Dramaturgy (E.

Goffman, 1959)

 The study of social interaction in term of theatrical performance.

 A sociological perspective commonly used in micro sociological accounts of social
interaction in everyday life.
 The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Ervin Goffman, who
developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book, The
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
 Goffman describes that each individual’s “performance” as the presentation of
self which is a person efforts to create a specific impression in the mind of
others.
 Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interactions by imagining ourselves as
the directors of a drama staged in the theater of everyday life.
 A dramaturgical action is a social action that is designed to be seen by others and
to improve one's public self-image
 People present different faces (give off different impressions) on different
stages (in different situations or different roles) with different others.
 To your mother, you may present yourself as the dutiful, obedient
daughter/son, which may not be how you present yourself to a friend.
 Doctor clinic view, an office view in an organization, Reception of private
schools (kindergarten)
Ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel 1917-2011)

 U.S. sociologist, Ph.D. Harvard 1952

 “Studies in Ethnomethodology” (1967)
 Main intellectual influences:
 Emile Durkheim (social facts)
 Alfred Schutz (phenomenology)
 Talcott Parsons (idea of social trust)
 Studied jurors and common sense knowledge
 Placed primary importance on meanings that people give to everyday
situations and how define their own situations.
 Developed ethnomethodology
Ethnomethodology
 Ethnomethodology is a mode of inquiry devoted to studying the practical
methods of common sense reasoning used by society members in everyday life.
 The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
 A social psychological approach concerned with individuals rather than roles
and structures
 Two main concept
 1. indexicality: nothing has been fixed and everything is dependent upon
context
 2. Reflexivity: if meaning is not set how we can communicate the answer is
Ethnomethodology
 Unlike symbolic interactionism, does not accept meaning “as is”
 focus on how meaning is created
 how do individuals use meanings in their direct actions?
 Deliberately disrupt social norms to find how they work, and how
important.
 E.g. inter cast marriage.
Nonverbal communication

 Nonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages

without using words, either spoken or written.
 Also called manual language.
 Non-verbal communication occurs without using any oral or written word.
 Instead of written or oral words, it relies on various non-verbal cues like
physical movements, tasks, colors, signs, symbols, signals charts, etc. to
express feelings, attitudes, or information.
 no word is used in non-verbal communication,
 it can effectively communicate many human feelings more accurately than
verbal methods of communication.
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Eye contact
 an important channel of interpersonal communication helps regulate the flow of
communication and it signals interest in others.
 Furthermore, Eye contact with the audience increases the speaker’s credibility.
 A person (speaker) who makes eye contact opens the communication flow and conveys
interest, concern, warmth, and credibility.
Facial expressions
 The face is an important communicator.
 It is commonly said that the face is the index of the mind.
 It expresses the type of emotions or feelings such as joy,
love, interest, sorrow, anger, annoyance, confusion,
enthusiasm, fear, hatred surprise, and uncertainty.
 Express the attitude, behavior, and intention of a person
 Facial expressions are indicated through
 the mouth (open, wide or closed),
 eyelids (raised or lowered),
 nose (wrinkled or relaxed),
 cheeks (drawn up or back) and
 the forehead (lowered or raised).

 The use of Emoji in chatting and messaging to convey

different messages
 interpretations of facial expressions may differ from culture to culture and
situation to situation.
 Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:
 Happiness.
 Friendliness.
 Warmth.
 Liking.
 Affiliation.
 Thus, if you smile frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly,
warm and approachable.
Gestures
 Gestures are movements of the arms, legs, hands, and head.
 Some authors opine that For example, a gesture is a deliberate body
movement because they express specific and intentional meaning.
 If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff
and un-animated.
 A lively and animated teaching style captures students’ attention, makes
the material more interesting, facilitates learning, and provides a bit of
entertainment.
 A wave of the hand has a specific meaning-“hello” or “good-bye”; a
forefinger and a thumb touching to form a circle have the meaning -
“ok”(Chinese).
 like facial expressions, interpretations of some gestures may also differ
across cultures.
 For example, in Europe, raising a thumb is used to convey that someone
has done something excellent while in Bangladesh the same gesture means
something idiotic while in many countries of Europe, it is abusing
someone.
Body Language
 Body movements can convey meanings and messages.
 Body language is another widely recognized form of non-verbal communication.
 Body language may take two forms unconscious movements and consciously
controlled movements.
 For example;
 When a person is bored, he may gaze around the room rather than look at the
speaker or he may shift positions frequently.
 When a person is nervous, he may bite his nails or mash his hair, These are
usually made unconsciously.
 On the other hand, leaning forward toward the speaker to
express interest is the case of conscious body movements.
Space and Distance

 Space and distance are significant non-verbal tools in the case of

organizational communication.
 A spacious and well-decorated room indicates a person’s position in the
organization hierarchy and external people get a message about his
importance and authority only by visiting his room.
 Distance is another communication tool expressing the degree of intimacy
and individual acceptance.
 Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with students.
 Physical Distance in Communication
(McCornack Reflect & Relate 2013)
Para-linguistic
 Paralanguage also known as vocalic, is a component of
communication that may modify meaning, give Specific
meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as
Tone, volume, Rhythm etc.
 For maximum speaking effectiveness, learn to vary these
elements of your voice.
 One of the major criticisms who speak in a monotone is
perceived as boring and dull.
 Politeness may represent love and normality but
loudness may express the anger of a person
Touch
 Touch is a widely used form of non-verbal communication tool.
 By touching, one can express a wide range of emotions.
 However, the accepted modes of touch vary depending on the gender, age,
relative status, intimacy, and cultural background of the person.
 For example, in the context of our culture, Children get satisfaction by
touching and hugging their parents, Spouse
 Arabs practice salam and kiss on the face as a compliment, and Pakistani
shake their hand and hug as a compliment
Silence
 Silence is a powerful tool for communication.
 It may have a positive or negative meaning.
 Silence in Library, School and community convey different meaning
 In a classroom, silence indicates that students are listening carefully and
attentively.
 In the same way, through silence in a community one can communicate his
lack of interest or a failure.
 For example, silence often indicates that a person receiving instruction does
not understand the action required or sometimes silence indicates consent.
Personal Appearance
 Appearance is also an important non-verbal communication tool.
 Appearance includes dress, hejab, hair, jewelry, makeup, belt buckles and so on.
 Appearance indicates the degree of importance or interest a person conveys to an
occasion.
 Present the personality of a person
 By means of uniform, we can identify a student, a doctor, a lawyer, a police
officer, etc.
 In an organization, one’s dress is keenly observed to see whether it conforms to
accepted standards of appearance.
 As an example, workers may wear different clothes when they are on strike than
they do when they are working.
Importance of Nonverbal Communication

Well Expression of the Speaker’s Attitude

 Various non-verbal cues of the speaker like physical movements, facial expression,
etc. play an important role in expressing the inner meaning of the messages in
face-to-face conversation and interview.
 For example, the facial expression of a person indicates his attitude,
determination depth of knowledge, etc.
Conveying Message (to the Illiterate People)
 Communication with illiterate people through written media is impossible.
 There may also be some situations that do not allow the use of oral media to
communicate with them.
 In such situations, non-verbal methods like pictures, colors, graphs, signs, and
symbols are used as the media of communication.
 For example; to indicate danger we use red sign and to mean dangerous
Providing Information Regarding the Sender of The Written Message
 The format, neatness, language and appearance of the envelope used in a
written message send a non-verbal message regarding the writer’s tests, choice,
level of education, etc.
Expressing the Attitude of the Listener and Receiver
 Sometimes the appearance of the listeners and receivers conveys their attitudes,
feelings and thoughts regarding the messages they have read or heard.
 Body language
Gaining Knowledge about a Class of People
 Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, jewelry, cosmetics, and stature of people may
convey impressions regarding their occupation, age, nationality, social or
economic level, job status, etc.
 For example; students, policemen, nurses, etc. can easily be identified through
their dresses.
Gaining Knowledge about the Status of a Person
 Non-verbal cues also help to determine the relative status of persons working
in an organization.
 For example, room size, location, furnishings, decorations, lighting, etc.
indicate the position of a person in the organization.
Communicating Common Message to All People
 In some cases, non-verbal cues can effectively express many true messages
more accurately than those of any other method of communication.
 For example; the use of red, yellow and green lights and the use of various
signs/symbols in controlling vehicles on the roads.
Communicating with the Handicapped People
 Non-verbal cues of communication greatly help in communicating with
handicapped people.
 For example; the language of communication with the deaf depends on the
movements of the hands, fingers and eyeballs.
 Quick Expression of Message
 Non-verbal cues like signs and symbols can also communicate
some messages very quickly than written or oral media.
 For example; when drivers of a running vehicle are to be communicated that the
road ahead is narrow or there is a turn in the road ahead, generally use signs or
symbols rather than using any written or oral message.
 Presenting Information Precisely
 Sometimes quantitative information on any issue may require a lengthy written
message.
 But this quantitative information can be presented easily and precisely through
tables, graphs, charts, etc.

 Non-verbal communication can take many forms depending on

the situation, the ability of communicators, etc.
 According to one estimate, there are more than 0.70 million
forms of non-verbal communication.
Verbal communication
 Is the use of sounds and words to express yourself, especially in contrast to
using gestures or mannerisms (non-verbal communication).
 Verbal communication is the use of words to share information with other
people.
 It can therefore include both spoken and written communication.
 However, many people use the term to describe only spoken communication.
 The verbal element of communication is all about the words that you choose,
and how they are heard and interpreted.

 Here the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and
expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and
conversations.
Social Media
Social Media
 Social media are “primarily Internet-based tools for sharing and discussing
information among human beings.
 Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that
facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests
and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks
 Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Snap chat and other electronic
networks have become such a common form of interaction that they are now
referred to as social media—
 the term used to refer to the vast networks of social interaction that new
media have inspired.
 An online platform that people use to build a social network or social
relationship with other people who share similar personal or career
interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
While 2.934 billion active users of Facebook in June of 2022.
Social media

 The development of social media networks that may have once been face-
to-face has now developed through electronic media, such as on Facebook
and Twitter.
 Such usage increases the possibility of democratic participation by allowing
the open discussion and transmittal of information (Ferdinand 2000).
 As with other forms of culture, how these networks are used and controlled is
a social process.
 Social media marketing is a form of internet marketing that involves
creating and sharing content on social media networks in order to achieve
your marketing and branding goals
Advantages of Social Media

 Connectivity – The first and main advantage of social media is connectivity.

 People from anywhere can connect with anyone.
 Regardless of the location and religion.
 A person can connect with anyone to learn and share her/his thoughts.
 Education: a lot of benefits for the students and teachers.
 It is very easy to educate others, who are experts and professionals via social
media.
 You can follow anyone to learn from him/her and enhance your knowledge about
any field.
 Regardless of your location and educational background you can educate
yourself, without paying for it.
 Help: share your issues with the community to get help and guidelines.
 Whether it is helping in terms of money or in terms of advice, you can get it from
the community you are connected with.
 Information and Updates: it updates you on the latest happenings in the world.
 Most of the time, Television and print media these days are biased and do not
convey the true message.
 With the help of social media, you can get the facts and true information by doing
some research.
 Promotion: Whether you have an offline business or online, you can promote
your business to the mass.
 The whole world is open to you and can promote to them.
 This makes the businesses profitable and less expensive because most of the
expenses made over a business are for advertising and promotion.
 This can be decreased by constantly and regularly being involved in social media
to connect with the right audience.
 Noble Cause: use for noble causes.
 For example, to promote an NGO, social welfare activities, and donations for
needy people.
 People are using social media for donations for needy people and it can be a quick
way to help such people.
 Awareness: create awareness and innovate the way people live.
 helped people discover new and innovative stuff that can enhance their personal
lives.
 From farmers to teachers, students to lawyers every individual of society can
benefit from social media and its awareness factor.
 Helps Govt and Agencies Fight Crime: it helps Governments and Security
Agencies to spy and catch criminals to fight crime.
 Helps in Building Communities: Since our world has different religions and
beliefs.
 Helps in building and participating in the community of own religion and believes
to discuss and learn about it.
 people of different communities can connect to discuss and share related stuffs.
 For example, Game lovers can join games-related communities, car lovers can join
communities related to cars and so on.
Disadvantages of Social Media

 Addiction: The addictive part of social media is very bad and can disturb personal
lives as well.
 Teenagers the most affected by the addiction of social media.
 They get involved very extensively and are eventually cut off from society.
 It can also waste individual time that could have been utilized by productive
tasks and activities.

 Fraud and Scams: Several examples are available where individuals have
scammed and commit fraud through social media.
 Security Issues: Now a day’s security agencies have access to people’s personal
accounts.
 Which makes privacy almost compromised.
 You never know when you are visited by any investigation officer regarding any
issue that you mistakenly or unknowingly discussed over the internet.

 Reputation: Social media can easily ruin someone’s reputation just by creating a
false story and spreading it across social media.
 Similarly, businesses can also suffer losses due to a bad reputation being conveyed
over social media.
 Cheating and Relationship Issues: Most of the people have used the social media
platform to propose and marry each other.
 after some time they turn to be wrong in their decision and part ways.
 couples have cheated each other by showing fake feelings and incorrect
information.

 Health Issues: The excess usage of social media can also have a negative impact
on health.
 Since exercise is the key to losing weight, most of people get lazy
 brings disorder in their routine life.
 Social Media causes death : Not just by using it, but by following the stunts
and other crazy stuffs that are shared on the internet.
 For example bikers doing the unnecessary stunts, people doing the jump over
the trains and other life threatening stuffs.
 For example a14 year old boy was doing stunts on a running train which
caused his death.
 These types of stunts are performed by the teenagers because of the
successful stunts made and shared over the social media.
 Hacking: Personal data and privacy can easily be hacked and shared on the
Internet.
 Which can make financial losses and loss to personal life.
 identity theft is another issue that can give financial losses to anyone by
hacking their personal accounts.
 Several personal twitter and Facebook accounts have been hacked in the past
and the hacker had posted materials that have affected the individuals
personal lives.
 This is one of the dangerous disadvantages of the social media and every user
is advised to keep their personal data and accounts safe to avoid such
accidents.