Describing processes

The first step is when… This step involves + ing This results in …
To begin with,… Then,… After that, Finally,…
The process commences with… Once, Eventually,…
Initially,… The next stage in the process is...
First… After this step is completed...
After the completion of this step…
While / As…
As soon as,…
As a result of ….
Subsequently,
Following this

Complete the sentences with the appropriate word from the list.

automatic, cyclical, creative, collaborative, customizable, deliberate, efficient, flexible,

interdisciplinary, iterative, methodical, seamless, streamlined, systematic

1. Our software undergoes _____ updates regularly.

2. Seasons follow a _____ pattern every year.
3. The new software has a _____ user interface.
4. The scientist followed a _____ approach in their experiment.
5. He made a _____ decision after much thought.
6. The factory implemented _____ production methods.
7. She presented a _____ solution to the problem.
8. Being _____, he adapted to changes quickly.
9. The team followed a _____ approach to research.
10. The company introduced a _____ workflow.
11. The project’s success was due to _____ efforts.
12. The research involved _____ collaboration.
13. The app is _____ to fit user preferences.

Complete each sentences with an appropriate word.

1. The sun _____ gravitational force on the earth.
2. If a force _____ on an while in the state of motion is equal to the sum of all the resistance
forces, then the object moves with _____ velocity.
3. When we _____ force to an object, the distribution of that force will depend on the physical
nature of the object.
4. A _____ force is when objects push each other away. Gravity is always _____, this is why we feel
pulled towards the centre of the earth.
The sentences of the paragraph have been jumbled. Put the in the correct order.
Newton's First Law
a) Any change in motion involves an acceleration, and then Newton's Second Law applies.
b) It may be seen as a statement about inertia, that objects will remain in their state of motion
unless a force acts to change the motion.
c) Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line unless acted upon by an external force.
d) Such a frame is often referred to as an "inertial frame".
e) The First Law could be viewed as just a special case of the Second Law for which the net
external force is zero, but that carries some presumptions about the frame of reference in
which the motion is being viewed.
f) The statement of these laws must be generalized if you are dealing with a rotating reference
frame or any frame which is accelerating.
g) The statements of both the Second Law and the First Law here are presuming that the
measurements are being made in a reference frame which is not itself accelerating.

The picture below shows a simple experiment. Describe the process and what you can prove with
this experiment.

Answer the following related questions.

 What will happen to an object at rest if no force is applied?
 What is required for an object to maintain motion at a constant velocity?
 What will happen to an object if there is a constant net force applied to it?
 Is it possible for an object to experience a net force without physically touching another
object? If yes, give an example.
 An object's resistance to change in motion is called “inertia”. What property of matter gives
an object inertia? Give an example of something with a relatively large amount of inertia, and
something else with a relatively small amount.
 What would happen to a ball if you threw it in deep space where there were no forces acting
on it? Describe its motion during the time you are in contact with it and then after you
release it.

Complete the text with the missing words. The initial letters of the missing words are given.
Newton's Second Law
Newton's Second Law as s_____ below applies to a wide range of physical p_____, but it is not a
fundamental p_____ like the Conservation Laws. It is applicable only if the force is the net e_____
force. It does not apply directly to situations where the mass is changing, e_____ from loss or gain
of material, or because the object is traveling close to the speed of light where relativistic e_____
must be included. It does not apply directly on the very small s_____ of the atom where quantum
mechanics must be used.
F=m× a

The words of the following sentences have been jumbled. Put them in the correct order.
1. all in but directed equal forces in law Newton's occur oppositely pairs. states that the third
universe
2. a force. acts on acts an back but direction equal every external For force of the force is
magnitude object of on opposite source that the there which
3. "bootstrap" A cannot an external forces, interact with itself internal into it itself. motion
must object purely system to with

The picture below shows a simple experiment. Describe the process and what you can prove with
this experiment.

Answer the following related questions.

 If two potatoes of different mass are launched from a potato launcher that applies the same
force to each one, what do you notice?
 A rollercoaster is designed to deliver a 3 g acceleration at the bottom of a dip. The mass of
the cart is 500 kg. and the rider is 100 kg. The track at this point is designed to withstand
15,000 N of force without buckling. Will the cart and rider make it through the dip?
 If a 1,000 kg rocket is launching straight up with its engine producing a force of 39,240 N,
what is its acceleration?
 What is the relationship between the acceleration of an object, its mass and the force being
applied?
 What is the net force acting on an object?
 A horse that is hitched to a stationary cart begins to pull on the cart. If the force exerted by
the cart on the horse is always equal in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted by
the horse on the cart, how can the horse move the cart?
 A student holds a force sensor from which a 500 g mass hangs. Suddenly, the force sensor
slips out of the student’s hand and falls to the floor. What reading does the force sensor show
as it falls to the floor?
 An astronaut is about 20 m from her space station when the small rocket thrusters she uses
to move around run out of fuel. If she is carrying a few tools and can also remove the rocket
thruster, what should she do to get back to the space station? Explain your reasoning.
 A small economy car experiences a "head-on" collision with a large truck. If the economy car
and the truck exert equal and opposite forces on each other, why is the driver of the
economy car more likely to suffer serious injuries than the driver of the truck?
 Two "tug of war" teams are very equally matched. When they pull as hard as they can, the
rope they are using is close to the breaking point. If your objective was to break the rope,
how could you utilize the two teams to achieve this goal?

GRAMMAR

Correct these sentences.

1. My sister, who I am always being compared, is actually two years older than me.
2. His second symphony, which I heard it last night, is not nearly as good as his first.
3. I’m afraid that under the circumstances there is little which we can do.
4. Many people were hurt in the explosion, several of who were standing a hundred metres
away.
5. She’s always open to new ideas, that is what I really like about her.

In each of the gaps in the following sentences, write in as many of the five words as possible.
who whom that whose which what
1. Wasn’t there some German or Czech author beginning with a K in _____ novels individuals got
lost in bureaucratic mazes?
2. We are blessed with good health, for _____ we should all be grateful.
3. Anything _____ you want you can have.
4. Anyone _____ wants to help should leave their contribution in this box.
5. Much _____ has been said will soon be forgotten.
6. We bought six loaves of bread for the party, half of _____ weren’t touched.
7. My daughter invited five of her friends to dinner, none of _____ expressed any kind of thanks.
8. We had quite an informal supper actually, _____ is what may not have pleased them.

Rewrite each of the following sentences to include the word which and another wh-word.
1. I met him in May and it was then that I fell in love with him.
2. We met because a friend introduced us.
3. He had the most beautiful smile and that was what attracted me initially.
4. We spent a weekend in Venice and that was the place we decided to get engaged.
5. We had a big white wedding and that was something I’d always wanted.
Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word.
When I was at school, maths was a subject which I could simply never get on (1)_____. This
dislike, the (2)_____ if which was that I failed most exams in the subject, was a standing joke
amongst my friends, (3)_____ of whom had the slightest with the most abstruse calculations.
(4)_____ who did find themselves struggling tended to all sit together at the back of the class,
which is (5)_____ we gained the nickname of ‘The back-row innumerates’. Nothing (6)_____ any
teacher could do seemed to help and little (7)_____ they said stayed between my ears. I left school
at 16, (8)_____ when I have become a very successful accountant.

Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word.

My uncle nearly always turned up late to family gatherings. The reason (1)_____ gave, (2)_____
from exploding tyres to an escaped tiger on the by-pass, were always inventive and entertaining.
He was a man (3)_____ of convincing anybody of the most unlikely tales, even my aunt, (4)_____ by
many to be a shrewd and no-nonsense character. In fact, the only person (5)_____ realise the
stories were total fabrication was me. I remember one story (6)_____ told about an underground
train suddenly (7)_____ out of the ground in front of him and blocking the road. My aunt was
fascinated.