Abnormal Psychology 9th Edition

Comer Test Bank

Visit to Download in Full: https://testbankdeal.com/download/abnormal-psychology-9t
h-edition-comer-test-bank/
Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an

exaggerated belief in their power describes:
A) mania.
B) dysthymia.
C) depression.
D) cyclothymia.

2. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:
A) the particular medication used to treat the problem.
B) the cause of the problem.
C) the severity and duration of the problem.
D) the demographic characteristics of the person.

3. A friend of yours diagnosed with unipolar depression says, “This can't be that bad.
Maybe my creativity will increase.” Which might be your BEST reply?
A) “You should get some therapy; there's nothing positive about depression.”
B) “You should get some therapy; only about half of people with depression get more
creative.”
C) “Think about getting some therapy; becoming more creative might not be worth
it.”
D) “Don't worry; almost all people with depression recover and retain the creativity
gains.”

4. What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?
A) 1–5 percent
B) 5–10 percent
C) 8–15 percent
D) 20–23 percent

5. Considering data from several countries around the world, which is an accurate
statement about the percentages of adults in each country who suffer from major
depressive disorder each year?
A) The percentages are virtually identical across countries.
B) Asian countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
C) European countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
D) The percentages are more than twice as high in some countries as they are in
others.

Page 1
 6. In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:
A) the same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for
women.
B) lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women.
C) the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.
D) lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

7. Which would be an emotional symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

8. The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of

depression.
A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

9. Which is a motivational symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

10. A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable
symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive
disorder, his case is:
A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid-40s.
B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid-40s.
C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid- to late 20s
D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late
20s

Page 2
11. The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would
be considered a(n) _____ symptom
A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

12. A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth
is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
A) emotional symptoms.
B) motivational symptoms.
C) behavioral symptoms.
D) cognitive symptoms.

13. Which is a behavioral symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

14. A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve
problems is suffering from _____ symptoms.
A) emotional
B) cognitive
C) motivational
D) behavioral

15. Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are _____
symptoms of depression.
A) physical
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

16. Which is a physical symptom of depression?

A) sleeping poorly
B) lack of desire to go to work
C) decreased level of physical activity
D) experiences of sadness and dejection

Page 3
17. To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at
least:
A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

18. What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major
depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or
excessively active?
A) recurrent depression
B) seasonal depression
C) catatonic depression
D) melancholic depression

19. Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?

A) catatonic
B) seasonal
C) melancholic
D) posttraumatic

20. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must

display:
A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) onset within four weeks of giving birth.

21. Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total
immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him
in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be
diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

Page 4
22. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must
display:
A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

23. All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting
no longer give him any joy. He wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This
has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would he
MOST likely be diagnosed?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

24. To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced

symptoms for at least:
A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

25. This disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons.
A) persistent depressive disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

26. Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go
to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted for three weeks, and she has
experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she
MOST likely be diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) persistent
D) melancholic

Page 5
27. Since immediately after the birth of her son, Maria has experienced a period of sadness
that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before,
and this has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would
she MOST likely be diagnosed?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) postpartum
D) melancholic

28. A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep
disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more
than six months. The woman is experiencing:
A) the “baby blues.”
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) postpartum depression.

29. A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These
symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most
likely:
A) the “baby blues,” something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
B) the “baby blues,” something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
C) postpartum depression, something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
D) postpartum depression, something experienced by less than half of new mothers.

30. A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is
most likely to:
A) experience postpartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again.
B) only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child.
C) have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her
next child.
D) have a 100 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next
child.

Page 6
31. Which statement is true for women experiencing postpartum depression regarding
psychotherapy for depression?
A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within four weeks after the birth of
their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups
particularly helpful.
D) They should avoid antidepressant medications. Such medications work well for
unipolar depression but not for postpartum depression.

32. Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three
weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No
unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the
diagnosis would be:
A) postpartum depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

33. Jose saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his
neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot
work; everything seems hopeless. There are several other symptoms consistent with
these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:
A) recurrent depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) endogenous depression.
D) melancholic depression.

34. Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not
sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels
like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing
in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:
A) manic depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

Page 7
35. Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for
unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these
studies?
A) humanist
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

36. Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for
unipolar depression. These studies have found:
A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among
monozygotic twins.
D) no compelling evidence for depression to be found in relatives of a depressed
individual.

37. If a study showed that both monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having
unipolar depression when one twin had unipolar depression, this would provide:
A) very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
B) moderate support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
D) near-certain support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

38. What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation
for unipolar depression in the near future?
A) almost zero—so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression
B) low—so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to
unipolar depression
C) moderate—researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to
unipolar depression
D) high—researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to
unipolar depression

39. _____ follows clear-cut stressful events where _____ seems to be a response to internal
factors.
A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression
B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression
C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression
D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

Page 8
40. There are several factors related to unipolar depression—reduced positive reinforcers,
gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to
depression? The MOST recent research shows that:
A) all of these factors working together appear to be responsible for causing and
maintaining depression.
B) most of these factors don't appear to cause or maintain depression but are simply
correlated with depressive symptoms.
C) some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression.
D) depression should in fact usually be considered a disease, rather than a
psychological disorder.

41. If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research
would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and
norepinephrine.
B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine and
their metabolites.
C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured
by their metabolites.
D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin.

42. If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a
finding would support the influence of the:
A) behavioral orientation.
B) biochemical orientation.
C) psychodynamic orientation.
D) sociocultural orientation.

43. One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:

A) people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression.
B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human
depression.
C) computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans
experience those symptoms.
D) genetic correlational studies don't necessarily demonstrate causal links between
genes and depression.

Page 9
44. Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression
by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study
would be:
A) very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to
depression.
B) one of a kind; previous studies do not connect specific brain areas to depression.
C) unusual; only a few previous studies connect this brain area to depression.
D) expected; many previous studies connect this brain area to depression. This study is
a replication.

45. A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal

hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is:
A) normal.
B) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal
hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
C) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus,
causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
D) very unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized
hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

46. The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development
of depression is probably:
A) wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus.
B) correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.
C) correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.
D) correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

47. As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production

of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is:
A) normal and is one indication of successful treatment.
B) abnormal and is one indication that the drug is not working.
C) abnormal and is an indication that bipolar disorder would be the proper diagnosis.
D) abnormal and is an indication that the depression is worsening.

48. Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of
the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression EXCEPT:
A) Brodmann Area 25.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the hippocampus.
D) the amygdala.

Page 10
49. Which statement accurately reflects current research findings?
A) Dysregulated immune systems produce stress, which may then produce unipolar
depression.
B) Unipolar depression produces stress, which produces dysregulated immune
systems.
C) Unipolar depression and stress both produce dysregulated immune systems.
D) Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar
depression.

50. According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:

A) learned helplessness.
B) irrational expectations.
C) regression to the oral stage.
D) learned anxiety turned inward.

51. The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, “Tell me about how your parents cared
for and protected you,” is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

52. The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, “Tell me about any early losses you
experienced,” is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

53. In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?

A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) existential
D) psychodynamic

Page 11
54. Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their
mothers at birth show signs of depression?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

55. A baby who was separated from its mother at birth, and who subsequently became
withdrawn, sad, and tearful, could be experiencing:
A) postpartum depression.
B) posttraumatic depression syndrome.
C) anaclitic depression.
D) dysthymic depression.

56. Studies show that less than 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses
become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic
explanation of depression?
A) almost none—about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level
of clinical depression each year
B) some—about 5 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of
clinical depression each year
C) strong—about 2 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of
clinical depression each year
D) very strong—only about 1 percent of adults in the United States experience some
level of clinical depression each year

57. An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the
person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A
behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:
A) learned helplessness.
B) object relations loss.
C) sociocultural changes.
D) loss of positive social rewards.

58. Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.
B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards.
C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports.
D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

Page 12
59. Françoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on
how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a:
A) cognitive orientation.
B) biological orientation.
C) behavioral orientation.
D) biochemical orientation.

60. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant
relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

61. The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to ask “What are some things you
enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?” would be a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

62. A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found
in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which
theoretical perspectives?
A) psychodynamic and cognitive
B) cognitive and behavioral
C) behavioral and sociocultural
D) sociocultural and biological

63. A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another
failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing
direct support for which theoretical explanations of depression?
A) psychodynamic and cognitive
B) cognitive and behavioral
C) behavioral and sociocultural
D) sociocultural and biological

Page 13
64. Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:
A) negative interpretation of events.
B) symbolic losses.
C) decrease in positive activities.
D) ethnic background.

65. Which would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?
A) a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed
B) a finding that people show negative thoughts only after they become depressed
C) a finding that biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative
thoughts
D) a finding that social rewards are not related to happiness

66. The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on
negative and maladaptive thinking was:
A) Beck.
B) Freud.
C) Seligman.
D) Lewinsohn.

67. A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she
performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor
mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her
of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychoanalytic

68. The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the
conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the
professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, “The dean hated my
class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me.” This is an example of a(n):
A) overgeneralization.
B) arbitrary inference.
C) selective abstraction.
D) magnification and minimization.

Page 14
69. Which statement would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad?
A) Everyone is out to get me.
B) Life is just too overwhelming.
C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow.
D) I just can't go on.

70. Which research finding provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of
depression?
A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph
than do nondepressed women.
B) Lack of social rewards is related to the downward spiral of depression.
C) Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they
are separated from their mothers.
D) Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

71. Which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose
more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in a storytelling test demonstrate?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

72. If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change
it, I'm making what kind of response?
A) helplessness
B) hopelessness
C) ruminative
D) perseverative

73. All of Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research
support EXCEPT:
A) the cognitive triad.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) maladaptive attitudes.
D) symbolic loss.

Page 15
74. What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression?
A) psychodynamic theory and object relations theory
B) object relations theory and theory of negative thinking
C) theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
D) theory of learned helplessness and object relations theory

75. Your aunt says, “I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression
constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it.” She is:
A) providing an example of the cognitive triad.
B) making ruminative responses.
C) committing errors in logic.
D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.

76. The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:
A) Beck.
B) Freud.
C) Seligman.
D) Lewinsohn.

77. Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:
A) the loss of a loved one, real or symbolic.
B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts.
C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements.
D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.

78. According to Martin Seligman's theory, who would be MOST likely to develop learned
helplessness?
A) someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced
a controllable negative event
B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a
controllable negative event
C) someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another
controllable negative event
D) someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and
uncontrollable events

Page 16
79. A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally
taken to a shelter by the police. While there, she did not take advantage of educational
and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?
A) automatic negative thoughts
B) faulty cognitive triad
C) learned helplessness
D) arbitrary attribution

80. Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to
others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior
is:
A) symbolic (imagined) loss.
B) learned helplessness.
C) artifact theory.
D) body dissatisfaction.

81. A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault,
that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as
suffering from a learned helplessness–induced depression because she attributes
negative events in her life to:
A) internal, global, stable factors.
B) internal specific, stable factors.
C) internal, global, unstable factors.
D) internal, specific, unstable factors.

82. Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also
believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better
in math next year. This is an example of:
A) internal, global, and stable attribution.
B) external, global, and stable attribution.
C) internal, specific, and stable attribution.
D) external, specific, and unstable attribution.

83. “Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a

questionnaire.” Which theoretical orientation does this research finding support?
A) behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Page 17
84. The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask “Do you believe you will always feel
like this in all situations?” is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

85. Someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional

Style Questionnaire, which is designed to measure the therapy's effectiveness. The
theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely:
A) psychodynamic.
B) behavioral.
C) sociocultural.
D) cognitive.

86. One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the
development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

87. The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, “Tell me about the quality of
mutual support you receive from your marriage,” is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

88. In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:
A) divorced people.
B) married people.
C) widowed people.
D) never-married people.

Page 18
89. After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST
likely:
A) the man's depression led to the divorce.
B) the woman's depression led to the divorce.
C) a troubled marriage led to the depression.
D) the depression developed after the divorce, due to the stress of starting to date
again.

90. Which statement is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression?
A) Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression.
B) Men have less frequent bouts of depression.
C) Women have longer-lasting bouts of depression.
D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

91. Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is
consistent with the:
A) hormone theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) quality-of-life theory.
D) social pressure.

92. Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life
situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the:
A) self-blame theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) life-stress theory.
D) lack-of-control theory.

93. If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that
finding would provide strong evidence:
A) against the hormone explanation.
B) for the hormone explanation.
C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

Page 19
94. Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression
because it suggests:
A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.
B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women.
C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.
D) depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.

95. Which statement is accurate regarding current theories on gender differences in relation
to depression?
A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research
findings they can't explain.
B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support
than the other explanations.
C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation.
D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.

96. The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to
certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related
symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing
controversy?
A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis.
B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.
D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.

97. A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how
hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she
develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains
the onset of her depression is:
A) artifact theory.
B) hormone theory.
C) lack-of-control theory.
D) cognitive triad theory.

98. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience
more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
A) biochemical
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) sociocultural

Page 20
 99. Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have
recurrent episodes.
B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and less likely to have
recurrent episodes.
C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have
recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent
episodes.

100. Which of these people is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression?

A) a man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States
B) a woman from the United States who has lived all her life on an American Indian
reservation
C) a boy from the United States in his early teens
D) a woman in the United States of Hispanic American heritage

101. A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like:
A) a roller coaster—up and down, up and down.
B) a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that is quickly gone.
C) a power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced.
D) a flash flood—spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.

102. Which is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania?

A) They are highly correlated with positive life events.
B) They are the same as those of depression (e.g., sadness) but accompanied by
aggressiveness.
C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others.
D) They very seldom include physical activity, usually including only mental activity.

103. People experiencing mania:

A) are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors.
B) want excitement and companionship.
C) enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends.
D) enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.

Page 21
104. People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities
are showing _____ symptoms of mania.
A) behavioral
B) motivational
C) cognitive
D) emotional

105. A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition,
the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to
random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily:
A) emotional and cognitive.
B) physical and cognitive.
C) motivational and behavioral.
D) motivational and emotional.

106. According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic
episode EXCEPT:
A) distractibility.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) decreased need for sleep.
D) suicidal ideation.

107. The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the
person is:
A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.
B) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem.
C) very coherent, with good judgment.
D) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

108. On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of
round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200
guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room
for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:
A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder.
B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.
C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder.
D) mania.

Page 22
109. Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major
depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:
A) bipolar II seasonal.
B) bipolar II rapid cycling.
C) bipolar I mixed episodes.
D) bipolar I.

110. The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is:
A) the number of depressive and manic episodes.
B) the severity of the manic episodes.
C) the number of depressive episodes.
D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

111. A 12-year-old middle-school European-American girl from a middle-class

socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her
characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?
A) her age
B) her ethnicity
C) her gender
D) her socioeconomic background

112. A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could
give your friend regarding mood disorders?
A) “Avoid mood disorders; highly creative people have a lower than average
incidence of them.”
B) “Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity.”
C) “If you develop a mood disorder, don't get treated, or you'll lose your creative
spark.”
D) “Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders.”

113. A talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. In terms of artistic output only,
the BEST thing that artist could do is:
A) decline all treatment: severe psychological disturbance is related to better artistic
output.
B) decline all treatment: one might lose one's creativity if there were less
psychological disturbance.
C) seek treatment but only for the depression: mania is essential to better artistic
output.
D) seek treatment; psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

Page 23
114. Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term
hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that
your friend could do?
A) Seek immediate, in-depth treatment; hypomania severely limits artists.
B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.
C) Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed; cyclothymic disorder is
characteristic of most great artists.
D) Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed; bipolar II disorder is
characteristic of most great artists.

115. Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as _____ disorder.

A) hypomanic-depressive
B) dysthymic
C) cyclothymic
D) manic-depressive

116. A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but
does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder.
A) dysthymic
B) anhedomic
C) cyclothymic
D) anxiety

117. If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar
disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on:
A) learned helplessness
B) the “cognitive triad”
C) parent–child patterns of interaction
D) neurotransmitters in the brain

118. Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
A) neurotransmitter activity.
B) ion activity.
C) hormonal functioning.
D) genetic factors.

Page 24
119. Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular
neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which
neurotransmitter?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

120. Abnormal “ion activity” has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder.
This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:
A) down the length of a neuron.
B) from one neuron to another neuron.
C) from a neuron to a muscle or gland.
D) down the length of a muscle.

121. Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to:

A) GABA depletion.
B) excessive serotonin.
C) improper sodium transport.
D) excessive neuronal lithium.

122. The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which
theoretical perspective?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

123. Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder
provide the strongest support for which cause of biopolar disorder?
A) inappropriate neurotransmitter levels
B) genetic linkage patterns
C) brain structure
D) ion activity at the cellular level

Page 25
124. Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in
explaining bipolar disorder—(1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of
people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar
disorder?
A) 10 percent, 10 percent, 10 percent
B) 40 percent, 10 percent, 1 percent
C) 40 percent, 40 percent, 40 percent
D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

125. Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of
inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:
A) there does not appear to be a genetic component in the development of bipolar
disorders.
B) there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop
bipolar disorders.
C) the close relatives of people with bipolar disorders have an 80 percent chance of
having one of these disorders.
D) careful studies in other countries suggest that environmental factors are of far
greater importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorders.

126. If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical
characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will
have evidence that:
A) a single factor causes depression.
B) different factors cause depression in different people.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression.
D) different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression.

127. Which statement is accurate, based on current research?

A) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder both have several important factors.
B) Unipolar depression has one major factor; bipolar disorder has several important
factors.
C) Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major
factor.
D) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have one major factor.

128. A person who exhibits frenzied energy where they have an exaggerated belief that the
world is theirs for the taking is ______.

Page 26
129. A state in which one feels low and life seems bleak with overwhelming challenges is
called ______.

130. A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which people have an exaggerated
belief in their power is called ______.

131. Kareem is miserable. He sees himself in a negative way. He has no desire to participate
in his usual activities. In addition, he has headaches, insomnia, and indigestion. Kareem
is MOST likely suffering from _____.

132. Depressed people are usually less active and less productive. This is a(n) ______
symptom.

133. When a stressful event appears to be responsible for the onset of a major depressive
episode, clinicians refer to it as a(n) ______.

134. A person diagnosed with unipolar depression shows low activity of a neurotransmitter
chemical. If activity of norepinephrine is normal, then the neurotransmitter showing low
activity is MOST likely ______.

135. To explain the relationship between loss and depression, Freud used the concept of
______, in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a
loved one.

136. Harry Harlow's infant monkey studies have been used to support the _____ explanation
for the relationship between loss and depression.

137. Peter Lewinsohn has developed a theory that depression results from a progressive
decrease in the number of ______ that a person receives over a long period of time.

138. Aaron Beck's work led him to believe that _____ lies at the heart of unipolar depression.

139. The theorist responsible for focusing attention on the negative aspects of thinking as an
explanation of depression is ______.

Page 27
140. According to Aaron Beck, arbitrary inferences, minimizations, and magnification are
examples of _____ that lead to negativity.

141. “I have no control over good things in my life.” The ______ theory of depression
MOST closely explains this statement.

142. People become depressed when they believe that they have no control over the events in
their lives and that they cannot change this condition. This is known as the _____ view
of depression.

143. The fact that separated or divorced people are about three times as likely to experience
depression than are married people provides the most direct support for _____ theory.

144. “Women and men are equally prone to depression, but gender differences in the rate of
diagnosing this disorder arise because clinicians often fail to detect this disorder in
men.” This is the _____.

145. “I'm going out to convince the drug dealers of the errors of their ways. Then I'll write a
play about my work and put it on Broadway. But first, I need to go home and cook a
gourmet meal.” The individual saying this is MOST likely experiencing a(n) ______
episode.

146. _____ is a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild
depressive symptoms.

147. _____ is a type of bipolar disorder that is marked by full manic and major depressive
episodes.

148. A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but
does include depressive and manic episodes has been identified as ______.

149. Compare and contrast depression and mania and explain how these are related to
unipolar depression and bipolar disorders.

Page 28
150. Using the biological model of unipolar depression, discuss the genetic factors,
biochemical factors, and brain circuitry factors that are involved in unipolar depression.

151. Describe the psychodynamic explanation for the development of depression.

152. Describe the three forms of Aaron Beck's cognitive triad and give an example how each
form would influence the thinking of a depressed person.

153. Negative thinking lies at the center of unipolar depression. Using this theory, discuss
four areas to consider that contribute to negative thinking that may cause depression.

154. Someone you know has just had a minor fender-bender, caused by backing his car into a
light pole. Using the concepts of the attribution-helplessness theory, provide examples
of what an individual at risk for depression would say regarding what just happened to
him. Be sure to include all three attributional dimensions.

155. Discuss the relationship between gender and depression.

156. Define premenstrual dysphoric disorder and explain why this diagnosis has been
controversial.

157. Using the DSM-5, explain the similarities and differences between bipolar I and bipolar
II disorder.

158. Distinguish between bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and cyclothymic disorder
using DSM-5 criteria.

159. You have been asked to give a talk to the Student Art Group on, “Abnormality and
Creativity.” How would you explain why creative people might be prone to
psychological disorders? What additional information would you share about the
“myths” regarding the relationship between emotional turmoil and creativity?

Page 29
160. Around _____ percent of all adults may experience an episode of severe unipolar
depression at some point in their lives.
A) 6
B) 18
C) 28
D) 42

161. Which country has the largest rate of major depressive disorder among adults each year?
A) Ukraine
B) United States
C) Brazil
D) Japan

162. Women are _____ as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar
depression.
A) two times
B) four times
C) one and one-half times
D) three times

163. _____ is an inability to experience any pleasure at all.

A) Anhedonia
B) Depression
C) Mania
D) Withdrawal

164. According to the DSM-5, a major depressive episode is a period marked by at least
_____ symptoms of depression and lasting for _____ weeks or more.
A) six; two
B) five; three
C) five; two
D) six; six

165. The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive
activity or immobility is:
A) recurrent.
B) catatonic.
C) melancholic.
D) dysthymic.

Page 30
166. Which type of research examines the relatives of people with unipolar depression to see
whether the disorder affects other family members?
A) family pedigree
B) twin
C) genetic linkage
D) molecular

167. The abnormal activity of which transmitter is linked to depression and panic disorder?
A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine

168. The hormone that may indirectly play a role in depression is:
A) serotonin.
B) testosterone.
C) thyroxin.
D) melatonin.

169. A pattern of depression found among young children caused by separation from their
mothers is known as:
A) clinical depression.
B) anaclitic depression.
C) situational depression.
D) recurrent depression.

170. According to Peter Lewinsohn, which type of rewards are particularly important in the
downward spiral of depression?
A) self-provided rewards
B) family rewards
C) monetary rewards
D) social rewards

171. The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all EXCEPT:
A) self.
B) experiences.
C) the future.
D) the past.

Page 31
172. Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?
A) Aaron Beck
B) Martin Seligman
C) Peter Lewinsohn
D) Sigmund Freud

173. _____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.
A) Aaron Beck
B) Albert Ellis
C) Martin Seligman
D) Rene Spitz

174. _____ is the perception that one has no control over the reinforcements in his or her life.
A) Learned helplessness
B) Attributions
C) Learned hopelessness
D) Self-blame

175. Which stressor is NOT one that the life stress theory designates as playing a role in the
development of depression in women?
A) Women have to give birth to children.
B) Women face more poverty then men do.
C) Women tend to have more menial jobs than men do.
D) Women face more discrimination then men do.

176. Which group of Americans has the highest rates of chronicity when it comes to
depression?
A) American Indians
B) Hispanic Americans
C) white Americans
D) Asian Americans

177. The form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania alternating with
major depressive episodes is:
A) dysthymic disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) cyclothymic disorder.
D) bipolar I disorder.

Page 32
178. What is the most commonly seen relationship between the frequency of depressive and
manic episodes in a person with bipolar disorder?
A) Every depressive episode occurs immediately after a manic episode.
B) The manic episodes occur twice as often as the depressive episodes.
C) The depressive episodes occur three times as often as the manic episodes.
D) The manic episodes only occur when medication is taken to relieve a depressive
episode.

179. Low _____ activity accompanied by high _____ activity may lead to mania.
A) norepinephrine; serotonin
B) serotonin; lithium
C) serotonin; norepinephrine
D) dopamine; serotonin

180. Despite common misperception that depression is an incurable illness, research suggests
that _____ percent of people recover, some without treatment.
A) 30
B) 45
C) 70
D) 85

181. According to the study at Penn State, which statement is true?

A) A heavily crying woman was always perceived positively.
B) A moist eye in a man was perceived as better than open crying.
C) Women and men benefit equally from crying in public.
D) A crying man is always perceived negatively.

182. Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression?

A) peripartum
B) melancholic
C) catatonic
D) rapid cycling

183. The DSM-5 lists three types of this disorder:

A) unipolar depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) seasonal affective disorder.
D) anaclitic depression.

Page 33
184. Which statement is true of postpartum depression?
A) Ninety-five percent of women experience “baby blues,” but this is not considered
to be as serious as postpartum depression.
B) A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing
postpartum depression.
C) Antidepressant medication has been found to be one effective treatment for
postpartum depression.
D) Women experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional
symptoms of depression.

185. Freud proposed the concept of _____, in which other kinds of events are equated with
loss of a loved one.
A) projection
B) object relations
C) symbolic loss
D) delusion

186. Aaron Beck believes that _____ contribute(s) to the development of depression.
A) symbolic loss
B) internal conflicts
C) maladaptive attitudes
D) reduction in positive rewards

187. Depressed people sometimes experience a steady train of unpleasant thoughts that
suggest to them that they are inadequate and that their situation is helpless. These are
known as:
A) arbitrary inferences.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) selective abstractions.
D) cognitive triads.

188. The _____ theory holds that men and women are equally prone to depression but that
clinicians fail to detect depression in men.
A) societal pressure
B) self-blame
C) artifact
D) lack-of-control

Page 34
189. Which is NOT a theory that has been offered to explain the relative high rates of
depression in women as compared to men?
A) artifact theory
B) rumination theory
C) body dissatisfaction explanation
D) learned helplessness theory

190. Which does not describe a person experiencing mania?

A) getting little sleep
B) seeking constant excitement
C) feeling pessimistic
D) euphoric joy

191. Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

A) dysthymic symptoms and mania
B) hypomania and depression
C) mania and depression
D) dysthymic symptoms and hypomania

192. If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and
depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid
cycling.
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12

193. When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild
depressive symptoms, DSM-5 assigns a diagnosis of:
A) bipolar III disorder.
B) cyclothymic disorder.
C) unipolar II disorder.
D) dysmanic disorder.

194. Research has found a link between _____ and creative thinking and greater productivity.
This was demonstrated in the discussion of composer Robert Schumann.
A) bipolar disorder
B) unipolar depression
C) dysthymia
D) mild psychological disturbances

Page 35
195. Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing
largely on:
A) sociocultural factors.
B) cognitive factors.
C) biological factors.
D) psychodynamic factors.

196. Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too
easily, resulting in mania.
A) norepinephrine
B) cortisol
C) sodium ions
D) calcium ions

197. Structural abnormalities have been noted in all but which brain parts of people suffering
from bipolar disorder?
A) the dorsal raphe nucleus
B) the striatum
C) the basal ganglia
D) the reticular inhibition system

198. Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a _____ percent chance of
developing bipolar disorder.
A) 40
B) 50
C) 15
D) 25

199. What does the most recent research tell us about genetic factors involved in the
development of bipolar disorder?
A) a number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar
disorder.
B) it is linked to the Y chromosome, which is why it is so much more prevalent in
men.
C) it is a sex-linked disorder that can only be passed from father to son or from mother
to daughter.
D) it is found exclusively on the X chromosome.

Page 36
Answer Key
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. A
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. B
22. D
23. D
24. D
25. B
26. C
27. C
28. D
29. A
30. C
31. C
32. D
33. B
34. D
35. B
36. B
37. C
38. B
39. A
40. C
41. A
42. B
43. B
44. A

Page 37
45. B
46. C
47. A
48. B
49. D
50. C
51. A
52. A
53. D
54. D
55. C
56. A
57. D
58. A
59. C
60. A
61. B
62. C
63. C
64. A
65. A
66. A
67. A
68. B
69. A
70. A
71. C
72. C
73. D
74. C
75. B
76. C
77. D
78. B
79. C
80. B
81. A
82. D
83. C
84. C
85. D
86. C
87. D
88. A
89. C
90. D

Page 38
 91. B
92. C
93. D
94. A
95. A
96. C
97. C
98. D
99. D
100. B
101. D
102. C
103. B
104. A
105. D
106. D
107. A
108. B
109. B
110. B
111. A
112. D
113. D
114. B
115. C
116. C
117. D
118. C
119. B
120. A
121. C
122. B
123. C
124. D
125. B
126. C
127. C
128. manic
129. depression
130. mania
131. depression
132. behavioral
133. reactive depression or exogenous depression
134. serotonin
135. symbolic loss, imagined loss
136. psychodynamic

Page 39
137. positive reinforcements, social rewards
138. negative thinking, maladaptive thinking, the cognitive triad
139. Aaron Beck
140. errors in thinking
141. learned helplessness
142. learned helplessness, attribution-helplessness, or hopelessness
143. sociocultural, social support
144. artifact theory
145. manic
146. cyclothymic disorder
147. bipolar I disorder
148. cyclothymic disorder
149. Depression is a low, sad state that is marked by significant levels of sadness, a lack of
energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms. Mania can be considered the polar
opposite of depression. It is a state of euphoria or frenzied activity where people may
have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.

Both depression and mania are related to unipolar depression as well as bipolar
disorders. With unipolar depression, there is no history of mania at all. Rather, the
individual only suffers from periods of depression. With the bipolar disorders, however,
there are alternating or intermixed periods of both mania and depression.
150. Unipolar depression may have a biological cause. Genetic research suggests that some
people inherit a predisposition to unipolar depression. Evidence for this comes from
family pedigree studies as well as twin and adoption studies.

Biochemical research also provides evidence for a biological factor in unipolar

depression. Low activity of both norepinephrine and serotonin has been strongly linked
to unipolar depression. Research suggests that interactions between the activity of these
two neurotransmitters or between these and other kinds of neurotransmitters in the brain
may result in unipolar depression. Some studies have found that depressed people have
an overall imbalance in the activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and
acetylcholine. The endocrine system may also play a role in that those with unipolar
depression have been found to have high levels of cortisol, one of the hormones that is
released by the adrenal glands during times of stress, as well as melatonin.

Researchers have also found that emotional reactions of various kinds are tied to brain
circuits. It has been suggested that a brain circuit responsible for unipolar depression
includes the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25.
151. According to the psychodynamic perspective, a series of unconscious processes are set
in motion when a loved one dies. Unable to accept the loss, mourners regress to the oral
stage of development and merge their own identity with that of the person they have
lost and so symbolically regain the lost person. In this process, called introjection, they
direct all their feelings for the loved one, including sadness and anger, toward
themselves.

For most mourners, introjection is temporary. However, those whose parents failed to

Page 40
 nurture them and meet their needs during the oral stage of development and those whose
parents excessively gratified their needs during this stage of development are more
likely to become depressed.

Many people become depressed without losing a loved one. To explain why, Freud
proposed the concept of symbolic, or imagined, loss, in which a person equates other
kinds of events with the loss of a loved one.
152. Aaron Beck believed that negative thinking was related to depression. Negative thinking
typically takes three forms, which he calls the cognitive triad: individuals repeatedly
interpret (1) their experiences, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways that
lead them to feel depressed. The cognitive triad is at work in the thinking of this
depressed mother who thinks, “I can't bear it. I can't stand the humiliating fact that I'm
the only woman in the world who can't take care of her family, take her place as a real
wife and mother, and be respected in her community. When I speak to my young son
Billy, I know I can't let him down, but I feel so ill-equipped to take care of him; that's
what frightens me. I don't know what to do or where to turn; the whole thing is too
overwhelming.”
153. Aaron Beck suggested that negative thinking leads to depression. According to Beck,
maladaptive attitudes, a cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts
combine to produce unipolar depression.

Beck believes that some people develop maladaptive attitudes as children which set the
stage for all kinds of negative thoughts and reactions. Beck suggests that later in these
people's lives, upsetting situations may trigger an extended round of negative thinking.
That thinking typically takes three forms, which he calls the cognitive triad: the
individuals repeatedly interpret (1) their experiences, (2) themselves, and (3) their
futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed. According to Beck, depressed
people also make errors in their thinking. They may draw arbitrary inferences or
minimize the significance of positive experiences or magnify that of negative ones.
Finally, depressed people have automatic thoughts, a steady train of unpleasant thoughts
that keep suggesting to them that they are inadequate and that their situation is hopeless.
Beck labels these thoughts “automatic” because they seem to just happen, as if by
reflex.
154. According to the attribution-helplessness theory, when people view events as beyond
their control, they ask themselves why this is so. When considering an event, they look
at specific attributes. These include global versus specific, stable verses unstable, and
internal versus external causes of the event.

If the person involved in the accident attributed his or her present lack of control to an
external cause that is both global and stable (such as, “I am not a good driver and never
will be”), they may feel helpless to prevent a future occurrence and may experience
depression.
155. There seems to be a strong link between gender and depression. Women all over the
world are at least twice as likely as men to receive a diagnosis of unipolar depression.
Women also appear to be younger when depression strikes, to have more frequent and
longer-lasting bouts, and to respond less successfully to treatment.

Page 41
156. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder occurs in women who are regularly impaired by at least
5 of 11 symptoms during the week before menstruation. These include a depressed or
hopeless feeling, tense or anxious feelings, marked mood changes, frequent irritability
or anger and increased interpersonal conflict, decreased interest in her usual activities,
poor concentration, lack of energy, changes in appetite, insomnia or sleepiness, a sense
of being overwhelmed or out of control, and physical symptoms such as swollen breasts,
headaches, muscle pain, a bloated sensation, or weight gain.

This particular disorder has been very controversial considering that this diagnostic
category could pathologize severe cases of premenstrual syndrome and might cause
women's behavior in general to be attributed largely to hormones. Also, in previous
editions of the DSM it was argued that data was lacking in this area to include it as a
new category. However, in 2011 this disorder was included in the new edition of the
DSM.
157. People with bipolar I disorder have full manic and major depressive episodes. Most of
them experience an alternation of the episodes. Some have mixed features, in which
they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode. In bipolar II
disorder, hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes.
158. Bipolar disorder is a disorder that is marked by alternating or intermixed periods of
mania and depression. There are two major types of bipolar disorder. Unipolar
depression is a disorder that is marked by depression without a history of mania.
Cyclothymic disorder is a disorder that is marked by numerous periods of hypomanic
symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.
159. Research has shown that creative people may be prone to psychological disorders. Some
may be predisposed to such disorders long before they begin their artistic careers.
Creative people often have a family history of psychological problems and many have
experienced psychological trauma as children. Another reason for the creativity link
may be that creative endeavors create emotional turmoil that is overwhelming. A third
explanation for the link is that the creative professions offer a welcome climate for those
with psychological disturbances.

Research in this area has clarified two important points. First, psychological disturbance
is hardly a requirement for creativity, and mild psychological disturbances relate to
creative achievement much more strongly than severe disturbances do.
160. B
161. C
162. A
163. A
164. C
165. B
166. A
167. B
168. D
169. B
170. D
171. D

Page 42
172. A
173. C
174. A
175. A
176. B
177. B
178. C
179. C
180. D
181. B
182. D
183. A
184. B
185. C
186. C
187. B
188. C
189. D
190. C
191. C
192. A
193. B
194. D
195. C
196. C
197. D
198. A
199. A

Page 43