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com

Chemistry Project
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
on
On
"Determination of contents of Cold Drinks"
DeterminationOfThe
ContentsOfCold Drinks

PROJECTPREPAREDBY:
Project Report By :-
Gaurav
Aakash sangal
Aditya pratap
XII
XII - AXII- A
singh
Session:-
2260 2011-12
Session:2008-2009
11-12
Session:-202-13
S.D.VidyaMandir
S.D.VidyaMandir
Board’s Roll Number : 6229000
Board
Board roll
roll no.
no. :-:-
Mother Divine Sr. Sec. Public School
Submitted
Submittedtoto Mrs.
Mrs.Megha Shukla
Manju khurana
(signature)
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AIM
Aim
COMPARITIVESTUDY AND QUALITATIVE
COMPARITIVE
ANALYSIS OFSTUDY AND QUALITATIVE
DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT
COLDDRINKS BRANDS
AVAILABLE OF
IN MARKET.
COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
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Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Aditya pratap
singh of CLASS XII A, Lucknow Public School ,
regarding his project titled “Determination of the
Contents of Cold Drinks”.

Teacher's Signature
(Mrs.Megha Shukla)
 Acknowledgement
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my
It wouldthanks
sincere bemy utmost pleasure toteacher
to my chemistry express Mrs.
my sincere
Megha
thankstoMyChemistryTeacheMrs. rsManju Aditi,Mrs.
Shukla in providing a helping hand in this project.
RichaandMrs.Shobhna in providing a helping
hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support
Her
and valuable guidance,
supervision support this
all through & supervision all
project titled
through this projectofarethe
“Determination responsible
Contentsfor attaining
of Coldits
present form.responsible
Drinks”,are I would also like to thank
for attaining my parents
its present form.
as they encouraged me to put forward my project.

Gaurav
Aditya
XII
XII-A
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PPurpose
URPOSE
PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into
various questions regarding their purity. News
Inrecentdays,softdrinkbrandswereputinto
variousthat
flashed questions regarding
they contain their purity.
harmful Newsflashed
pesticide, which
that they
arouse manycontain
interestharmful pesticide,
in knowing which arouse
its contents
many interest in knowing its contents because I have
because I have been drinking them for years. I
been drinking them for years. I wanted to confirm
wanted to confirm
that whether that whether
the charge imposedtheoncharge
these brands are
imposed on these brands are true or not.
true or not.

Anotherfact
Another factwhich
whichinspired
inspiredmemetotododothis
thisproject
projectisis
thatI am
that I am in touch
in touch withwith qualitative
qualitative analysis
analysis whose
whose
knowledgewith
knowledge withother
otherfactors
factors helped
helped memeto todo
doso.
so.
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CONTENT
Contents S
I.Introduction
I.II.Theory
Introduction
II. Theory
III.Apparatus
III. Apparatus
IV.Chemicals Required
IV. Chemicals Required
V.Detection
V. DetectionofofpHpH
VI.Test
VI. TestforforCarbon
CarbonDioxide
Dioxide
VII. Test
VII.Test forfor Glucose
G lucose
VIII. Test
VIII.Test for Phosphate
for Phosphate
IX. Testforfor
IX.Test Alcohol
Alcohol
X. Test for Sucrose
X.Test for Sucrose
XI. Result
XI.Result
XII. Conclusion
XII.Conclusion
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Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
Theeraofcolddrinksbeganin1952butthe
industrialization
industrializationininIndia
Indiamarked
markedits its
beginning
beginning withwith
launching
launchingofofLimca
Limca andandGold spot bybyparley
Goldspot parleygroup
groupofof
companies.
companies.Since, thethe
Since, beginning
beginningof cold
of colddrinks was was
drinks
highly
highlyprofitable andand
profitable luring, many many
luring, multinational
multinational
companies
companieslaunched
launchedtheir
theirbrands in in
brands India likelike
India Pepsi
Pepsi
and
andCoke.
Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of
people viewedit Sprite,
Now days, Miranda,
is observed and Limca
in general that to give of
majority
peopleofviewed
feeling Sprite,
lightness, whileMiranda,
Pepsi andand ThumpsLimca Uptoto give
feeling pulse
activate of lightness,
and brain.while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.
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Theory
THEORY
ColdColddrinksofdifferentbrandsarecomposedofalcohol,
drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates,
carbohydrates,carbon dioxide,
carbon phosphate
dioxide, ionsions
phosphate etc. These soft drinks
etc. These soft
givedrinks
feelinggive
of warmth, lightness
feeling of warmth,and have a and
lightness tangy tastea which
have is liked
tangy taste
by everyone. Carbon
which is liked dioxide is Carbon
by everyone. responsible foristhe
dioxide formationfor
responsible of froth
the
formation
on shaking theofbottle.
froth on shaking the bottle.

TheThe carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide gasis isdissolved
gas dissolvedininwater
watertotoform
formcarbonic
carbonic acid
acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of
naturally
energyoccurring organic
to our body. General compounds
formula ofand are major issource of
carbohydrates
energy
CX(Hto2O)
ourY.
body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX(H2O)Y.

OnOnthebasisoftheirmoleculesizecarbohydratesareclassifiedas:-
the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-

Monosaccharide,Disaccharides
Monosaccharide, Disaccharidesandand Polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides. Glucose
Glucoseisisaa
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.It occurs in Free State in
monosaccharidewithformulaC6H12O6.ItoccursinFreeStatein thethe
ripen
ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also
grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in
present in humanblood tothe extentof about 0.1%. Sucroseis one of
human
the blood
most to the extent
useful of about 0.1%.
disaccharides in ourSucrose is one
daily life. It of
is the most
widely
useful disaccharides
distributed in our
in nature daily life.
in juices, seedsIt and
is widely
also indistributed
flowers ofinmanynature
in juices,
plants.seeds
The and
mainalso in flowers
source of many
of sucrose plants.cane
is sugar The juice
main source
which of
sucrose is sugar
contain 15-20cane juice which
% sucrose contain
and sugar beet 15-20
which % hassucrose and sugar
about 10-17 %
beetsucrose.
which has Theabout
molecular
10-17 % formula
sucrose.of The
sucrose is C 12H
molecular 22O11. It
formula of is
produced
sucrose by a mixtureIt of
is C12H22O11. is glucose
produced andbyfructose.
a mixture It of
is non-reducing
glucose and
in nature
fructose. It iswhereas glucoseinisnature
non-reducing reducing. Cold drinks
whereas glucoseareis areducing.
bit acidic
in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH
Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be
value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as
measured by finding
citric acid their pHacid.
and phosphoric value. The pH values also depend upon
the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
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Apparatus
APPARATUS
T
? estTube
?TestTube
Test ?TTube
TestTube
□ Test Holder
Tube
estTube
?TestTubeHolder
? est?TTube
Test
Test
□ Stand
Tube
estTube
Tube Holder
Holder
Holder
Test Tube Stand
Ttop
?S □ Watcheaker
TestestTube
?TStop TubeStand
WatchStand
Beaker
TestTubeStand
?? urner
Stop
□ topWatch
?SBurner
Watcheaker
?StopWatch
?HBeaker
□?Paper
BpH Paper Tripod
urner
?BeakerStand China
pBripodStand
Burner
□ B H Paper
? Dish Wire
□?pGauge
?? hina
Burner
Dish Water
pHPaper
ripodStand
Bath
?Bire□ Gauge
Tripod
?ThinaStand
Dish
pHPaper
? ater
China
□ Bath
?Cire Dish
Gauge
TripodStand
?Wire
□?WaterGauge
Bath
T WaterBath
□?W
ChinaDish
WireGauge
WaterBath
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Chemicals
CHEMICALS
REQUIRED
IodineSolutionRequired
PotassiumIodine
IodineSolution
SodiumHydroxide
?Potassium IodineSodium
Fehling’sA&BSolution
□ IodineFehling’s
?Hydroxide Solution Potassium
A&
Iodine Sodium Hydroxide
?B Solution LimeA & B Solution
□ Fehling’s
LimeWater
? □ Lime Water Concentrated
WaterConcentrated
ConcentratedHNO
HNO3 Benedict
3 Solution
HNO3 Benedict Solution
? □ Ammonium Molybdate
BenedictSolution
?Ammonium Molybdate
□
AmmoniumMolybdate
? □
□
□
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Detection of
DETECTION pH
OFPH
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small
Small samples
samplesofofcold
colddrinks
drinksofofdifferent brands
different brandswere taken
were in a in
taken testa tubeand
test
put
tubeonand
theput
pHon
paper. Thepaper.
the pH changeThe in the colorinofthe
change pHcolor
paperofwas
pHnoticed
paper and
was
was compared withwas
noticed and thecompared
standard pH scale.
with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION
Observations
NAME OFTHE COLOUR
SR. NO. pH VALUE
DRINK CHANGE
1 Coca Cola Pink 2.5-3
2 Sprite Red 3
3 Limca Pinkish 4
4 Fanta Light Orange 3-4

INFERENCE
Inference
Soft drinks are
are generally
generallyacidic
acidicbecause
becauseofofthe
thepresence
presenceofofcitric
citricacid
acidand
phosphoricacid.pHvaluesofcolddrinkofdifferentbrandsaredifferentdue
and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are to the
variation
different in amount
due to theofvariation
acidic contents.
in amount of acidic contents.
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Test for
TESTFORCARBON
DIOXIDE
EXPERIMENT
Assoonasthebottleswereopened,onebyonethesamplewaspassed through lime
As soon as the bottles were opened ,one by one the sample was
water.
passedThe lime water
through turned milky.
lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE TIME TAKEN
CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK (SEC.)
1 CocaCOLA
COCA cola 26.5 IS PRESENT
CO2ISPRESENT
2 SPRITE
Sprite 21 CO2ISPRESENT
IS PRESENT
3 LIMCA
Limca 35 CO2ISPRESENT
IS PRESENT
4 FANTA
Fanta 36 CO2ISPRESENT
IS PRESENT

Inference
INFERENCE
Inference
All
Allthe
thesoft
softdrinks
drinkscontain
containdissolved
dissolvedcarbon
carbondioxide
dioxideinin
water. The
water. carbon
The carbon
dioxide
dioxide ((CO ) )2)dissolves
dissolves ininwater to form
waterto carbonicacid,
formcarbonic acid which
,whichisisresponsible
for its tangyfor
responsible taste.
its tangy taste.

CHEMICALREACTIONINVOLVED
Chemical Reaction Involved:-
Ca(OH)2(s)+CO2(g)-------------CaCO3(s)+H2O(s)
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Test for Glucose

TESTFORGLUCOSE
Experiment
EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid .Its presence is detected by the following test:-
Glucoseisareducingsugaracid.Itspresenceisdetectedbythefollowing test:-

1. BENEDICTS’S
1. REAGENT
Benedict's Reagent test:-TEST:-
Small samples
Small samples ofof cold
cold drinks
drinksofofdifferent
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninina test
a test tube
tubeand
aand
fewa drops
few drops of Benedict’s
of Benedict’s reagent
reagent were were added.
added. Thetube
The test test was
tube heated
was for
heated
few for fewFormation
seconds. seconds. Formation of reddish
of reddish color colorthe
confirmed confirmed
presencethe of glucose
presence of glucose
in cold drinks. in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
Observations
SR. NAME OF THE
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK
1 Coca Cola Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present

2 Sprite Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present

3 Limca Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present

4 Fanta Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present

Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent.
Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
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2.
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION
Fehling's Solution TestTEST
Small
Small samples
samples of
of cold drinks of
cold drinks of different
different brands
brandswereweretaken
takeninina atest
testtubeand
tube and
aa few
few drops
drops of Fehling’s
Fehling’s A solution
solution and Fehling’s
Fehling’s B solution
solution was added
added in in
equal
equal amount.
amount. The
Thetest
testtube
tubewas
washeated
heatedin in
a water bath
a water for for
bath 10 minutes.
10 minutes.
OBSERVATON
Appearance
Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the
precipitate confirmed the presence
presenceofof glucose
glucose in in cold
cold
drinks.
drinks.

SR. NAME OF THE

OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK
1 Coca Cola Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present

2 Sprite Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present

3 Limca Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present

4 Fanta Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present

Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s(A&B)solutions.
Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
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TEST FOR
Test forPHOSPHATE
Phosphate
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Smallsamples
Small samplesofofeach
eachbrand
brandofofcold
colddrinks
drinks were
were taken
taken in
in separate
separate test
testtubes
tubes
and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid
and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was (HNO 3)

was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow

addedtoit.Thesolutionwasheated.Appearanceofcanary-yellowprecipitate
precipitatethe
confirmed confirmed
presencethe
of presence
phosphateofions
phosphate
in coldions in cold drinks.
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola Canary-Yellow Ppt. P
Phosphate is present

2 Sprite Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present

3 Limca Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present

4 Fanta Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present

INFERENCE
Inference
. the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all
All
the cold drinks contain phosphate.

Chemical Reaction Involved:-

NaHPO4+12(NH4)2MoO4+21HNO3+3H+--------------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
+21HN4NO3+12H2O
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TESTFORALCOHOL
Test for Alcohol
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate
test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test
tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30minutes. Appearance of
yellow colored precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold

SR. NAME OF
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present

2 Sprite Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present

3 Limca Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present

4 Fanta Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present

INFERENCE
Inference
All the cold drinks
drinks samples
samplesgave
gavepositive
positivetest
testfor
foralcohol.
alcohol.Hence
Henceallall
thethe
cold
cold
drinks contain glucose.
drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICALREACTIONINVOLVED
Chemical Reaction involved:-
CH3CH2OH+4I2+ 6NaOH--------CHI3+ HCOONa+5NaI +5H2O
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Test for sucrose

TESTFORSUCROSE
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
5 5mlml samples
samples of each
of each brand
brand of cold
of cold drinks
drinks werewere
takentaken in separate
in separate chinachina
disheswere
dishes and heated
were heated very strongly
very strongly until changes
until changes occur.colored
occur. Black Black colored
residueleft
residue leftconfirmed
confirmedthe
thepresence
presence of
of sucrose
sucrose in
in cold
cold drinks.
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola Black Residue Sucrose is Present

2 Sprite Black Residue Sucrose is Present

3 Limca Black Residue Sucrose is Present

4 Fanta Black Residue Sucrose is Present

INFERENCE
Inference
Allthe
All thebrands
brands of
of cold
cold drinks contain
contain sucrose.
sucrose.But
Butamount
amountofofsucrose
sucrosevaries
varies
inineach
each brand
brand of
of drink.
drink. Fanta
Fantacontains
containshighest
highestamount ofof
amount sucrose.
sucrose.
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Result
RESULT
After
Afterconducting
conductingseveral
severaltests,
tests,Ititwas
wasconcluded
concluded that
that the
the differen
differenttbrands
brands of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinks namely:
namely:

1.Coca ColaCola
1. Coca
2.Sprite
2. Sprite
3.Limca
3. Limca
4.Fanta
4. Fanta
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.
cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different
All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of
brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four
different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic
brands taken.
of all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
amount of
amount of dissolved
dissolved carbon
carbondioxide
dioxideand
andFanta
Fantahas
hasthe
theminimum
minimumamount of
amount ofcarbon
dissolved dissolved carbon dioxide.
dioxide.
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Conclusion
CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGESOFCOLDDRINKS
Disadvantages of Cold drinks:-
1.1.Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. Ascontain
Softdrinksarelittlemoreharmfulthansugarsolution.Asthey they sugar
contain sugar
in large in large
amount amount
which causewhich cause
problems inproblems in diabetes
diabetes patients.
patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s
natural
2. Soft drinksability to suppress
can cause weighthunger feeling.
gain as they interfere with the
3. Softnatural
body’s drinks have ability
ability to dissolve
to suppress the calcium
hunger feeling. so they are alsoharmful
fordrinks
3. Soft our bones.
have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are
4.Soft
also drinksfor
harmful contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they
our bones.
candrinks
4. Soft dissolve a nail“phosphoric
contain in about 4 days.
acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So
5.For transportation of soft drinks
they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. syrup the commercial truck must use
thetransportation
5. For hazardous matter place
of soft cardssyrup
drinks reserved
the for highly consive
commercial truck material.
must
6.Softdrinks havealso abilityto removeblood sotheyare veryharmful to
use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly conceive
our body.
material.
6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very
harmful to our body.

Uses of Cold drinks:-

1.Colddrinkscan
1. Cold drinks can bebeusedastoilet
used as toiletcleaners.
cleaners.
2.Theycanremoverustspotsfromchromecarhumpers.
2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3.They
3. They clean
clean corrosionfrom
corrosion carbattery
from car batteryterminals.
terminals.
4.Soft
4. Soft d are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from clothes.
drinks
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
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Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORYMANUALOFCHEMISTRY
BY-VEENA SURI

DINESHCOMPANIONCHEMISTRY
BY-S.K. MALHOTRA

WEBSITES—

 http://
www.cbseportal.comhttp://
www.google.comhttp://
www.Icbse.comhttp://
www.digilibrary.com
TEACHER’SREMARKS