MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC , DHULE

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES MICROPROJECT

REPORT

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 A Project Report on
Biodiversity
In the partial fulfilment of the Diploma in Computer Engineering for the academic
Year 2023-24
Submitted to
S. M. D. R. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHULE
Submitted by

Roll No. Name of the Student Class

344 PENDHARE MAHESH DHANRAJ CO 5I

Under the Guidance,

Chinmay Dixit Sir
Lecturer in Computer Engineering,
Department of Computer Engineering,
S. M. D. R. Government Polytechnic, Dhule.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that 344 of Fifth semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute
S. M. D. R. Government Polytechnic, Dhule (0017) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in the Subject EST (22447) for the Academic Year 2023-24 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: Dhule Enrollment No:2100170035

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal
of institute

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 EVALUATION SHEET FOR MICRO PROJECT
(Academic Year: 2023-24)

Name of the Student :- PENDHARE MAHESH DHANRAJ

Roll No. :- 344

Course :- EST Course Code :- 22447

Title :- Biodiversity

Roll Student name Marks out of 06 for Marks out of 04 Total out of 10
No individual for oral
performance presentation

344 PENDHARE
MAHESH
DHANRAJ

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people
and we are extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of our project. All that we have
done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

We respect and thank Dr. R. G. WADEKAR principal, S. M. D. R. Government Polytechnic, Dhule for
providing us an opportunity to do the project work in the institute and giving us all support and guidance which
made us complete the project We are extremely thankful to Mr. R. G. WADEKAR for providing such a nice
support guidance.

We heartily thank Mr.U.R.DESHMUKH, Head, Department of Computer Engineering ,for his

guidance, suggestions and encouragement during this project work.

We owe our deep gratitude to our project guide Chinmay Dixit who took keen interest on our project
work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary
information for developing a good system.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and
guidance from all the Teaching staffs of Department of Computer Engineering which helped us in successfully
completing our project work .

INDEX

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SR Pg.
Chapter No.
NO
.

1 Introduction 7

2 Concepts of Biodiversity and 8

its types
3 Benefits of Diversity 11

4 Conservation Of Biodiversity 12

5 Conventions Of Biodiversity 14

6 Conclusion 15

7 Reference 16

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  Chapter 1 : Introduction
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Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of
variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity)
level. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth; it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm
climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator. Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than
10% of earth's surface and contain about 90% of the world's species. Marine biodiversity is usually higher along
coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all
oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots,
and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation.
It encompasses the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.
More than 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth, amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to
be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which
about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described. The total amount of related
DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass
of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as four trillion tons of carbon. In July 2016, scientists
reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms living
on Earth.
The age of Earth is about 4.54 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life dates at least from 3.7
billion years ago, during the Eoarchean era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier
molten Hadean eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in
Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old
meta-sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were
found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose
relatively quickly on Earth...then it could be common in the universe."
Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden
drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic aeon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity
via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next
400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the
Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction
event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention
than others because it resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

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  Chapter 2 : Concepts of Biodiversity and its types
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 Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things.
 As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio(Brazil) in 1992 by 154
countries ,the biodiversity defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including
inter alia , terrestrial , marine and other aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the
area part – this include diversity with in species , between species and the ecosystem. ”
 According to IUCN in 1998 , “the variety and variability of species of their population , the variety of
species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction
and their ecological process which influences perform. ”

 There Are Three Types Of Biodiversity :

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 1. Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of the gene pool of a given species, or diversity at the DNA level.
Genetic diversity can be inferred from what an animal looks like, but is more accurately determined through
direct assessments of a species' DNA.4
Populations that are genetically diverse are well-equipped to handle change.5 For example, if a deadly
disease strikes a population, high levels of genetic diversity increase the likelihood that there are members of
the population who are less affected by the disease. By protecting a portion of the population, genetic diversity
can prevent the population from going extinct.

2. Species Diversity
Species diversity is not only based on the number of different species present in a community, but also the
relative abundance of each species and the role they have in the community. For example, a community may be
composed of many different species, but may only have one predator that pursues a certain prey species. When
the predator's population levels are healthy, its prey's population numbers remain at a level the community can
handle.
However, if the predator's population suddenly shrinks, the prey species' population may explode in
response leading it to overconsume its own prey and generate a ripple effect that shakes up the entire
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community. Instead, if a community has more species diversity, it may have multiple predators that chase the
same prey. Then, if one predator population undergoes a sudden change, the community is protected from
downstream destabilizing effects.

3. Ecosystem Diversity
Ecosystem diversity refers to variability in habitats within a geographic area. Unlike genetic diversity and
species diversity, ecosystem diversity considers both biological drivers and non-biological drivers of variability,
like temperature and sunlight.8 Areas high in ecosystem diversity create a geographic mosaic of communities
that help protect an entire area from drastic changes.

 Chapter 3 : Benefits of Diversity

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  Consumptive Value:

 Food/Drink
 Fuel
 Medicine
 Batter crop varieties
 Industrial Material

 Non - Consumptive Value :

 Recreation
 Education and Research
 Traditional value

 Ecological Services :

 Balance of nature
 Biological productivity
 Regulation of climate
 Degradation of waste
 Cleaning of air and water
 Cycling of nutrients
 Stabilization of land against erosion

 Chapter 4 : Conservation Of Biodiversity

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Biodiversity conservation is the protection and management of biodiversity to obtain resources for sustainable
development.

Biodiversity conservation has three main objectives:

 To preserve the diversity of species.
 Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystem.
 To maintain life-supporting systems and essential ecological processes

Biodiversity and its Conservation Methods

Biodiversity refers to the variability of life on earth. It can be conserved in the following ways:
1. In-situ Conservation
2. Ex-situ Conservation

1. In-situ Conservation
In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural habitat. In this method, the
natural ecosystem is maintained and protected.
The in-situ conservation has several advantages. Following are the important advantages of in-situ conservation:
 It is a cost-effective and convenient method of conserving biodiversity.
 A large number of living organisms can be conserved simultaneously.
 Since the organisms are in a natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can easily adjust to different
environmental conditions.
Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes place include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and
biosphere reserves.
 National Parks
These are small reserves maintained by the government. Its boundaries are well demarcated and human
activities such as grazing, forestry, habitat and cultivation are prohibited. For eg., Kanha National Park, and
Bandipur National Park.

 Wildlife Sanctuaries
These are the regions where only wild animals are found. Human activities such as timber harvesting,
cultivation, collection of woods and other forest products are allowed here as long as they do not interfere with
the conservation project. Also, tourists visit these places for recreation.
 Biosphere Reserves
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Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas where the wildlife, traditional lifestyle of the inhabitants
and domesticated plants and animals are protected. Tourist and research activities are permitted here.

2. Ex-situ Conservation
Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial
ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc. There is less competition for food, water
and space among the organisms.
Ex-situ conservation has the following advantages:
 The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity.
 The species bred in captivity can be reintroduced in the wild.
 Genetic techniques can be used for the preservation of endangered species.

 Chapter 5 :Conventions Of Biodiversity

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The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)

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 The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) is a United Nations treaty that is
responsible for the conservation of Biological Diversity around the world. The UNCBD is one of the important
parts of international environment conventions and protocols particularly covering the environment, ecology
and biodiversity, and also the international relations segments of the IAS Exam

What is the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)?

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, informally known as the Biodiversity Convention, is a
multilateral treaty opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro in 1992. It is a key document
regarding sustainable development. It comes under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

 UNCBD Facts

 196 countries are a party to the CBD.

 India is also a party to the Convention. India ratified it in 1994.
 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was enacted for giving effect to the provisions of the Convention.
 To implement the provisions of the Act, the government established the National Biodiversity Authority
(NBA) in 2003. The NBA is a statutory body.
 The convention is legally binding on its signatories.
 The Conference of Parties (COP) is the governing body of the convention. It consists of the
governments that have ratified the treaty.
 Its Secretariat is in Montreal, Canada.
 Only two member states of the United Nations are not Parties to the CBD, namely: the USA and the
Vatican.
 In the 1992 Earth Summit, two landmark binding agreements were signed, one of them being the
UNCBD. The other one was the Convention on Climate Change.
 More than 150 countries signed the document at the Summit, and since then, over 175 nations have
ratified the agreement.

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  Chapter 6 :Conclusion
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Biodiversity is our life.If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate then n near future ,the survival of human being
will be threatened. So,it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment .Long-term
manitenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes.
Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habits or ecosystems rather than at species level.

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  Chapter 7 :References
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 https://byjus.com/biology/biodiversity-conservation
 https://www.worldwildlife.org
 www.eolss.net
 www.ibc2010.com

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