CENG4122- STEEL AND TIMBER

STRUCTURES

ALEMAYEHU D.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
▪ This course teaches theory and design criteria for structural
steel and timber buildings, Bridges, Trusses etc.
▪ The course uses fundamentals of statics, mechanics of
materials, and structural analysis and applies them to the
design of structural members, with emphasis on satisfying
real-world needs.
▪ Subject areas include design of tension members,
beam design, column design, bolted and welded
connections and built-up girders, Principe of truss
design and detailing and finally, Design of Timber
structures.
▪ All design is performed in accordance with codes
and specifications used in current engineering
practice like ES-EN:2015 & EBCS1995.
 OUTLINE:
I. Introduction VI. Structural Connections
a. Types of Steel Structures
a. Introduction
b. Material Properties of Structural Steel
c. Structural Steel Shapes b. Bolted connections
d. Design Philosophies c. Weld connections
II. Tension Members d. Hybrid Connections
a. Tension Member Behavior & Analysis
VII. Plate Girders (Built-Up)
b. Design of Tension Members
a. Types and uses
III. Compression Members
a. Classification of cross sections b. Classification of cross sections
b. Design consideration c. Design of plate girders
c. Design of compression members
VIII. Trusses, Principe of Truss Design and
IV. Beams Detailing
a. Types and uses
b. Review of the Mechanics of Bending IX. Timber Structures
c. Classification of cross sections a. Physical and mechanical properties of timber
d. Beam design b. Ethiopian Building Code Standards for design
V. Beam-Columns of timber
a. Classification of cross sections c. Utilization of bamboo
b. Beam-column design
REFERENCES:
▪ ES-EN 1993:2015, Design of Steel Structures - Part 1-1, General Rules for
buildings
▪ ES-EN 1995:2015, Design of Timber Structures – Part 1-1, Common Rules
for Buildings
▪ Steel Structures Design & Behavior by Charles G. Salmon & John E Johnson
▪ Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5, Jack Porteous & Abdy Kermani,
2007
▪ The Behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3, by N.S. Trahair, M.A.
Bradford, D.A. Nethercot, and L. Gardner
▪ Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications, by Claudio
Bernuzzi and Benedetto Cordova
▪ Designer’s Guide to Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Buildings EN 1993-1-1, 1-3
and 1-8, by Leroy Gardner and David A. Nethercot
GRADING:
▪ Continuous Assessment (50%):- [2xTests (20%), Assignments (10%), Term
Project (10%), Attendance (10%)]
▪ Final Exam (50%)
Chapter 1: Introduction
 OBJECTIVES

• Types of Steel Structures

• Material Properties of Structural Steel

• Structural Steel Shapes

• Design Philosophies
INTRODUCTION

Civil Engineering Structures could be one of the

following types:
▪ Steel structure,
▪ Reinforced concrete (RC) structure,
▪ Steel-RC composite structures
▪ Timber structures
INTRODUCTION

▪ Structures whose major constituent components

are steel are known as steel structure while
those with large proportion of timber
components are called timber structures.

▪ Steel and timber are used both in structural and

non-structural members in various civil
engineering applications.
INTRODUCTION

Applications of steel structures

▪ Long-span structures
▪ Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
▪ Buildings of heavy duty plants
▪ Tower & mast structures
▪ Portal frames
▪ Bridges
▪ Infrastructures
LONG-SPAN STRUCTURES
▪ The largest steel structure
still standing in the world

▪ A combined weight of
49,600 tons,

▪ 258,000 square meters and

seating 91,000 people
 MULTI-STOREY & HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Taipei 101 (Taiwan) : 508m

Jin Mao Tower (China) : 421m
MULTI-STOREY & HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
 MULTI-STOREY & HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Worlds Tallest Steel Buildings

1. Taipei 101 (Taiwan) : 508m

2. Petronas Tower (Malaysia) : 458-462m
3. Sears Tower (USA) : 442m
4. Jin Mao Tower (China) : 421m
5. Int. Finance Center (China) : 416m
6. Empire State Building (USA) : 381m
Taipei 101 :
▪ 101-story tower finished in 2004..
▪ Can withstand gale winds of 134 miles per hour as well as the strongest earthquakes in a 2,500-
year cycle.
▪ The building is located just 182.9 meter away from a major fault line.
▪ A 728-ton 5.5 meter diameter steel sphere pendulum serves as a tuned mass damper to offset up
to 40 percent of the building’s movements caused by strong wind gusts.
TOWER & MAST STRUCTURES

The Canton Tower, China:

604m tall, TV Astronomical
& Sightseeing Tower
TOWER & MAST STRUCTURES Tokyo Sky Tree (TV & sightseeing)
634m Tall (2nd Tallest after Burj
Khalifa)
TOWER & MAST STRUCTURES
BUILDINGS OF HEAVY DUTY PLANTS
BUILDINGS OF HEAVY DUTY PLANTS

Koshe Waste to Energy Plant, A.A

PORTAL FRAMES
 Bridges
Golden Gate Bridge ▪ 2737.4 meter long and contains about
88,000 tons of steel
▪ weight of the bridge is 887,000 tons
▪ The bridge is 27.4 meter wide and
spans 1280 meter b/n towers

Abay Bridge, Ethiopia (Cable Stayed Bridge)

Bridges
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Japan, completed in 1998
the longest central span of any suspension bridge ( 1,991 m)
Bridges
Iwakurojima cable stayed Bridge, Japan, completed in 1988
 BRIDGES
Sydney Harbour Bridge

53,000 tones of steel & six million hand-driven

rivets,
BRIDGES
BRIDGES
INFRASTRUCTURES
INFRASTRUCTURES

Agricultural buildings
MAIN STRUCTURAL TYPES

Buildings Bridges
▪ Truss structures ▪ beam bridge
▪ Bar or truss members ▪ truss bridge
▪ Frame structures ▪ truss members
▪ Beams and columns
▪ arch bridge
▪ Grids structures
▪ cable-stayed bridge
▪ latticed structure or dome
▪ suspension bridge
▪ Arch structures
GRID-SHELLS
GRID-SHELLS
WHY STRUCTURAL STEEL?

1. High strength – high strength of steel per unit weight

means less dead load.
2. Uniformity – properties do not change appreciably with
time.
3. Elasticity – steel behave closer to deign assumption than
most materials because it follows Hooke’s Law.
4. Ductility– withstand extensive deformation without failure.
i.e. show evidence of impending failure
5. High density – non porous
CONT’D

6. Long Life – very durable material and long service life.

7. Additions to existing structures – new members can be
added to existing frame building.
8. Time saving – no curing time and scaffolding time.
9. Flexibility in fabrication – geometry, strength and other
properties easily controlled.
10. Re-usable – highly reusable, can be converted to raw
material to produce new sections.
SOME FACTS:

▪ China is the world s largest consumer of steel (cars, general

industry, construction…)
▪ Japan is the largest exporter of steel.
▪ The United States and China are the largest importers of steel.
▪ Steel is the world’s most recycled material. Steel is recycled mostly
from junk cars (3,400,000
▪ cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America )
▪ More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled
steel.
▪ Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building
materials.
 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL

• It is very susceptible to
corrosion if not properly
treated.
• It is low fire resistance, under
high temperature the
strength is reduced greatly
while deformation increase
dramatically
• Susceptibility to buckling
Slender member in
compression.
• Fatigue and brittle fracture
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Structural steel section making process from
iron ore or scrap has three phases:
1. Iron-making process,
2. Steel-making process, and
3. Surface treatment and Structural Steel
Fabrication
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Steel refers to a family of iron–carbon alloys characterized by well-
defined percentage ratios iron–carbon , and identified by the carbon
content, as follows:
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Mild-Carbon Steel: Medium-Carbon
Steel :
► Ductile & malleable
► Corrodes quickly
► Easily forged, welded &
riveted
► Withstands shocks &
impacts well
► Not much affected by
saline water
► Equally strong in tension,
compression and in shear
► Difficult to harden and
temper
General Uses:
► Used as rolled structural
sections like I-section; Tsection;
channel Section;
angle irons. Plates round
and square rods
► Plain and Corrugated Mild
carbon steel. Sheets are
used in roofing
► Granular structure
► More tough & elastic than
Mild carbon steel.
► Easier to harden & to temper
► More difficult to forge and
weld
► Stronger in compression
than in tension or in
shear
► Withstands shocks and
vibrations betters
General Uses:
► For making tools such as
dills, files, chisels
► Used for making those
parts that are hard , tough
and durable and capable of
withstanding shocks and
vibrations
High-Carbon Steel :
► Increased tensile strength
leads to less weight of it being
used as compared to Mild-
Steel.
► Structure becomes lighter
► Resists corrosion better
► Tougher and more elastic
► More brittle and less ductile
than mild steel
General Uses:
► In reinforcing prestressed
concrete
structures
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

• Properties of particular importance in structural

usage are
– high strength compare to any other available material,
– and ductility (i.e., its ability to deform substantially in
either tension or compression before failure).
• It should be both strong in tension and compression.
• The most important structural properties of steel are
– yield strength and ultimate strength,
– modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
coefficient of thermal expansion, and
– its density.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Important Engineering Properties of material:

► Mechanical properties - strength, ductility, toughness,
hardness, strength to weight ratio etc.
► Physical properties - density, specific heat, thermal
expansion, conductivity , melting point etc.
► Chemical properties - oxidation , corrosion,
flammability, toxicity etc.
► Manufacturing properties - formed, casting, machined,
welding
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

How do we test Mechanical Properties?

► Tensile tests
► Bend tests
► Compressive tests
► Fracture toughness test
► Impact test
► Fatigue test
► Hardness test
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

The following mechanical properties can be determined by preforming tensile test;

► Strength
► Ductility
► Elasticity
► Stiffness
► Malleability
► Modulus of Toughness
► Modulus of Resilience
 CONT’D

• Four regions can be seen. They are discussd below.

1. Elastic Region:
– In this region the stress is proportional to the strain, and
Hooke's law applies.
– The constant of proportionality is the modulus of
elasticity or Young’s modulus, E. The modulus of elasticity
for steel has values ranging from 190 - 210 GPa.
 CONT’D

2. Inelastic Region:
– In this region the steel section deforms plastically
under a constant stress, fy.
– The extent of this deformation differs for different
steel grades.
– The ability of structural steel to deform considerably
before failure by fracture allows the structure to
undergo force redistribution when yielding occurs,
and it enhances the energy absorption characteristic
of the structure.
 CONT’D

3. Strain-Harding Region:
– In this region deformation is accompanied by an
increase in stress.
– The peak point of the idealized stress-strain curve
is the ultimate stress, fu. It is the highest stress
based on original cross-section size.
 CONT’D

4. Necking Region:
– After maximum stress, a localized reduction in
area, called necking begins and elongation
continues until specimen breaks
 NOMINAL GRADES OF STEEL
Table 3.1: Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu for hot
rolled structural steel (ES EN 3 1993: 2015)

Standard and steel Nominal thickness of the element t[mm]

grade t ≤ 40mm 40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm
fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2] fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2]
EN 10025-2
S 235 235 360 215 360
S 275 275 430 255 410
S 355 355 490 335 470
S 450 440 550 410 550
EN 10025-3
S 275 N/NL 275 390 255 370
S 355 N/NL 355 490 335 470
S 420 N/NL 420 520 390 520
S 460 N/NL 460 540 430 540
EN 10025-4
S 275 M/ML 275 370 255 360
S 355 M/ML 355 470 335 450
S 420 M/ML 420 520 390 500
S 460 M/ML 460 540 430 530
EN 10025-5
S 235 W 235 360 215 340
S 355 W 355 490 335 490
EN 10025-6
S 460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570 440 550
 NOMINAL GRADES OF STEEL
Table 3.1 (continued): Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile
strength fu for structural hollow sections (ES EN 3 1993: 2015)
Standard and Nominal thickness of the element t[mm]
steel grade t ≤ 40mm 40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm
fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2] fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2]
EN 10210-1
S 235 H 235 360 215 360
S 275 H 275 430 255 410
S 355 H 355 510 335 490

275 390 255 370

S 275 NH/NLH 355 490 335 470
S 355 NH/NLH 420 540 390 520
S 420 NH/NLH 460 560 430 550
S 460 NH/NLH
EN 10219-1
S 235 H 235 360
S 275 H 275 430
S 355 H 355 510

275 370
S 275 NH/NLH 355 470
S 355 NH/NLH 460 550
S 460 NH/NLH
275 360
355 470
S 275 MH/MLH 500
420
S 355 MH/MLH 530
460
S 420 MH/MLH
S 460 MH/MLH
 CONT’D
Design values of material elastic coefficients

The material coefficients to be adopted in calculations for the structural steels

should be taken as follows:
• modulus of elasticity = 210 000 N/mm2

• shear modulus = 81000 N/mm2

• poisson’s ratio in elastic stage = 0.3

• coefficient of linear thermal expansion = 12x10-6 per K (for T ≤ 1000C)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural design is a process by which an optimum

solution is obtained meeting established criteria.
Aims are
▪ To fulfill its intended or functional purpose,
▪ To sustain the specified loads for its design life,
▪ To localize damage due to accidental overloads,
▪ To properly function during service loads, i.e. serviceability
criteria's
▪ To satisfy economical requirements.
If proper structural design is not carried out failure would result
CONT’D

The structure may be said unfit for use or have

reached its limit of usefulness, if one of the following
occur.
1. Carrying capacity exceeded,
2. Excessive deflection and drift under service
loads,
3. Instability,
4. Fatigue and
5. Fracture.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STEPS

Architectural Plan Structural Drawings

Structural System
Detailing
Trail Sections Yes !

No !
Acceptable
Modeling
Revise !

Analysis Member Design

 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Three major design methods are employed in

steel structures. They are,
1. Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
2. Plastic Design
3. Limit State Design (LSD)
STRUCTURAL EURO CODES- AN OVERVIEW
STRUCTURAL EURO CODES- AN OVERVIEW
ES EN 1993-1-1 GENERAL RULES:
SUB-PARTS ARE BASED ON STRUCTURAL PHENOMENA E.G. TENSION,
COMPRESSION, BENDING, SHEAR.
CONT’D
 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES

• In general, there are three procedures by which steel

shapes can be formed: hot-rolled, cold-formed, built- up
and compound.
• When rolling is done on hot steel, the product is termed
hot-rolled steel.
• When thinner plates are further rolled or bent, after
cooling, the product is called cold-formed steel.
• When special conditions occur (heavy load or longer
span) built up members can be produced by welding
together different plates to form I, H or box member.
 STEEL ROLLING :

Cast steel is a relatively weak mass of coarse, uneven

metal crystals, or 'grains'.
Rolling causes this coarse grain structure to re-crystallize
into a much finer grain structure, giving greater toughness,
shock resistance and tensile (stress) strength.
Rolling is the main method used to shape steel into
different products after it has been cast.
▪ What Happens?
The rolling process (for both hot and cold) consists of
passing the steel between two rolls revolving at the same
speed but in opposite directions.
There are two types of rolling - hot and cold.
COMMONLY USED HOT-ROLLED SECTIONS

▪ Universal Beams: These are very efficient sections for resisting bending
moment about the major axis.
▪ Universal Columns: These are sections produced primarily to resist axial
load with a high radius of gyration about the minor axis to prevent
buckling in that plane.
▪ Channels: These are used for beams, bracing members, truss members
and compound members.
▪ Equal and unequal angles: These are used for bracing members, truss
members and for purlins, side and sheeting rails.
▪ Structural tees: The sections shown are produced by cutting a universal
beam or column into two parts. Tees are used for truss members, ties and
light beams.
▪ Circular, square and rectangular hollow sections: These are mostly
produced from hot-rolled coils and may be hot finished or cold formed.
Figure: Standard Hot Rolled Shapes
 CONT’D

• Compound section are formed by,

– Strengthening a rolled section such as universal
beam by welding on cover plates
– Combining two separate rolled sections, like crane
girder
– Connecting twomemberstogetherto form a
strong combined member
BUILT-UP SECTIONS

Built-up sections are made by welding plates together to form

I, H or box members that are termed plate girders, built-up
columns, box girders or columns, respectively.
These members are used where heavy loads have to be carried
and in the case of plate and box girders where long spans may
be required. Examples of built-up sections are shown.
COLD-ROLLED SECTIONS
Thin steel plates can be formed into a wide range of sections by
cold rolling.
The most important uses for cold-rolled open sections in steel
structures are for purlins, side and sheeting rails.

Figure: Standard Cold Formed Shapes

 DESIGNATION SYSTEM

• The common naming are as follows,

– UB – Universal Beam
– UC – Universal Column
– C – Channel Section
– L – Angle Shape
• For example beam and column designation,
Depth (mm) x Width (mm) x Weight (kg/m)- Naming

406 x 178 x 702 UB

309 x 309 x 118 UC
 CONT’D

• For C and L sections

Shape – leg 1 width (mm) x leg 2 width (mm) x thickness(mm)

L 60 x 60 x 10
C 60 x 60 x 10
TYPES OF AMERICAN STEEL SECTIONS