast.
The article is used when it is a special given to celebrate some event in someone
honor
 I was invited to celebrate the St Valentine’s Day: 14th February.
B. The definite Article

1. Form
The definite article is the
It is the same for singular and plural and for all the genders.

 The boy, the boys

 The girl, the girls
 The day, the days
2. Use
The definite article is used:
a. Before nouns of which there is only one:
 The earth
 The sea
 The sky
 The weather
 The Equator
b. Before the noun which is definite, present in mind of the speaker.
 Ann is the garden (the garden of this house)
 He sent for the doctor (his doctor)
 Please, pass me the wine (the wine on the table).
c. Before the superlatives
 Kilimandjaro is the highest mountain in Africa
 Monday is the worst day of the week
d. The adjective represents a class of persons
 The old= old people in general
 The young= young in general
The verb is plural, the pronoun is they
The young are impatient, they want changes.
e. Before certain proper names of sense (rivers, groups of islands, chains of
mountains, plural names of countries, deserts.
 The Sahara
 The gulf of Mexico
 The USA
 The Atlantic
Before musical instruments
 The learns to play the flute
 I play the banjo! The guitar.
3. Omission
The definite article is not used
a. Before names places or names of people except:
 The + plural name the …… Family
The Smiths are eating now (Mr. and Mrs. Smiths and children)
 The before a title with of
William, the Duke of Normandy

b. Before abstract nouns, excepts when used in a particular sense.

 Men fear death
But the death of the prime minister left his party without a leader.
c. After a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective
 The boy’s uncle = The uncle of the boy
 It is my blue book = The blue book is mine.
d. Before names of meals
 The students have the breakfast at 6.
e. Before parts of body and articles clothing’s, and these prefer possessive
adjectives.
 These your hand
 He took of his coat.
f. Before home, church, market, school, hospital.
1. Home
When used alone, home is not preceded or followed by a descriptive word on phrase.
 He went home
 She left home
 They got home late
 They hurried home
 They arrived home after dark.
2. Chapel, church, market, college, school, hospital, count, prison, work, sea, bed.
These nouns are used without the when they are used for their primary purpose
or visited.
 We got to church to pray (as worshippers)
To school to study To college to study To bed to sleep
To sea as sailors To market to buy a sell
To hospital as patients To prison as prisoners
To court as litigants To work as workers
When their places are visited for other reason, the is used:
 My father goes the school to speak to the headmaster.
But the following common nouns take the:
 Cathedral
 Office
 Cinema
 Theatre.
3. NOUNS
Notions

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal or idea.
A) Kinds
a) Concrete and abstract nouns
Some nouns name things that can be perceived with the senses: concrete
nouns.
e.g. Chair, desk, tree, hand.
Other nouns name qualities, characteristics or ideas that are not known
through the senses: abstract nouns.
e.g. Wisdom, strength, courage, intelligence, health, happiness, freedom.
b) Collective and individual nouns
Some nouns are to name groups of people or things or animals: collective.

e.g. Community, army, team, flock, class, family, club, committee.
Other nouns name individual persons things or animals.
e.g. Man, student, car, dog.
c) Common and proper nouns
All nouns are either common nouns or proper nouns. A common noun
names anyone of a class of people, places or things. A proper noun names a
specific person, place or thing. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters.
e.g. Moralist, Continent, City, Planet, Teacher, America, Africa, Madrid,
d) Compound and single nouns
Some nouns consist only of one element.

e.g. Book, Ink, uncle.
Types of compound nouns:
 Separated: fire engine, soap box
 Hyphenated: Rock-and, brother-in-law, son-in-low
 Combined (written in one word): toothbrush, dishwasher, pineapple,
bookshop, schoolbag.
e) Countable and uncountable nouns
Some nouns express material we can count separately.

e.g. Dog, man, woman, student, chair, apple.

Other nouns express material we can count: they are uncountable nouns.
e.g. Glass, wood, water, beer, oil, sugar, meat, fish, bread, sand.
B) Genders
 Masculine : men, boys and the male animals (pronoun: he/they)

 Feminine: women, girls and female animals (pronoun she/they)
 Neuter : inanimate things (pronoun it/they)
Most nouns have the same form for masculine and feminine.
e.g.
Masculine Feminine
Driver Driver
Singer Singer
Person Person
Painter Painter
Teacher Teacher
Judge Judge
Cook Cook
Bird Bird
Artist Artist
Student Student
But others have different form:
Masculine Feminine
Father Mother
Brother Sister
Uncle Aunt
Boy Girl
Man Woman
Husband Wife
Son Daughter
Wizard Witch
Dog Bitch
Wick Hen
Horse Mare
King Queen
Lord Lady

Some nouns form their feminine adding ss to the masculine
Masculine Feminine
Actor Actress
Conductor Conductress
Waiter Waitress
Author Authoress
Poet Poetess
God Goddess
Manager Manageress
Host Hostess
Jew Jewess
Priest Priestess
Shepherd Shepherdess
Emperor Empress
Count Countess
Lion Lioness
Master Mistress
Tiger Tigress
Murderer Murderess
Some nouns use the particle woman to make the feminine
Masculine Feminine
Salesman Saleswoman
Spokesman Spokeswoman
Chairman Chairwoman
Man friend Woman friend
Some nouns distinguish masculine from feminine by – boy – girl ; He – she
Masculine Feminine
Boyfriend Girlfriend
He – goat She – goat
He – wolf She – wolf

Exercise 1
Write the two nouns in each group and label each as a person, place or thing
1. Scientist
2. Insect
3. Color
4. Forest
5. Technician
6. Thorax
7. Botanist
What is a:
 Chewing – gum
 Shipwreck
 Kill – me – quick
 Station wagon
 Railroad
C) Formation of the Plural
Only countable nouns can be used in plural. The suffix /S/ or /es/ is added
to the singular form.
(S) : Dog – dogs
Bird – birds
Day – days
/IZ/ : Horse – horses
Rose – roses
Judge – judges
Ashe – ashes
Words that end in the letters: s, sh, ch, x, f, z.
 Glass – glasses - Circus – circuses

 Brush – brushes - Fox – foxes

 Church – churches - Dish – dishes

 Box – boxes - Mass – masses
 Finch – finches - Fizz – fizzes
(1) Most nouns in O take (es)
 Negro – negroes
 Potato – potatoes
 Hero – heroes
 Volcano – volcanoes
 Veto – vetoes
But there are exceptions to this:

They are all foreign words, they take s:
 Piano – pianos
 Photo – photos
 Dynamo – dynamos
 Kilo – kilos
 Memento – mementos
 Stereo – stereos
 Alto – altos
 Cello – cellos
To these we can add:
 Cuckoos
 Cameos
 Bamboos
 Portfolios
 Curios
 Studios
 Radios
(2) Most words ending in y change the y to ies:
 Lady – ladies
 Story – stories
 Army – armies
 Fly – flies.

Exception
 Valley – valleys
 Day – days
 Donkey – donkeys
 Boy – boys
 Key – keys
 Trolley – trolley
(3) The ending f- or fe in most nouns chane into ives
 Leaf – leaves - Self – selves

 Wife – wives - Shelf – shelves
 Thief – thieves - Knife – knives
 Loaf – loaves - Elf – elves
 Half – halves - Sheaf – sheaves
But
 Roof – roofs
 Gulf – gulfs
 Safe – safes
 Dwart – dwarfs
 Cliff – cliffs
 Proof – proofs
 Chief – chiefs
 Belief – beliefs
 Grief – griefs S
 Tariff – tariffs
Irregular plurals
 Ox – oxen - Goose – geese

 Child – children - Louse – lice
 Mouse – mice - Dormouse – dormice
 Man – men - Fish – fish (but also fishes)
 Phenomenon – phenomena - Tooth – teeth
 Foot – feet - Woman – women

/en/: - Ox – oxen
 Child – children
 Brother – brethren
Compound nouns
Generally compound nouns form their plural as if they were simple nouns:
 Schoolroom : schoolrooms
 Armchair – armchairs
 Housewife – housewives
 Toothbrush – toothbrushes
On the following, both elements are made plural:
 Man servant – men servants

 Man student – men students
 Teacher doctor – teachers doctors.
But
 Fathers – in – law
 Commanders – in – chief
 Men – of – war
Nouns with no singular form:
 Trousers, brushes, pants, shorts, clothes, articles or dress.

 Tools or instruments consisting of two parts: scissors, pincers, spectacles,
glasses.
The word pair is used a pair of trousers a plural verb is used with:
 My trousers are dirty

 People wear clothes
Notice: Police, public, people, clergy, and cattle are always with a plural verb.
 The Police are making enquiries on the murder
 The people of Congo are called Congolese.
Exercises
1. Some or any
Complete the sentences with some or any

1) I haven’t got _____ paper.

2) I’ll buy ______ paper when I go to the shops.
3) Is there ______ petrol in the car?
4) Yes. I put ______ in yesterday.
5) I bought _______ fruit, but they didn’t have ______ vegetables.
6) Do you have _______ change? I need 50p.
7) I saw _______ change on the table a minute ago.
8) I need _______ help with my homework.
9) I don’t have _______ free time today. Sorry.
10)Did you have ______ problems with this exercise?
2. How much? Or How many?
Write questions with how much? Or how many ?

1) We’ve got some eggs. ____________________________________________
2) She earns a fortune! _____________________________________________
3) She has a lot of children. __________________________________________
4) Can you buy some butter?
_________________________________________
5) Their house has a lot of bedrooms. __________________________________
6) Some people are coming for a meal on Sunday.
_____________________________________________________________
7) Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. ___________________________________
8) We need some flour. _____________________________________________
3. Much, many, or a lot of?
Complete the sentences with much, many, or a lot of.

1) There are _______ apples.
2) The shop hasn’t got _______ washing powder.
3) There’s _______ oil.
4) The shop has got ________ bottles of water.
5) There isn’t _______ frozen food.
6) There aren’t _________ sweets.
7) The shop’s got _______ cheese.
8) I can see _________ newspapers.
9) But I can’t see ________ magazines.
10)There isn’t ________ yoghurt.
11)The shop hasn’t got ________ birthday cards.
12)There are __________ grapes.

13)The shop hasn’t got _______ bread.

14)But there’s ________ rice!
4. Something, Someone, Somewhere?
Choose the correct word.

1) A Did someone/ anyone/no one phone when I was out?
B No, no one /someone/anyone.
2) When we got to the meeting, there was somewhere/everywhere/nowhere to sit
because it was full.
3) Jane knows no one /anyone/ someone who can help you – her friend Sue.
4) He invited all his friends to his wedding and was pleased everyone/someone/
anyone came.
5) I don’t have anything/nothing/something to wear to my interview.
6) George looked everywhere/somewhere/nowhere for his car keys but he
couldn’t find them somewhere/anywhere/nowhere.
7) Children who have something/anything/everything are often called spoilt.
8) There’s nothing/everything/something I want to tell you. Can you keep a
secret?
5. a, an, or the?
Complete the sentences with a, an, or the.

1) I bought ___ CD and a book for ____ friend for the birthday. Unfortunately
she’s got ____ CD. I’ll take it back tomorrow.
2) A Where are ______ children?
B They’re in _____ garden.
3) My sister’s ______ teacher in _____ school near Leicester. She has three
children, two girls and _____ boy. _______ girls are in her class at school, but
_______ boy isn’t old enough for school yet.
4) Jane and Bill are ______ very nice couple. She has _____ clothes shop, and
he works in ______ office in ______ centre town.
5) A Where are my shoes?
B On ____ floor in ______ kitchen.
6) A How much are driving lessons?
B Twenty-five pounds _____ hour.
7) When you come to bed, can you feed _____ cat and turn off ____ lights?
8) I went to _____ fantastic restaurant last night.
9) What’s _____ name of _____ Indian restaurant in Queen Street?

6. a, the, or nothing?
Complete the sentences with a, the, or noting.

1) I come to _____ school by ______ bus.
2) This morning ______ bus was late.
3) Ankara is ____ capital or Turkey.
4) I work for _____ company that makes _____ carpets.
5) I was at _____ home all day yesterday.
6) We had ______ lovely holiday in Spain.
7) Heathrow is _____ busiest airport in Europe.
8) We arrived in ______ Paris on ______ third of August.
9) Last night we had ______ dinner in ______ restaurant.
10)I went to _______ bed late.
7. Spelling of plural nouns
Write the plural form of these nouns.

1) Boy ___________ 9) Church ____________
2) Lady __________ 10) Address __________
3) Day ___________ 11) Story _____________
4) Potato _________ 12) Sandwich __________
5) Party __________ 13) Key ___________
6) Watch _________ 14) Video __________
7) Glass _________ 15) Way ___________
8) City ___________
These nouns are irregular. Write the plural form.
1) Child ____________
2) Person ___________
3) Woman ____________
4) Tooth ______________
5) Sheep _____________
6) Fish ____________
8. Fill in a or the in the text.
_____ solar eclipse occurs when _____ moon moves between _____ earth and
____ sun. If _____ moon covers ______ disk of _______ sun completely, _____

eclipse _______ total solar eclipse. If _____ moon covers only part of ____ sun,
_______ eclipse is ______ partial solar eclipse. During _____ particular solar
eclipse, people in one place on earth may see ______ total eclipse, while people
only _____ few hundred kilometers away, see ______ partial eclipse. (From: Seeds,
2005:40).
Exercises on Articles and Nouns
I. Put into the plural
1) A dog is an animal ____________________________________________

2) A potato is a vegetable _________________________________________
3) A student is not always good ____________________________________
4) A chair is made of wood________________________________________
5) A husband is a man ___________________________________________
6) A pencil is like a pen __________________________________________
7) An eye is blue or brown ________________________________________
8) A fish can swim_______________________________________________
9) A cow gives milk ______________________________________________
10)An airport is a busy place________________________________________
11)A motorway is a fast road of a motor-car ____________________________
12)A garden has a tree____________________________________________
13)We drink tea out of a cup ________________________________________
14)An apple grows on a tree________________________________________
15)A mother is kind to a little child ___________________________________
16)We can make a cake with flour, milk and an egg.
_____________________________________________________________
II. Put into singular
1) Horses are animals _____________________________________________
2) Balls are toys ________________________________________________
3) Novels are books _____________________________________________
4) Roots are kinds of shoes _______________________________________

5) Watches are small clocks _______________________________________

6) Tables are pieces of furniture ____________________________________
7) Roses are beautiful flowers ______________________________________
8) Frenchmen are Europeans ______________________________________
9) Girls wear dresses _____________________________________________
10)Children are not always good ____________________________________
11)Hungry boys eat large dinners ___________________________________
12)Soakings are long stocks _________________________________________
4. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that act as nouns. They take place of nouns.
Antecedents of pronouns
Pronouns get their meaning from the words they stand for. These words are called
antecedents.
Examples: Tom, did you submit your article on New Mexico?
a) Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are used more often than any other type of pronoun. Personal
pronouns refer to:
(1) The person speaking
(2) The person spoken to, or
(3) The person, place, or thing spoken about.
Pronouns may be classified into the following kinds.
(1) Personal (5) Relative
(2) Reflexive (6) Interrogative
(3) Demonstrative (7) Indefinite
(4) Possessive
Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
First person I Me We Us
Second person You You You You

Third person He Him They Them

She Her They Them
It It They Them
b) Reflexive and intensive pronouns
A reflexive pronoun ends in –self or –selves and adds information that the action
points back to the subject or emphasizing.
An intensive pronoun or emphasizing ends in –self ad –selves and adds emphasis to a noun or
pronoun.
Reflexive and intensive pronoun
Singular Plural
First person Myself Ourselves
Second person Yourself Yourselves
Third person Himself Themselves
Herself
Itself
Examples
Reflexive: Michael taught himself to play the guitar, Gloria bought herself a new pair
of jeans
Intensive or emphasizing:
 You, yourself (i.e. You and not anyone else) told me the stores
 The professor himself taught the course.
Usually an intensive pronoun immediately follows its antecedent, but it may also be
located in another part of the sentence.
Example: We spliced the cable ourselves.
c) Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns direct action to a specific people, places, or things. The

following chart shows the four demonstration pronouns.
Singular Plural
This/that These/those
They may come before or after the antecedents.

Before: That is the dress I would like to buy
After: I hope to visit Butte and Helena, those are my best friends.

The pronoun, besides taking the place of a noun, suggest the idea of a position with
regard to the speaker, this (these) being nearer in space or time, that (those) being
more distant.
e.g.: There is a seat here near me, or there is that one in the corner. Which will you
have, this or that?
- That is what I bought last year, this is what I buy now.
Notes on the personal pronouns
1. I spoke to him
I had a letter from her
The pronouns him and her are object, governed by prepositions to and from.
2. I (We, He, She…) did this.
It was I (he, she, we …) who did this.
This is formal literary English.
3. It was he who told me about it.
It was I who did it.
4. I is always written in capital letter, but me, we and us are not.
5. It is a convention for news paper editor or writer of leading articles in a
newspaper for modesty and desire not to sound egotistical, or perhaps because
he feels but he is speaking not for himself, but for the whole board of
management of paper, to use the plural we (Editorial we), when giving his
opinion.
Ex: We believe that the government has made a profound mistake in imposing this
tax.
Ex: We, George III, King of England …
 We, Professor Faustin Toengaho Lokundo, Rector of the University of
Kisangani …
d) Possessive pronouns
That book is my book – It is mine

That is your book – It is your book – It is yours
That is his book – It is his
That is her book – It is hers
That is our book – It is ours
That is their book – It is theirs.
Other examples
 Their house is older than yours

 Today we went in our car, tomorrow we are going in theirs

 My best wishes to you and yours (=your family) from me and mine (=my
family)
 Yours sincerely /truly/ faithfully
e) Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronouns are used to begin a question.

The following chart shows the 5 interrogative pronouns.
What Which Who Whom Whose

They are invariable for gender and number.
5. VERB
A verb is a word that expresses an action, a state, or the fact that something exists.
Ex: The earth turns round the sun.

The dog is sleeping.
The teacher is sick.
A) Transitive and intransitive verb
A transitive verb takes an object direct or indirect.

Ex: Robert writes a letter.
- Robert writes what? (a letter)
Ask to the student.
- Ask to whom? (to the student)
An intransitive verb does not direct its action to our object.
Ex: Robert writes quickly
- Robert writes what? (No answer).
B) Linking verb
It is a verb that connects the subject to another word (attribute).
Ex: L.D. Kabila was president of DRC from 1997 – 2001.

- The man was miserable.
Twelve other verbs act as linking verbs.
Appear Feel Look Seem Sound Taste

Become Grow Remain Smell Stay Turn
1. The music sounds good

2. The soup tastes nice
3. Politics seems more profitable than teaching
4. Mummy looks tired
5. The number of students in first year become smaller
6. The river appears beautiful at sunrise
7. The meal smells nice, it seems delicious
8. The book seems interesting
9. Have you ever felt feverish?
C) Helping verbs
A verb phrase made up a main verb and one or more helping verbs. Be and other
verbs can be considered as helping verbs.
Do Have Shall Can

Does Has Should Could
Did Had Will May
Would Might
Helping verbs sometimes called auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries because of their help
add meaning to other verbs.
Notice how helping verbs change the meaning of the sentences.
Without helping verbs With helping

I talk on the telephone I will talk on the telephone
He returned that book I should have returned
a) Classes
There are two classes of verbs in English:
1. The auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries): to be, to have, to do, to need, to be able
(can), may, will, shall.
2. The ordinary verbs: to work, to go, to eat, to be.

b) Two conjugations
All the English verbs belong to one of the two conjugations: they are regular or
irregular verbs.
1. Regular verb are those that form the simple past and past participle by adding
ed to the present tense.
e.g.: Finish – finished – finished
Except – excepted – excepted
2. Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle generally by a
change of vowel.
e.g.: Give – gave – given
Fly – flew – flown
Eat – ate – eaten
Some spelling changes.
1. Regular verbs
(a) Verb ending in e add d

Breed bred bred
Creep crept crept
Dream dream dreamt
Feed fid fed
Feel felt felt
Blow blew blown
Grow grew grown
Know knew known
Throw threw thrown
Fly flied flown
Buy bought bought
Bring brought brought
Seek sought sought
Think thought thought
Teach taught taught
Drive drove driven
Ride rode ridden
Write wrote written
D) Transitive and intransitive verbs

(1) The action expressed by the verb goes from the subject to the verb in the
transitive.
e.g.: I hit the ball
s t.v. object.
(2) The verb has not object, it is an intransitive

e.g.: The children cried
A leaf fell
The sun rose early in the morning.
These verbs are sometimes called “auxiliary” verbs because they help other verbs to
form their interrogative and negative to form tenses mood and voice and emphatic
forms of speech, they are 12:
Be, have, do, shall, will, may , must, need, ought , dare used(to), Can.
The term ‘auxiliary’ for all of these verbs is not correct.
e.g.: Have, do, be, are sometimes the only verb in the sentence.
e.g.: Keats was a poet
They have a large house
He did his home work well.
Better term is special finites or anomalous finites.
List of special finites verbs with their principal Past
Infinitive Present tense Past tense Past participle

Be To be Am, are, is Was, were Been
Have To have Have, has Had Had
Do To do Do, does Did Done
Can To be able Can Could Been able
Am, are, is able Was/were able
May (to have to) May Might
Must To need Must Had to Had to
Need - Need Needed Needed
Will - Will Would -
Shall - Shall Should -
Ought - Ought Ought -
Dare To dare Dare Dared Dared
Used Used -
They are called auxiliary verbs because:

1) They help to form tenses, being combined with the present, the past participle or
infinitive.
e.g.: I am writing
They will be there
They would like to come
2) They are used with infinitives to indicate possibility, permission, ability, obligation,
deduction …
e.g.: He may come tomorrow (probability)
I can type (ability) a letter.
We must go now (obligation).
Rules applicable to all auxiliaries
a. All auxiliaries except be, have, do are infect; i, e; all persons have the same
form:
e.g.: I can, you can, he can, we can …
I must, you must, he must, she must …
b. The negative is formed by putting not immediately after the auxiliary.
e.g.: I must not
He must not
They do not
c. The interrogative is formed by inverting subject and verb
e.g.: Can be? Must I? May we?
d. Auxiliaries are can tracked in conversation
Affirmative
I’m
We’ve
They’ll
I’d seen (I had seen)
I’d go (I should go)
E) Practical Exercises 1
Use Wh-questions with be.
Examples: Who’s that? What’s he like? Who are they? What are they like?
What’s your name? Who’s that? Who are they?
My name is John. He’s my brother. They are my classmates.
Where are you from? How old is he? Where are they from?
I’m from Uganda. He’s twenty-one. They are from South Afrca.
How are you today? What’s he like? What’s South Africa like?

I’m just fine. He’s very funny. It’s very beautiful.
2. Complete the conversation with Wh- questions.
I. A: Look! ……….. who’s that…………..?

B: Oh- he’s a new student.
A: ………………………………….….…?
B: I think his name is Apama.
A: Apama?
B:He’s from Upper Uele.
II. A: Keita, …………………………………?
B: I’m from Mali- from Tombuktu.
A: ………………………………………….?
B: Kyoto is very old and beautiful.
A: By the way,……………………………?
B: It’s Soundiata. S-O-U-N-D-I-A-T-A.
III. Pair work. Match the questions with the answers and practice with a
partner.
Then take turns asking the questions . Answer with your own information .
1. What ‘s your name?.......d a. My best friend is Kevin
2. Where are you and your family from?..... b. It’s 555- 3493.
3. How are you today?......... c. We’re from Thailand.
4.What colour are your shoes?......... d.My name is Sarah Smith.
5.What’s your favorite colour?....... e. It’s under your chair.
6.What’s your telephone number?....... f. They’re black.
7.Who is your best friend?........ g. He’s wearing a suit and tie.
8.Wat’s your best friend like?....... h. It’s purple.
9.How old is he?...... i. It’s C- A - L - C - U- L- A-T-O-R.
10.Where’s my English book?...... j. He’s funny and very smart.
11.What’s our teacher wearing today?..... k. I’m just great!
12.How do spell calculator?...... l. He’s sixteen years old.
IV. What do we correct?

Her is a list of error in spoken English. What are the errors? Can you correct
them?
1. He goed to the station.
2. Where you live?
3. Could you borrow me a pencil, please?
4. I write with a pen.

5. He went to sea in a sheep.

6. The school is near my’ ouse.
7. ( In a restaurant) give me soup.
8. I am agree with you.
9. well come in Mexico.
10. He no understand.
V. You will need the following sentences with mistakes:
1. She buyed a new dress.
2. I eat coffee. The word eat is wrong .Can you correwct it?
3. I like to playing football.
4. I no catch you very bwell
6. PREPOSITIONS
Definition
A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun that appears with it to another
word in the sentences.
The choice of preposition affects the way the other words in a sentence relate each
other.
Frequently used prepositions
Abhors Before Despite Off Toward

About Behind Down On Under
Above Below During Out Up
A cross Beneath For Out Upon
After Beside From Outside With
Against Besides In Over Within
Along Between Inside Round Without
Armed Beyond Into Since
Among But Of Throughout
Around By Till To
At

Some prepositions consist of more than one word and are called compound
preposition.
Here are some of them:
According to Because of In place of On account of

Ahead of By means of In regard to Out of
Apart from In addition to In spite of Owing to
Aside from In back of Instead of Prior to
As of In front of In view of
Next to
Using preposition I
1. We can use at, in, and on, when we are describing where a person or a thing is.
e.g.: Mary studies at ISTM/KIS
ISTM/KIS is in Kisangani
I sit on a chair.
(a) We use on where one thing supporters another
e.g.: The plane is on the ground
The book is on the table
A map is on the wall
(b) We can use on about a page of a book or any other surface we write or draw.
e.g.: The next exercise is on page 54
- Write your name on the sheet of paper
(c) We use in with larger places, and at with smaller placer
e.g.: I work at Sotexki
Sotexki is in Kisangani.
(d) We use at when we want to say that someone is near a place
e.g.: The teacher is at the board
He is going to write on it.
(e) We use at, in, or on with expressions of time:
 At: with the exact time, hour.
 On: with date, days
 In: with month, week and year, a periods of time (length of time).
e.g.: I saw him at 3 o’clock
In the afternoon, on Monday
December is in winter
I’ll finish the exercise in two minutes
She’ll be there in half an hour
Christmas day is on 25 December.
Notice that: the expressions:

“in time” means a bit before the exact time,
“on time” means on the exact time, correct time.
e.g. – Submit your assignment on time
- The plane arrived on time.
Practical Exercises
1. Use at, in or on each of these sentences

a) There is somebody _____ the door, go and ask what he wants.
b) I expect I’ll reach your house _________ seven o’clock.
c) Mother sat ______ an armchair _______ the kitchen.
d) Where do we buy bread? We buy it ______ the baker’s.
e) ______ England we begin to see the flowers ______ spring.
f) We expect to leave for Kisangani ______ Friday.
g) Jean bought his father some tobacco ______ the shop near the hospital.
h) We usually put the title of the work _____ its cover.
i) People want to travel _____ night because it is cooler.
j) Shall we have to wait long? No, the clerk said that the plane will be ____ time.
k) University of Kisangani is built _____ the top of a hill.
Using prepositions II
But, for, and with
1. We can use by in several ways:
(a) We can use it instead of “very near”

e.g.: The teacher is standing by the board.
The man is living by the hospital.
(b) We can use by with time expressions to mean “not after”
e.g.: I’ll have finished my work by 7 o’clock.
(c) We also use by with means of transportation
e.g.: - People can travel to Ubundu either by train or by car.
- Mr Malu goes to his office by bus.
Note: On foot, not by foot.
e.g. I go to ISC on foot.
When we use by in this way, we don’t put any word between by and the noun.

By car, by sea, by air, by bike.

If we want to use for example “my car”, we say:
I came in my car.
(d) We can use by to show the method of doing something.
e.g.: - Bill disinfected the wound by cleaning it with alcohol.
- You’ll learn this poem by heart.
- You’ll put the button by hand.
Notice: The expression “by means of”
e.g.: The builder will get to the roof by means of a ladder.
(e) We also use by with the passive
e.g.: This book is written by Camara Laye.
2. For
(a) We use for to write about purpose.

e.g.: - Mary asked Mummy to make cake for her.
- I bought a book for my son.
- We stopped the course for arrest.
- Flour and sugar are used for making cakes.
(b) We use for with time expressions
e.g.: I have waited for half an hour.
She has studied for 2 years at ISC/KIS.
3. With
(a) We use with when we say that one person or thing accompanied another.
e.g.: I like tea with by breakfast.
She was going with her brother.
Andrew went to ISC with his brother.
(b) When we are describing a thing or a person.
e.g.: The girl with the red shirt is my sister.
The car with the blue color is mine.
(c) When we write about things with which something is done.
e.g.: We built this house with our hands.
I wrote this work with my own hands.
Note: For and since:
The important difference is that for is used with a period of time and since with a
precise date or point of time.
e.g.: - For ten minutes
- For two years

- Since six o’clock

- Since last Christmas.
Exercise
Use by, for, since, with to complete these sentences.
a) The people have to stay in their houses _______ the hurricane.
b) He has waited ______ half an hour. They didn’t come.
c) Andrew waited _________ Jules and Mary.
d) Louis and Jules asked to go finishing ______ them.
e) I have been listening to the radio ________ 8 o’clock.
f) ________ last Christmas, I have been learning English.
7. NUMBERS AND AGES
a. Cardinal Numbers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen,
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-
two….
30 40 50 100 101
thirty, forty, fifty ….one hundred (not a hundred), one hundred and one,
102
one hundred and two…,
1000 10000 100000 1000000
One thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand, one million…
Practical exercises
Count loudly up to 30, 40, 60, 100, and 1000 etc…, using correct pronunciation and
spelling.
b. Ordinal Number
Here are some ordinal numbers:

First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth,
thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-
first, twenty-second……..thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth,
ninetieth, on hundredth, one hundred and first, one hundred and second…one
thousandth, ten thousandth, one hundred thousand, one millionth……
Examples.

28th February 2009 read - The twenty-eight of February 2009

Or February the twenty-eighth 2009 (American way) 17th May 1997
read - The seventeenth of May 1997
Or May the seventeenth 1997 (American way)
 30th June 1960 read - The thirtieth of June 1960
Or June the thirtieth 1960 (American way)
Practice exercises 6. Read loudly the following dates to the class audience, using
correct pronunciation and spelling then write them below:
23-3-2011 21-12-2009
17-5-1997 2-2-1971
4-1-1960 19-11-2010
Notes: Dates are generally presented with ordinal numbers ex: August 22 nd or
January 1st etc.
How old are you?
I’m 23
How old is he? He is 34.
c. Ages
A: How old are you?

B:I’m twenty.
A: Sir, how old is she?
B: She is Nineteen.
Phone Numbers
You have to know how to dial the number.
DRC area code: +243 998539104
Uganda area code: +256 75145178
d. Dialogue
Deborah helps Yanick discover the Faculty of library.

Yanick. Good morning Deborah, how do you do?
Deborah. I am fine. Thank you.
Yanick. Can you tell me where the Faculty of library is?
Deborah. The Faculty of library is located on the third floor of this building?
Yanick. Are there many books in the Faculty of library?

Deborah. Yes, there are plenty of books, magazines, newspapers, journals.

Yanick. Can I use or consult some of the documents to prepare my assignment?
Deborah. Of course. Go to the librarian and she will help you find what you need.
Yanick. Thank you very much Deborah.
Deborah. You are welcome.
Deborah: Excuse me Yanick. How many books do you need?
Yanick: I need at least 5.
Deborah: Oh dear, it is not allowed to borrow more than two books.
Yanick: Please Deborah, would you mind if I ask you how old are you?
Deborah: No, I wouldn’t. I am sixteen going on seventeen.
Yanick. By the way Deborah, can we have a drink after the class?
Deborah. I am sorry; I am busy with my boyfriend tonight. Bye
.
8. CALENDAR.
a. Days of the week
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday

Steven wonder, 1. what day is it today?
Born on Monday, 2. what day will it be tomorrow?
Christened on Tuesday, 3. what day was it yesterday?
Married on Wednesday, 4. what day was the day before yesterday?
ill on Thursday, 5. what day will be the day after tomorrow?
Worse on Friday, 6. what date is it today?
Died on Saturday, 7. what is the today’s date?
Buried on Sunday,
That was the end of steven wonder.
Practice Exercise.
Answer the following question.

What day do you have church service?
What day do you rest at home?
What day do you have English course?
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 Ninth 10 11 12
13Thirteenth 14 15 Fifteenth 16 17Seventeenth 18eighteenth 19

20 21Twenty-first 22 23Twenty-third 24 25 26Twenty-sixth
27 28 29Twenty-ninth 30 31 Thirty-first
Fill in the writing of the remaining days of the chart below:
b. Months of the year

They are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September
October, November, December.
January recalls the New Year. In DRC June recalls the independence anniversary.
Late president Kabila and Patrick Lumumba were assassinated in January.
Christmas is in December…but Easter is in April …
Note the use of capital letter before month.
9. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word or phrase that is used to modify a noun or pronoun.

Example: The snake is long and green.
In this example, long and green are adjectives because they modify the noun snake.
Some words modify nouns that are not adjectives. These are attributive nouns. They
are not predicative of the noun, so they are not adjectives.
Example: The painting is extremely old.
In this example, old is an adjective because it modifies the noun painting.
However, extremely is not an adjective. It modifies the adjective old. Therefore it is an
adverb.
Example: The baseball team is good.
In this example, baseball modifies team. However, baseball is not an adjective
because it is not predicative of the noun - the team is not baseball. Good is the only
adjective in this sentence - the team good.
More examples
- Dad bought a new car.
- That man is interesting.
- His T-shirt is yellow but mine is black.
- This skirt is too tight and that one is too loose.
- His belt is red and beautiful.
a. Position of Adjectives

Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a

sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun
phrase that they modify ,They also appear after auxiliary “be”. Sometimes they
appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order
according to category. (See below.) When indefinite pronouns, such as something,
someone, anybody are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the
pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.
Examples.
- His bought a new car engine last year.
- She is wearing a pink skirt and a white blouse.
- You have a yellow exercise book on the desk.
- My class mate is happy
b. Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:
Darlene is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Darlene, and Ruth is the richest
woman in town.
Formation: The+adj+est : superlative
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the
superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use
the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or
more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and
the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to
form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a
two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and
most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
Formation: adj.+er+ than : superiority
Formationhe+ most +adj
Examples.
- Old older than the oldest (short adjective)
- Young younger than the youngest
- Fine finer than the finest

- Late later than the latest

- Happy happier than the happiest
- Easy easier than the easiest
- Cheap cheaper than the cheapest
- Bad worse than the worst
- Thin thinner than the thinnest
- Many more than the most
- Good better than the best
- Tall taller than the tallest
- Few fewer than the west
- Short shorter than the shortest
- Beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful (long adjective)
- Interesting more interesting the most interesting
- Attractive more attractive than the most attractive
- Important more important than the most important
c. Comparative adjectives with “as”

Examples.
- Girls are as intelligent as boys.
- My sister is as old as your brother.
- Our cultures are as old as European ones.
- Chinese eat as much rice as Congolese.
- Women are as clever as men.
II. TEXTS ANALYSIS
1. Why Is English Important?
If you are currently learning English in a College of Higher Education or University,

you approximately join one billion other people around the world who are engaged in

the same pursuit. However, as you try to memorize proper grammar, and try to avoid
the mistakes common to most students of English, you may wonder why you are
learning the language in the first place.
So, why is English important?
After Mandarin, English is spoken by more people than any other language, and is
the native language of more than 400 million people. More people speak English
than those who speak Arabic and French languages combined.
Moreover, English is the international language of diplomacy, business, science,

technology, banking, computing, medicine, aviation, UN & NATO armed forces,
engineering, tourism, Hollywood films and arguably the best pop and rock music in
the world.
English has plenty of words to choose from. In fact, an English speaker is offered the
biggest vocabulary of any language with a choice of 500,000 to 1,000,000 words
(including technical and scientific terms).
Finally, if you are studying English at school, College or University, remember that
getting an “A” in English is almost worthless, in terms of communication, if you cannot
speak the language. Spoken English is used in the best careers, the best
universities, and is increasingly being used at job interviews. So can like it or not,
English is a very important language in the world.
The spoken aspect helps more than being able to read and write.
(Essay by Vance Carson, Kajang)
Practice exercise
Read and answer the following questions, using complete sentences.
1. How many other people approximately do you join if you are currently learning
English?
2. What may you wonder as you try to memorize proper grammar and to avoid the
mistakes common to most students of English?
3. English is the native language of how many people?
4. English is the international language of diplomacy and what else?
5. How many words does an English speaker have?
6. How many words are offered to an English speaker?
7. If you are studying English at school, College or University, what do you have to
remember?
8. Where is spoken English used?
9. Is being able to read and write English enough?
2. The importance of water
Water is the most common substance on the surface of the earth, with the oceans
covering over 70 percent of the planet. Water is one of the few substances that can
be found in all three states (i.e. gas, liquid and solid) within the earth’s climatic
range. The very presence of water in all three forms makes it possible for the earth
to have a climate that is habitable for life forms: water acts as a climate ameliorator
through the energy absorbed and released during transformation between the
different phases. In addition to lessening climatic extremes the transformation of
water between gas, liquid and solid phases is vital for the transfer of energy around
the globe: moving energy from the equatorial regions towards the poles. The low
viscosity of water makes it an extremely efficient transport agent, whether through
international shipping or river and canal navigation. These characteristics can be
described as the physical properties of water and they are critical for human survival
on planet earth.
The chemical properties of water are equally important for our everyday existence.
Water is one of the best solvents naturally occurring on the planet. This makes water
vital cleanliness: we use if for washing but also for the disposal of pollutants. The
solvent properties of water allow the uptake of vital nutrients from the soil and into
plants; this then allows the transfer of the nutrients within a plant’s structure. The
ability of water to dissolve gases such as oxygen allows life to be sustained within
bodies of water such as rivers, lakes and oceans. There are many other ways that

water affects our very being. In places such as Norway, parts of the USA and New
Zealand energy generation for domestic and industrial consumption is through
hydro-electric schemes, harnessing the combination of water and gravity in a (by
and large) sustainable manner.
Water plays a large part in the spiritual lives of millions of people. In Christianity
baptism with water is a powerful symbol of cleansing and God offers ‘streams of
living water’ to those who believe (John 7:38). In Islam there is washing with water
before entering a mosque for prayer. In Hinduism bathing is the sacred Ganges
provides a religious cleansing. Many other religions give water an important role in
sacred texts and rituals.
Water is important because it underpins our very existence: it is part of our physical,
material and spiritual lives. The study of water would therefore also seem to
underpin our very existence. Before expanding further on the study or hydrology it is
first necessary to step back and take a closer look at the properties of water briefly
outlined above. Even though water is the most common substance found on the
Earth’s surface it is also one of the strangest. Many of the strange properties help to
contribute to its importance in sustaining life on earth.
Source: Davie, T. 2008. Fundamentals of hydrology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Bibliography
Davie, T. 2008. Fundementals of Hydrology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.

Eckersley, C.E. and J.M. Eckersley. 1960. A Comprehensive Grammar for
Foreign Students. Hongkong : Longman.
Harrap’s Shorter, 9th ed. 2009.
Louw, H. and al. 2012. Basic Skills in Academic Literacy. 3rd ed.
Potchefstroom: The Platium Press.

Mongbolo. N. and Ilunga, B. 2012. « Notes du Cours d’anglais destinées aux

étudiants du Niveau Master de la Faculté de
Gestion des Ressources Naturelles et
Renouvelables ». UNIKIS.
Mundala, O. 2011. Practical English Handbook 1. Kinshasa : Cedesrk.
Murphy, Raymond. 1999. Essential Grammar in Use: A Self-study reference
and Practice Book for Elementary Students of English. 2nd ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Appendix: List of some irregular verbs
Infinitive Past tense Past participle

To be Was Was been
To begin began Begun
To break Broke Broken
To bring Brought Brought
To buy Bought Bought
To catch Caught Caught
To come Came Come
To cost Cost Cost
To cut Cut Cut
To do Did Done
To draw Drew Drawn
To eat Ate Eaten
To fail Fell Fallen
To feed Fed Fed
To feel Felt Felt
To forge Forgot Forgotten
To freeze Froze Frozen
To get Got Gotten

To give Gave Given

To go Went Gone
To grow Grew Grown
To hang Hung Hung
To have Had Had
To heard Heard Heard
To hold Held Held
To keep Kept Kept
To know Knew Known
To lead Led Led
To learn Learnt learnt
To leave Left left
To let Let let
To lay Laid laid
To make Made made
May Might might
To find Found found
To meet Met met
To pay Paid paid
To put Put put
To read Read read
To ride Rode ridden
To rise Rose risen
To ring Rang rung
To run Run run
To say Said said
To see Saw seen
To sell Sold sold
To send Sent sent
To set Set set
To shine Shone shone
To win Won won
To split Split split
To show Showed shown
To shut Shut shut
To sing Sang sung
To sit Sit sit
To sleep Slept slept
To sow Sew sown
To speak Spoke spoken

To spell Spelt spelt
To spend Spent spent
to stand Stood stood
To sweep Swept swept
To take Took taken
To tell Told told
To teach Taught taught
To think Thought thought
To throw Threw thrown
To understand Understood understood
To wear Wore wore
To swear Swore swore
To write Wrote written
(by MOT 2010)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
I. LANGUAGE.................................................................................................................................2
1. ENGLISH ALPHABET................................................................................................................2
2. ARTICLES.......................................................................................................................................3
A. The indefinite Article.........................................................................................................3
B. The definite Article............................................................................................................5
3. NOUNS.............................................................................................................................................7
A) Kinds.....................................................................................................................................8
B) Genders................................................................................................................................9
C) Formation of the Plural...................................................................................................11
4. PRONOUNS..................................................................................................................................19

a) Personal pronouns..............................................................................................................19
b) Reflexive and intensive pronouns...................................................................................19
c) Demonstrative pronouns...................................................................................................20
d) Possessive pronouns.........................................................................................................21
e) Interrogative pronouns.......................................................................................................21
5. VERB..............................................................................................................................................22
A) Transitive and intransitive verb....................................................................................22
B) Linking verb......................................................................................................................22
C) Helping verbs....................................................................................................................23
D) Transitive and intransitive verbs.................................................................................24
E) Practical Exercises 1.......................................................................................................26
6. PREPOSITIONS............................................................................................................................28
7. NUMBERS AND AGES...............................................................................................................31
a. Cardinal Numbers:..................................................................................................................31
b. Ordinal Number....................................................................................................................32
c. Ages...........................................................................................................................................33
d. Dialogue....................................................................................................................................33
8. CALENDAR...................................................................................................................................33
a. Days of the week..................................................................................................................33
b. Months of the year...............................................................................................................34
9. ADJECTIVES................................................................................................................................34
a. Position of Adjectives.........................................................................................................35
b. Degrees of Adjectives.........................................................................................................35
c. Comparative adjectives with “as”...................................................................................37
II. TEXTS ANALYSIS....................................................................................................................37

1. Why Is English Important?....................................................................................................37
2. The importance of water…………………………………………………..…………..38
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................43

Cours D'anglais de G1 Tous FLSH

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Practical and Technical English Language Course

The purpose of the course is to help students understand, speak English,

Course Terminal Objectives

The aural-oral method will be mainly used to help students develop an

Enrolled students should:

Students will be evaluated as follows:

 Class participation 35%

At the end of the course, the latter will be evaluated through an

Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 1

The 26 letters of the English alphabet are:

Write down your classmates’ names.

A: What’s your name?

Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 2

IPA symbols: International Phonetic Alphabet symbols

A. The indefinite Article

Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 3

The indefinite article is not used

The indefinite article has no plural form

B. The definite Article

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 The boy, the boys

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b. Before abstract nouns, excepts when used in a particular sense.

Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 7

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal or idea.

a) Concrete and abstract nouns

b) Collective and individual nouns

Some nouns are to name groups of people or things or animals: collective.

c) Common and proper nouns

d) Compound and single nouns

Some nouns consist only of one element.

Some nouns express material we can count separately.

Professor MONGBOLO Ngalima Valentin Page 8

e.g. Dog, man, woman, student, chair, apple.

 Masculine : men, boys and the male animals (pronoun: he/they)

But others have different form:

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Some nouns form their feminine adding ss to the masculine

Some nouns use the particle woman to make the feminine

Some nouns distinguish masculine from feminine by – boy – girl ; He – she

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C) Formation of the Plural

 Glass – glasses - Circus – circuses

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 Church – churches - Dish – dishes

(1) Most nouns in O take (es)

But there are exceptions to this:

To these we can add:

(2) Most words ending in y change the y to ies:

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(3) The ending f- or fe in most nouns chane into ives

 Leaf – leaves - Self – selves

 Ox – oxen - Goose – geese

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On the following, both elements are made plural:

 Man servant – men servants

Nouns with no singular form:

 Trousers, brushes, pants, shorts, clothes, articles or dress.

 My trousers are dirty

Complete the sentences with some or any

1) I haven’t got _____ paper.

2. How much? Or How many?