Copyright © 2019 American Scientific Publishers Journal of

All rights reserved Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience

Printed in the United States of America Vol. 16, 2959–2966, 2019

Determinants of Supply Chain Employees

Safety Behaviours
Kittisak Jermsittiparsert1 2 ∗ , Thanaporn Sriyakul3 , Jutamat Sutduean4 , and Ayoruethai Singsa3
1
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 758307, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 758307, Vietnam
3
Faculty of Business Administration, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand
4
College of Innovative Business and Accountancy, Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand

Supply chain companies have less focus on their employees towards safety activities and facing
different issues related to the employee safety behaviour. This issue is one of the reasons of low
Indonesian logistic performance. The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of
supply chain employee safety behaviour. Moreover, employee commitment is also important in sup-
ply chain employee safety behaviour which is taken as mediating variable. In this study, survey is
carried out to get the response from Indonesian supply chain employees. Total 600 questionnaires
were used to get response from supply chain employees. From these total 600 questionnaires,
350 responses were returned. Partial least square is used to analyse the data. It is investigated
the important determinants of supply chain employee safety behaviour include; employees’ con-
scientiousness and employees’ competency. Moreover, employee commitment is important to get
positive outcomes. This study contributed by examining the determinants of supply chain employee
safety behaviour.
IP: 185.89.100.113 On: Sun, 12 Jul 2020 16:57:49
Copyright:
Keywords: Supply Chain, American
Employee ScientificEmployees’
Commitment, PublishersCompetency, Employees’

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Delivered
Conscientiousness, Employee by Ingenta
Safety Behaviour.

1. INTRODUCTION loan Indonesian logistic performance. As it is shown in the

Employee safety behaviour has significant role in organi-
zations [1–3]. It is one of the activities which increases
the motivational level among employees. These activities
effect positively on employee health which increases the
employee performance and ultimately increases the com-
pany performance. As it has positive relationship with per-
formance [4]. By considering the benefits of employee
safety, most of the companies now trying to adopt various
employee safety strategies. Supply chain companies also
taking part in these activities [5–8]. Employee having good
health always participate actively in all activities. However,
an employee having health issues cannot take part in activ-
ities. Therefore, employee safety is most important con-
cern of companies. Here, behaviour of employees towards
safety is most crucial. Employees should have positive
behaviour towards safety activities. The companies hav-
ing less focus of their employees towards safety activities
are facing different issues. Indonesian supply chain com-
panies also facing various issues and challenges [9–10]
in which the employee safety behaviour is also one of
the crucial issue. These issues are one of the reasons of
∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Figure 1 that Indonesian logistic has low performance as
compared to other Asian countries.
However, the issue of employee safety behaviour can
be handled with the help of employee conscientiousness
and employees’ competency. Both employee conscien-
tiousness and employees’ competency has significant
role in employee safety behaviour as demonstrated by
Ref. [11]. Employee conscientiousness and employees’
competency increases the employee safety behaviour. Both
employee conscientiousness and employees’ competency
have relationship with performance [12–16] which ulti-
mately increases the overall supply chain performance.
Various studies are carried out in the field of sup-
ply chain employees [17–19] and supply chain perfor-
mance [20, 21], however, these studies did not consider
the role of employee safety behaviour. Thus, the gap is
existing in the field of supply chain which need to be
address. Moreover, employee commitment is also impor-
tant in supply chain employee safety behaviour. If the
employee is not committed for safety programs, then the
effect of employees’ conscientiousness and employees’
competency will also be limited. As it is demonstrated by

J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 2019, Vol. 16, No. 7 1546-1955/2019/16/2959/008 doi:10.1166/jctn.2019.8202 2959
 Determinants of Supply Chain Employees Safety Behaviours
Fig. 1. Logistic performance index (2014–2016).
Source: World Bank Group.
IP: 185.89.100.113 On: Sun,
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Fig. 2. Theoretical model of the study.
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various studies that employee commitment is essential in
all elements of organization [22–24].
Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the
determinants of supply chain employee safety behaviour.
Sub-objectives of the study are shown below;
(1) To examine the role of employees’ conscientiousness
in supply chain employee safety behaviour.
(2) To examine the role of employees’ competency in sup-
ply chain employee safety behaviour.
(3) To examine the meditating role of safety commitment.
This study contributed by examining the determinants
of supply chain employee safety behaviour. It is con-
tributed because it investigated the important determi-
nants of supply chain employee safety behaviour which
include; employees’ conscientiousness and employees’
competency. Figure 2 shows the theoretical model of the
study.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Safety behaviour is significant because it forms the context
of development of individual safety attitudes, persisted as
well as promoted [25]. The idea of safety culture was cre-
ated in light of real organization accident and now being
generally connected to clarify accident at the individual
dimension. Safety conduct as a target to quantify the
2960
Jermsittiparsert et al.
dispositions and discernment towards wellbeing and safety
issues. Reference [26] additionally find that safety con-
duct as an intervening variable between organizational
atmosphere and safety performance, which depict singu-
lar view of the estimations of safety inside the work-
place. Reference [27] mentioned that safety behaviour
describes safety attitudes and perceptions of employee
at single point in time an effort to recognise system
12 Jul 2020
weakness 16:57:49
as well as opportunities for safety development.
Safety is more important at work place [28–30]. It has
direct relationship with employee’s health. Low safety
measures at workplace effect negatively on employee
performance which ultimately decreases the employee’s
performance and then organization performance. There-
fore, supply chain employees’ behaviours have positive
effect on employee’s health and employee performance.
Figure 3 shows the safety management cycle. According
to this cycle, it starts from policies and procedures follow-
ing by the roles and responsibilities. The third section is
based on qualifications and hiring and then training and
communication. Fifth step is monitoring, and final step is
based on meaningful actions. However, the current study is
based on the examination of employees’ conscientiousness
and employees’ competency.
2.1. Employees’ Conscientiousness and Supply Chain
Employees Safety Behaviour
Conscientiousness denotes to self-control and the process
of activeness while planning, forming and carrying out
various tasks [31]. As per [32] conscientious is based
on that individual is purposeful, strong-willed as well as
determined. As per [33], the connection among conscien-
tiousness and occupation performance could be credited
to the connection among conscientiousness and honesty.
Besides, self-sufficiency and objective setting impact the
connection among conscientiousness and employment
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 2959–2966, 2019
Jermsittiparsert et al. Determinants of Supply Chain Employees Safety Behaviours

Table I. Missing value, outlier and normality.

No. Missing Mean Median Min Max SD Kurtosis Skewness

EC1 1 0 5088 5 1 7 1654 −0315 −0587

EC2 2 0 5053 5 1 7 1711 −0801 −0471
EC3 3 0 5094 5 1 7 1758 −0735 −0541
EC4 4 0 5058 5 1 7 1733 −0489 −0581
EC5 5 0 5246 5 1 7 1703 −0405 −0669
EC6 6 0 4906 6 1 7 1911 −0987 −0545
EC7 7 0 476 5 1 7 2039 −0892 −0602
EC8 8 0 3988 4 1 7 1994 −1273 0177
EC9 9 0 4942 5 1 7 1958 −0703 −0677
EC10 10 0 4959 5 1 7 1911 −0768 −059
ECOM1 11 0 5 5 1 7 195 −0867 −0588
ECOM2 12 0 4772 5 1 7 2009 −0957 −0447
ECOM3 13 0 4895 5 1 7 1935 −0987 −0471
ECOM4 14 0 4825 5 1 7 1986 −0883 −0509
ECOM5 15 0 4713 5 1 7 1834 −0974 −0391
ECOM6 16 0 4778 5 1 7 1952 −0894 −0503
ECOM7 17 0 4883 5 1 7 1901 −0764 −0573
ECOM8 18 0 4901 5 1 7 1909 −0811 −0604
Fig. 3. Safety management cycle.
ECOM9 19 0 4152 4 1 7 2026 −1356 0025
ECOM10 20 0 4766 5 1 7 196 −094 −0435
performance [31]. In other investigation, it is found that SC1 21 0 4965 5 1 7 1904 −1004 −0493
SC2 22 0 4626 5 1 7 192 −0987 −0347
the trait identity and employee’s conscientiousness to the SC3 23 0 3801 4 1 7 1993 −1146 0188
organization has been effected on the fruitfulness of the SC4 24 0 4895 5 1 7 1873 −0972 −0514
organization. Reference [34] additionally expressed that all SC5 25 0 4836 5 1 7 2011 −0931 −0527
SC6 26 0 4807 5 1 7 1917 −1015 −043
elements of identity including conscientiousness have pos-
SCESB1 27 0 2807 3 1 7 1641 −0193 0682
itive huge effect on success of the organization. SCESB2 28 0 4737 4 1 7 1981 −0664 −008
It is clear from the studies that conscientiousness SCESB3 29 0 4778 5 1 7 2008 −0981 −0461
has relationship with employee, their performance, health SCESB4 30 0 4731 4 1 7 1796 −0896 −0299
SCESB5 31 0 4064 4 1 7 1833 −093 0014
and organizational performance [14, 35–38]. Therefore, it SCESB6 −0997 −0408
IP: 185.89.100.113 On: Sun, 12 Jul3220200 16:57:49
4801 5 1 7 1818
has significant relationship with supply chain employee’s
Copyright: SCESB7 33
American Scientific 0
Publishers4895 5 1 7 2066 −0818 −0688

RESEARCH ARTICLE
safety behaviour. Delivered bySCESB8
Ingenta34 0 4789 5 1 7 1986 −1031 −0455
SCESB9 35 0 4637 5 1 7 1928 −0823 −0527
H1: Employee conscientiousness has significant rela- SCESB10 36 0 2936 3 1 7 1734 −0006 0772
tionship with supply chain employee’s safety behaviour.

2.2. Employees’ Competency and Supply Chain at workplace. Competent employees generally better han-
Employees Safety Behaviours dle the safety issues and they possess good supply chain
Competence is frequently utilized as an indicator of safety behaviour. Therefore, competency has relationship
the adequacy of an education or training programme. with supply chain safety behaviour.
As per [39], competence alludes a particular expertise H2: Employee competency has significant relationship
required in a particular circumstance. In other composi- with supply chain employee’s safety behaviour.
tion, Ref. [40] contended that employee competency at an
individual dimension has been characterized as the hidden
Table II. (a) Reliability and convergent validity. (b) Discriminant
business-related attributes, for example, learning, abilities, validity.
frames of mind, opinions, intentions and traits. Past inves-
tigation has pointed that these attributes assume a criti- (a)
cal job in cultivating employee capacity including critical Cronbach’s Alpha rho_A CR (AVE)
thinking and diagnostic [41]. Reference [42], characterizes
EC 0.932 0.935 0943 0.648
competency as a fundamental norm for an individual, a ECOM 0.966 0.966 097 0.784
trait, an ability, a part of his own picture or of his social SC 0.905 0.916 0929 0.725
job or a group of learning. This definition show how com- SCESB 0.941 0.951 0953 0.718
petency to be a merger in number of things, for example, (b)
inspiration, individual traits, aptitudes and learning which
is very well seen the proof of these things in the man- EC ECOM SC SCESB
ner by which the individual acts. It is demonstrated from EC 0.805
previous studies that competency has important role in ECOM 0.743 0.886
employee performance [43–46]. A good competency level SC 0.787 0.729 0.851
SCESB 0.668 0.704 0.703 0.747
in employees creates the ability to handle safety issues

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 Determinants of Supply Chain Employees Safety Behaviours Jermsittiparsert et al.

Fig. 4. Measurement model assessment.

2.3. Safety Commitment and Supply Chain Other researcher view commitment all in all sense from
Employees Safety Behaviour organizational and single viewpoint which is likewise
Reference [47] characterized safety commitment as indi- applicable to safety. Organizational commitment in term
vidual association in safety exercises portrayed by a solid
IP: 185.89.100.113 On: Sun, of 12
emotional,
Jul 2020duration,
16:57:49and standardizing part which are
acknowledgment of benefit in the Copyright:
organizationAmerican
safety Scientific
persistence commitment
Publishers alludes to consciousness of the
RESEARCH ARTICLE

objectives and ability to apply effort to enhance Delivered

safety in byexpense
Ingenta related with leaving the organization. Refer-
the working environment. As indicated by Ref. [48], safety ence [49] discussed that safety commitment is reflected
commitment comprises three measurements which are in employee’s safety attitudes and behaviours. Based on
need on safety, safety contribution and safety consistence. the discovering, employees who have high level of safety

Fig. 5. Structural model assessment.

2962 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 2959–2966, 2019

Jermsittiparsert et al. Determinants of Supply Chain Employees Safety Behaviours

Table III. Direct effect results. H5: Safety commitment mediates the relation-
Original Sample Standard ship between employee competency and supply chain
sample mean deviation T statistics employee’s safety behaviour.
(O) (M) (STDEV) (O/STDEV) P values

EC → SCESB 0057 0.053 0.021 2774 0011 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ECOM → SCESB 011 0.099 0.036 3099 0008 3.1. Data Collection Procedure
SC → SCESB 1039 1.027 0.079 13141 0
In this current study, data is collected from supply chain
companies. Indonesian supply chain firms’ employees
Table IV. Indirect effect. were selected to get the response. The employees involved
in safety practices was selected for survey. In this pro-
Original Sample Standard
cess, lists of these employees were obtained from sup-
sample mean deviation T statistics
ply chain companies. From these lists’ employees were
(O) (M) (STDEV) (O/STDEV) P values
selected randomly.
EC → SC 0.322 0329 0.111 2.895 0.004
→ SCESB 3.2. Data Collection Instrument
ECOM → SC 0.661 065 0.135 4.909 0 In this study, a survey instrument was used to collect the
→ SCESB
data. In this process, questionnaires were used. Thus, total
600 questionnaires were used to get response from sup-
commitment can distinguish the danger at the working ply chain employees. From these total 600 questionnaires,
environment, dependably agree to safety standards and 350 responses were returned. All the questionnaires were
strategy are continually ready to be engaged with safety distributed through stratified sampling which is a proba-
exercises [49]. Increase in employee safety competency bility sampling.
increases the supply chain safety behaviour. As the com-
petency always leads towards higher performance [50–55] 3.3. Measures
which has positive role on safety commitment and to han- In this study all the measures were adapted from previ-
dle workplace safety issues [56–58]. ous literature. However, few changes were made while
H3: Safety commitment has significant relationship with adapting the measures based on the difference in context
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supply chain employee’s safety behaviour. of the study
Copyright: American Scientific and different industry characteristics.
Publishers

RESEARCH ARTICLE
H4: Safety commitment mediates the relationship To check the missing value, outlier and normality of
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between employee conscientiousness and supply chain the data, preliminary analyses was performed as shown in
employee’s safety behaviour. Table I.

Fig. 6. Mediation effect between employee conscientiousness and supply chain employee’s safety behaviour.

Fig. 7. Mediation effect between employee competency and supply chain employee’s safety behaviour.

J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 2959–2966, 2019 2963

 Determinants of Supply Chain Employees Safety Behaviours
4. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Form the measurement model analysis in this study, it is
found that factor loadings for all the items is above 0.7,
however, only one item have factor loadings below 0.7, but
it is above 0.5 which is minimum level of loading [55].
Measurement model also revealed that Cronbach alpha and
composite reliability (CR) is above 0.7 and AVE is also
above 0.5. All the results of measurement model are shown
in Tables I, II and Figure 4.
Figure 5 highlighted the structural model assessment.
It is carried out to test the relationship between variables.
It provides the result of hypotheses. T -value was consid-
ered to accept or reject the hypotheses. The relationship
having t-value above 1.96 was supported, however, the
relationship having t-value less than 1.96 was not sup-
ported. Figure 5 shows the t-value for all relationships.
Structural model results are shown in Tables III and IV.
Table III shows the results of H1, H2 and H3 which are
direct hypotheses. All three hypotheses have t-value above
1.96 which is the indication of supported hypotheses.
It means that employee competency and employee con-
scientiousness have significant positive relationship with
supply chain employee safety behaviour.
Furthermore, mediation effect through safety commit-
ment is shown in Table IV. Consistent with direct hypothe-
ses, indirect hypotheses, H4 and H5 are also supported as
the t-value is higher than 1.96. Thus,
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safety commitment
Copyright:2 American Scientific
mediates the both relationships. Additionally, R is 0.823
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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shown in Figure 4. The mediation effect is also shown in
Figures 6 and 7.
5. CONCLUSION
This study focused on the supply chain employee safety
behaviour. It is one of the attempts to examine the real
determinants of supply chain employee safety behaviour.
Moreover, this study focused on Indonesian supply chain
companies. Additionally, the role of safety commitment
is also examined between various determinants of sup-
ply chain employee safety behaviour. Results of the
study highlighted that employee competency and employee
conscientiousness are real determinants of supply chain
employee safety behaviour. Increase in employee com-
petency increases the behaviour of employee about sup-
ply chain employee safety. It motivates the employees to
take care of workplace safety. Moreover, employee consci-
entiousness also has significant positive relationship with
supply chain employee safety behaviour. Employee con-
scientiousness increases the supply chain employee safety
behaviour. Therefore, Indonesian companies must focus
on employee safety behaviour with the help of employee
competency and employee conscientiousness. Both deter-
minants have equal importance on workplace safety
issues.
2964
Jermsittiparsert et al.
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Received: 1 January 2019. Accepted: 11 March 2019.

IP: 185.89.100.113 On: Sun, 12 Jul 2020 16:57:49

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2966 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 2959–2966, 2019