TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE INC.
PRE-LIM
Clinical Chemistry 2
ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
 GH
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
-Peptide (classification)
- body growth, basal metabolic functions, and
acute phase stress reactant
-Production is tightly regulated through
several complex feedback mechanism and
lifestyle factors
 ACTH
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
-Protein (classification)
-regulates cortisol and androgen production
-negative feedback regulation by serum
glucocorticoid concentration and neural input
 TSH
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
-protein (classification)
-tropic hormone to regulate T4 production
-thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) release
from the hypothalamus and negative
feedback by circulation serum T4 levels
 FSH
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
Glycoprotein (classification)
WOMEN:
initiate follicular maturation and
estrogen production
MEN:
spermatogenesis
pulsatile GnRH secretion from
hypothalamus
WOMEN:
negative feedback from estrogen
levels
MEN:
negative feedback from inhibin B
 LH
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
-glycoprotein (classification)
WOMEN:
initiation of ovulation
MEN:
active testicular testosterone
production
-pulsatile GnRH secretion from
hypothalamus
WOMEN:
Negative feedback from estrogen
levels
MEN:
negative feedback from inhibin B
 PRL
-Anterior pituitary (organ source)
-peptide (classification)
-lactation
-Dopamine-mediated hypothalamic
regulation, nipple stimulation, light, olfaction,
and stress
 ADH
-Posterior pituitary (organ source)
-peptide (classification)
-activation of ADH-sensitive water pores in
the collecting duct to regulate osmolarity
-osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus
 CALCITONIN
-C-cells of thyroid (organ source)
-protein (classification)
-inhibits osteoclastic breakdown
-negative feedback from elevated Ca2+
 PCT
-parafollicular C-cells of the tyroid (organ
source)
-peptide
-prohormone to calcitonin
-CALC-1 gene expression, linked with
calcitonin regulation
 PTH
-Parathyroid cells (organ source)
-peptide (classification)
-increased circulating calcium ions, by
promoting Ca2+ absorption in the intestines,
promotes Ca2+ reabsorption, and blocks PO4
reabsorption
TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE INC.
PRE-LIM
Clinical Chemistry 2
-Negative feedback from elevated serum Ca2+
and PO-2
 CORTISOL
 INSULIN -zona fasciculate in the adrenal cortex
-B cells of the pancreas (organ source) (organ source)
-Protein (classification) -steroid (classification)
-drops plasma glucose levels by binding -immune response, stress response, and
directly to insulin receptors on cell surfaces to glucose homeostasis
allow glucose entry into cells through GLUT4 -hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
channels
-secreted primarily in response to glucose, but  ALDOSTERONE
fats and amino acids can create more robust -zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex
insulin secretion (organ source)
-steroid (classification)
 GLUCAGON -increase sodium absorption in the distal
-a cells of the pancreas (organ source) tubules and proximal collecting ducts of the
-protein (classification) nephrons
-increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis -renin-angiostensin-aldosterone system
by binding to G-coupled protein receptors
throughout the body  TESTOSTERONE
-a cells do not express a glucagon receptor -zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex
and are therefore considered to regulate their (organ source)
own secretion through insulin -steriod (classification)
-MEN: regulate sex determination, male sex
 GASTRIN characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility
-G cells the pyloric antrum of the stomach -HPA axis
(organ source)
-peptide (classification)  DHEA
Induces HCl secretion from the parietal cells in -zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex
the stomach (organ source)
-directly stimulated by vagal neurons and -steriod (classification)
presence of amino acids in the stomach -relatively weak androgen and serves as a
precursor for testosterone and estrogen
 SECRETIN -HPA axis
-S cells in the duodenum(organ source)
-peptide (classification)  PROGESTERONE
-induces HCl secretion from the parietal cells -zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex, gonads,
and bicarbonate release from the pancreas and corpus luteum of pregnancy in the ovary
-stimulated by gastric acid (organ source)
-steriod (classification)
 B-Hcg
-syncytiotrohoblast cells of the placenta
(organ source)
-peptide (classification) -promote development of the endometrial
-stimulates the corpus leteum in the ovary to lining and allow for an increase in FSH during
produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy the menstrual cycle
-regulated by several hormones, growth -regulated by several factors that affect the
factors, cytokines, PPARy ligands, and the duration of pregnancy
homeobox gene (DLX3)
TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE INC.
PRE-LIM
Clinical Chemistry 2

 ESTROGENS
-zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex
(organ source)
-steriod (classification)
-breast development, endometrial
proliferation, proliferation of vaginal
mucosal cells, bone development, increase
HDL-C and decrease LDL-C
-regulation by sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG), albumin binding, and negative
feedback in the hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary gland

 CATECHOLAMINES
-adrenal medulla (organ source)
-amine neurotransmitter (classification)
-dopamine, epinephrine, and nor epinephrine
create the “fight or flight” response including
vasoconstriction, tachycardia, sweating,
anxiety
-multiple factors including availability of
tyrosine, glucocorticoid upregulation, and
degradation via catechol-o-methyl transferase
(COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity

 THYROXINE
-Thyroid follicular cells (organ source)
-steriod (classification)
-activate metabolism and increase the basal
metabolic rate
-regulated by albumin binding, thyroxine
binding globulin (TBG), and negative feedback
through TSH by circulating serum T4 levels

 SEROTONIN
-neural cells (organ source)
-amine neurotransmitter (classification)
-CNS: perception, memory, mood intestine:
intestinal motility
Platelets: blood vessel tone and functionality
-mainly in the central nervous system nuclei,
it has also been found in the
enterochromaffin cells located throughout the
digestive tract and platelets.