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WORD CLASS - PARTS OF SPEECH

Word classes - parts of speech are the categories of words that determine how words are used
in grammar. For example, nouns represent people, places, things, and concepts, while verbs
represent actions.
There are 4 major word classes (noun, verb, adj, adv) and five other word classes
(determiners, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection) making nine word classes or
parts of speech in total.

1. Noun:
Nouns are the largest word class, which is a word that refers to a person, a place or a thing, a
quality or an activity, and so on.
There are 3 types of noun:
- Proper nouns: the names of specific people, animals and things. They are written with a
capital letter at the start.
- Concrete nouns: refer to material objects which we can see or touch
- Abstract nouns: refer to things which are not material objects, such as ideas, feelings and
situations.
Ex: The young (girl)brought me a very long (letter) from the (teacher), and then she quickly disappeared.
Oh my!

The -ing forms of verbs (gerund) can also act as nouns.

The position of noun in sentence

- Subject
Ex: John is studying
- Object
Ex: She gave him a book
- Complement
Ex: They made him their leader
Ex: She is a doctor
- Appositive:
Ex: My friend, John, is coming over

2. Verb:
Verbs represent actions and are the only word class that is absolutely necessary to make a
complete sentence.A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are
plural). You can conjugate verbs in different verb tenses to explain when an action takes place
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(past, present, or future) or combine them with auxiliaries for more advanced tenses like the
present perfect tense or past continuous tense.

Ex : The young girl (brought )me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly (disappeared)

The position of verb

- The verb normally comes straight after the subject:
Ex: John broke another window yesterday.

According to Thesaurus dictionary, there are 11 types of verbs:

Action verbs Linking verbs Regular verbs
Stative verbs Helping verbs (also called Irregular verbs
Transitive verbs auxiliary verbs) Phrasal verbs
Intransitive verbs Modal verbs Infinitives

3. Adjective:
Adjectives are words that modify or describe a noun or pronoun. They add more details to the
noun, such as color, size, or age, … usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how
many,...

Most adjectives can have ‘degree’. These adjectives usually follow the pattern of adding ‘-er’ or
‘-est’ to the end to show the degree.

Order: OpSASCOMP: Opinion – Size – Age – Shape – Color – Origin – Material – Purpose
Ex: It is an ugly small old thin red Italian cotton sleeping bag
A beautiful long white French silk wedding dress.

4. Adv:
Similar to adjectives, adverbs modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. When
describing verbs, they give details about how an action is performed, such as where, when, why,
or how often. They usually -but not always - end in -ly.

Ex: The staff arrived early this morning. [Modifies the verb ‘arrived’]
You finished quite quickly. [Modifies the adverb ‘quickly’]

The position
Standing ahead V, between to be and Adj.
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Ex: I totally disagree with that viewpoint.

They seem very excited when watching the show.

5. Prep:
Prepositions are a special type of word class that indicates relationships between words.
English commonly uses prepositions to show a relationship in space or time or a logical
relationship between two or more people, places or things, Prepositions are most commonly
followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. When used to describe a verb, prepositions can explain
when or where an action happened.

Although most prepositions are single words, some pairs and groups of words operate like single
prepositions:
- Because of
- In addition to
- In front of
- Up to

6. Pronouns:
Pronouns are a type of noun used as a substitute for other nouns. They make communication
easier and faster because you don’t have to repeat the same words over and over again.

Ex: I told myself I could finish on time. [Reflexive pronoun]

Who left the lights on in the office? [Interrogative pronoun]
Possessive pronouns are another form of pronoun that may be brought into the classroom. These
are pronouns indicating possession.
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The position of pronoun

- before the verb which they complement
Ex: When my boyfriend gives me chocolates, I eat them right away.

7. Determiners:
Determiners are words that come before a noun to explain which noun you’re referring to, the
noun’s quantity, or whether the noun is general or specific. Determiners are important for
grammar, they include a few different types of words like articles, demonstratives, possessive
pronouns, distributives, and quantifiers like below:

Have two functions: referring and quantifying.

- Referring: means showing us who or what the noun is pointing to or talking about. The
most common types of determiners which we use for referring are articles, possessives
and demonstratives:

- Quantifying: means showing how much of something there is, or how many:
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8. Conjunction:
Conjunctions are linking words . THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
- Coordinating conjunctions connect items which are the same grammatical type, e.g.
words, phrases, clauses. The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, or, but.
+ Some coordinating conjunctions have two parts: either … or …, neither … nor …,
both … and …:

Ex:

- Subordinate conjunctions: Common subordinating conjunctions are: after, (al)though,

as, before, if, since, that, until, when, whereas, while, once, so, as soon as, provided that. When a
clause follows these conjunctions, it becomes a subordinate clause, which needs a main
clause to make a complete sentence.

Ex:
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9. Interjection (thán từ):

In English, they use interjections to express emotions such as pleasure, surprise, shock and
disgust. Most interjections are just sounds, rather than actual words, and come at the beginning
or at the end of what we say. Interjections are more common in speaking than in writing.
The position of interjection:
- There are no particular rules as to where interjections should be placed in a sentence, but most
often, they are seen to appear in the beginning of a sentence

Ex: - Ouch, it stings. (expresses pain)

- You’re going to the Maldives. That’s a long way, wow. (expresses surprise and wonder)
- Hooray, here comes the bus at last! (expresses delight)
- Ugh, sorry, I can’t eat tomatoes. (expresses disgust)

THÀNH VIÊN NHÓM

Vũ Khánh Ánh Ngọc
Đinh Trịnh Thanh Trúc
Phạm Đỗ Thu Thủy
Nguyễn Thanh Thảo
Lê Ngọc Trúc Ly
Nguyễn Kiều Phương
Phan Nguyễn Ngọc Vân