1-1-1E COMPUTER,

THE PFIGE5 WHICH FOLLoW AILE AN INTRODUCTION/ TO COmPUTER,5 OA/

Aim Is To i3R,E AK. 00 /r4 1-HE MySTERA, OF (SITS, eyTEs PRocESSo&S
ANO ALL-T-HoSE TERMS R,ELATINQ. 10 THE MicRO/ IniTo
S'T AN0ct3LE .

TE HtCRO IS HERE To SI' SO NA/E HAvE To LIVE WITH IT. As

ELECTRONICS EJ\IT-HustASTS,Iiiis WILL ISE . To 0oR, ADvANTfiGE As
IT OFFERS MORE SCOPE FOR- OESINHVG- "THAW USIn/CT INDIVIDUAL.
CAPS 80-IA5 MUCH MORE VLEMISILITY ZECAUSE A MICRO SYSTEM
PERFORMS ITS OPERA-y-1014S VIA PROF Rm.

CHANGE THE PROGRflM 2.c YOU CHANICvE THE OUTCOME

MICRO'S COMBINE THE SKILL of ELECTRONICS WITH THE ART OF

pckoRpimminicr & REQUIRES A NEW APPROACH To PRozEc-r OESIGNi.

141-c'S WHY WE NEED To START AT THE lEfrvivin/Q..

-1-

HERE. CAQ,E SOME 'TERMS & A $L0c-K. DIAGRAM TO ACQUAINT you

WITH THE 'MYSTERY r WE (ALL -T-HE MICRO .

eoNnAirJ5 THE
PROGRAM .
ADDRESS 6U5
1<\(6ortfkD
INNIS HEX 09-1F). PNAM is
emPoRAK`f
01234 MEmORY. 1'f
5 67 Is 9 LOSES j-r
A c_o E 2 80 EPKoM KAM coigTENJTs
F+ W fiENI PowER/
Is REMOVED .

CLOCK Drat-e
ti
A CiU I —FIE OUTPUT i.MTcH
HOLDS ORMITTiOW
SOT-HAT WE CAN/ SEE
11-m CLOCK' T OW -n+E OI SPLAYS
cRERIES
-THE 'SpEED' IN PUT OUT-POT
of THE LATCH LATCH
compuTER,

PoT A LATcH cormEcTs4INITER,FAcEs) THE

SWITCHES IN POI SWITCHES To DATA BOS

—17-tE ARROWS SHO/ T-HE OtitC,T1014 FLOvj OF ()ATP)

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 35
 WHAT A COMPUTER/ WILL DO.

COMPUTER, IS %/M/LAR/ TO 19 ISOOK TiiE totqC/ES R,EKESENT

THE ci+IPS gTH
CE S-10Ry IS EguiVALENT To THE PROROM.

30S-'c AS YoQ cnt4 WRITE AN/ ENDLESS Numf5ECL OF STORIES YOU

Ceit•I CREATE A PRocIRAM 7b SuiT ALMOST ANY SITuATIon.1
P(►OCAGNits YORE co1J-tAiNE0 In/ AN EPROM 4 -THE LEVEL OF
PEMORt-111/vcE DEPEops Ont -1 14E. SKILL OF THE PROGRAMMER,.
PRoQRAMS CAN RANCCE FROM A SIMPLE SEQUENCE jO STRATEGY
c_APPIZLE OF PLAYING C.11ESS — ANO wiNn./INCT !
IN VACT A COMPUTER, WILL 00 ALMOST ANYTH)NG. ANY PROs)EcT
U$INcT AlboOT OR MORE CON 16E CoNNEKTED TO A
MICRO oEsicNNI.
\AI/41- /\ID T-0 ExPLAINI 60'T Fi THE Sov-rwAKE HeRowARE SIDE
CREA-TINCT A MicAo PROJECT 8.4 SHOW HOW To GET 1-r- ALL
—roGE-THE12, .
ARE -71-1E 3 STEPS

INPUT Mick()
OUTPUT
CIRculT SYSTEM DEVICE

DES1Grs1 THE
INPUT CIKCUIT
MUST 0 CONNECT THE
pRoOUCE 5v OUTPUT OEViCE
ON TN IS. LINE. o SPEAKER,, RELAY;
ec
TO Activii-re PRODUCE THE Cw LoSE )
-rHE ‘micasoi PROGRAM

IOU WILL GAN 11 LOT $y rtEAO(NCt THE AR-ficLE on/ THE 1-141.1411,4-
ELEc-TkONLcS Ur-Wu-TER, `TES- - I A /iv TE MAGAZINE 1$suEs
10 micaocomP PROJECT IN ISSUES /3 —.. I.
VE.t•J MORE WILL I&1INEJD Z-v eviLOINCr ONE OR, 1301-11 MODELS
ISS `Al.0 pug, 015cu%stolv WILL f'E. CENTRED 'ARour-3() THEM.

36 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 MuLT!V!SRFITOR, CAcurr bUCTEPv TR.RN ISTOR,
PRoDuctNG. A NEAR- PERFECT SpvAR,ES-UP MuLT‘VeR.ATOR,
SQUARE -WAVE wAvEfORM --to PRODUCE A PER,VECT
FREQUENCY WAVEFORM.
ANVS-TMENT
'MHz. -351CHz.
PRE - pROGR,AMMED
CHIP

GOTING-
-TRIINJ51S-TOR,
Fop,
LATCH SEE
NEXT pRGES

+5.
TN CP
,
MAIO OUTPUT
All
Ctiip 11 LATCH
24 An
16
11 32
Ax
25 33
34
7--SECTMEniT
L11
35
36
An
Ar
DISPLAYS
38
A. A DECIMAL
39

lmfd Z 00 4°
PoINT

Vpp (27161 2 x FND 560

BC 557

x BC 547

GA-Tin/G. I-RAN/VS-(0R/
VOR, INPUT PoR,-T PULL -DOWN( DRIVER, TRANSIS-ToR,S
SEE fqvcc PAGE INPUT CLESIs-roR,5 CONNECTS cA -rlioDE
SWITCHES ON 0A-TA BUS OF DISPLAY TO —vE
DIODES PRE VENT ONE own (SEE NEXT PAGE)
LINE INTERXER,INC-c WI -rpt
(ANOTHER. WHEN DIP
swrrotEs PR,E 04.

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 37
 SHE iNpUT CATIN1C4 —RANSIS-foR,
TE IN - ou-c REQ .)EST LINE IORQ --1HE Z-$ 3o is r soc-rwARE
oRysiew 00-cPuT Pin). MEANS IT is Ac.-CivATEC) (GOES LoW
As A R.EsuLT OF S-VAIEmENT IN A PRoc:Rnm) SUCH As IN A(O')
WI (00A OR, (02.) (0 it.) (0%') ETC] .

TO cxE-T 0- To SELECT EITHER, THE IQ VuNclION oR OUT t FuNc-fiON/

WE MUST cot-1(31,4E 7W, WITH ANOTHER, UNE..
IN A SIMPLE CiRcurt SUCH AS WE ME IDEScRIGiNQ-_, wE HAVk CHOSEN
--ME ADDRESS ,..)NE (A0) Fork -T-* INPUT 170RJ & pit foR, THE
ouTP0T PORT. PRuCE
OD : A(.00 °UT (02)A.
HOW THE CARCurt WORACS
`THE VOLTAGE (AND coRRENT)T0 oRIvE
HE cip,c.orr COMES FROM Lin/6 A0

\AniENJ -1W, is LOW ANJO

HICTH -"ME --TRANSISTotti IS Tufkr\IED 0
VoL-TiciE Foi oitrcA LINE Do
comes FROM Ao TRAOsis-ToR,,
SLorrcH & 0100E -10 L7o.

100K SEPARATES IORQ FROM -1-HE VASE.

t 00K R . PReve,415 -1-RANs,s-Tork,

-ruRNINQ ON WHEN NoT 13EANQ
YlccEssEo •
R3 KEEPS THE coLLEc-roK AI ZERO
WHEN "rHE -MANS'S-Cog IS NOT
--rORNECI ON.
WHEni -rHE -fRANSisToR/
is 401 TURNED 011, R mA/EiNtrs THE De-t-19 LirvE
1:HS 1014 REs1S10v cLoAiwci- WHEN t40 DAi-A
1c$ 'HOLDS THE Ki IS PRESEN't.
swrrcH 60-r DI
(kOui•10 PoTEN1110L 6100(5 THF Di919..VENTS ONE DATA LINE
&rt-cdtin) oku.sf LOW gel-Hos UPSE,TT iNICT 1-14E OTHESkS WHEN
Oe‘.vveg. A LOW 4,oW t s DO A Sw 1 TC H IS PR.ESSED 2,-(1+E
TO pill it) LINE Do NO1 PASS Di -1-12..AN) s-ro k <AT.
CIRCUIT ONLY CoNiEs INTO OPERWitoni vs/K..1\J )9 STATEMENT SUCH As
IN) Pi (00 is 6E.11\ick Ey-ECOTE.Q. 111-1E, Is PRESSEDiTHE RESULT WILL
ibE A HIGO Do II- 1\101- MESSED, A LOW WILL f6E
'MIS is THE 0,41.y TIME WHEN1 THE is DE-rEci- c0. AT ALL OTHER,
TM ES CLOSED WILL PLACE A Lov,) Ong 04-1-A GOS 0_1R
7, MORE
ACC.ORA-TeLx IT WILL puicE NIL oN THE OR-TA (U5 00E TO DIODE O .
CAPAGILI TY (OF ' f1tE cIRcurr IS c..ALLE -rg..1-- ST19 TE
vccrtes)

38 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 THE OO-cPUT GATINCT IWOSis-nA,
THE 01541ECT OV THE cifkcorr is -11) GATE (comZuvE) AI & IOPoR To
CIC..-rwATE THE oUTPuT LATCH.

TE CIRJAIT SITS WITH CP LINE Hicol. IT PULSES Low & ON THE

(L1$114C; EDGE OF THE PULSE OcrTA IS LATCHED INTO THE CHIP.

iF
tOk,
Dqnc) 15 LATCHED
CLACK. PULSE: ori RISING EDGE.

cp Tif IS LiNE 15
ACTWE LOW.
OuT PUT 6ECAUSE of THIS, You
L.43TcH WILL HAVE 1-0 READ
I-1oW THE CiRcurr
oPERATES.
CP IS RtsING EOCTE
ict
To TUr A- 19c.cvtAvo910R, •
02, =n0ORESS LINE NI

10 A,
THIS iS-71-1E SEQUENCE To LA-cc) 091- 9 INTO THE Ot1WUT
T-HE 2-g0 RECEIVES AN ou-tpuT STATEMENT OUT ce z 24A
N THIS CAUSES "THE 0191.19 W AccuMULATaR/
GUS RC isiDDikESs LINE A i qog...,HIG,H.
P AFL ON 1 i OfriR

A SHORT Ti NE LATER, —1i- -if IO LiivE GOES Lo\n/.

-112.ANsts-rott ON i PUI.k.tiJG THE CP LINE of -r-HE
LA-rui LOW,
Ocl-rA DOES NOT En/TER. THE Lci-rci4 YET
(§) -T-tic isZAQ LINE GOES HIGH Le-rcHiNcv. DA-Tfi INTO
THE LATCH ON Di%PLAY ETc.
G -THE Z-80 ADveNcES 11-IE rdEvr STATEMENT IN THE PROGRAM.
D1SPLY9Y REm9INS Ii.LurAINATEO.

A SAMPLE PROGRAMr• VHE Lfrral CHANGES FROM

DOI PUT 00 TO 04. ONLY
4 0 A00 126-tElZ, 1-HE OUT ' INS-rauCTioN
OUT (02.)1\ LATcH oUTPUTS 00 . HAS Q,EEN ExECu tE
LO A 0 4
cloT (ca) A outPtITS 04.
LO A 06
arc (o2) soUTPUT5 08

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 39
 —THE Z -SO CPO HoW IT WORKS

THE Z-W AS A &NARY OtVapER,

THE ADDRESS LINES ON A 2-'80 -roRN ON-OFF VERY

-a) A ZINFMy cowIDER, CHIP WHEN CONNECTED AS VOLLowS!

LE Ds TuRN ON/OFF .
- SIMILAR, TO
AV
A GINGR,y coutki-rgik,

l c I.ocK,

LL. DATA LINES LOW

V/14EN ALL DATE) LINES iqR,E Low EXECUTES

NO- OPERATIONS — A COMMAND WHICH INCREMENTS THE
VALUE, oN THE Pio0R,ESS LINES.

LEGS ON 'THE nooRcss LINES --r"ORNI ON/OFF N- SimiL.r9A,

MAINI^IER,-TO-T-HE 00TPUTS OF G CliNAKY covN/TER, IsucH AS
4-024- 1 402.0 z(L,

C.LOCK,

14 ILINARY C.0‘..)N TER-

SummAkY DOI A VALUE 00

cAs.A-cE, S NOP - NO - OPERATION S
wHicii THE Z-80 mSR,sLy INCREMENTS THE VALUE
OF Ti+E GOolkEsS (SUS.
r, Z-$0
LE•OME A LINES PULSE -wE ARE KEEPING- THE DISCISSION StMPLE,

40 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 WHAT s /NSIOE
ALL iHE \AJoRK.5 ARE.
Z-SQ? CONCENTRATED IN A
CHIP IN THE
CENTRE OF THE IC ,
-rHe SIZE of THE
IC IS OicTriTED e.Y
-77-1E NuM6ER, OF PINS
& NOT The comPLEiciTy
pF THE ELECTRONICS .
SINCE yot.) CAN'T SEE
-51E, top.ipotvENTs in/ il+E Z-20
You v1 /4 /11..i. Hnve AccEpT
\A/RI-I
-TEN ExpLiWATioniS

CSASILALLY THE Z -%o Conisis-rS sc) IA COMPUTER_ INSIOE A UHF) I-r HAS
IS OWN PROGRAMMED MEM017s.y ZuS L.INirS & SET OF commANDS

WE ARE GOING To DEAL WITH ONE SMALL POR.TioN cALLED THE

T3E.T OF REGISTERS THESc. RR,E -rtiE iiEms WE pjk
CoNcE.-9.NED wiTHWI4EN WRITERPROGRAM FoR. THE Z-S0
WE. ARE WRrrin1C./ 114$TR
UCTIONS FoR. THE REGISTERS

cZciis-rER, is SIMPLY A C-IROuP OF VOID -FLOPS. IT cAN gE DRAW"/

fli) A ss-v OF 48 Wszs:

ODOODOCIO
EACH CELL ACCEPTS R ZINHAY VALUE WHICH CAN ONLY 6 0 wt.
e's• 111-6- ED El ET
wHEN1 A cu./.. con/Tows A I I IT is SET. WH.t‘l IT CONTAINS A %
IT IS RESET
THC VALVE OF A CELL. IS CALLED A 8 T AND THESE ARE NumeER.E0
s oLLovs15:

DEIDEILICIDD
61T 0
7

INTHE EXAMPLE I:)6ovE bil- 0 bil- b'd- 3 7:- 1 b'it- 4= I

till- 5=0 bl- 6=O & big" 1.
'MERE ARE Pt NuMeER? OT THINGS WE CAN DO to THIS REGISTER.
8Crtils IS WHAT inFIKES 174e. micp4QpRoccssorz, /so oicTER.Enrr -ro
SCORINGBITS iNcoviourIL -FLOP' CHIPS

•
ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 41
 -174E Z-80 HA5 16 ADDRESS LINES g< $ OgTA LINES
AP.E cALLE0 THE AOC•RESS eus & ofwe 6u5.
--INFORMATION ENT ERS z-so VIA THE ocr A ev$ gcEmERGeS
VrATHis riAS —1-r is 19 -TWO- WAY. eus.
THE ADDRESS SOS IS A ONE-WAY 6v5. THE 7-7,0 %ENos OUT
f;00RESSES \/119 -T'H IS VAS To MEMORY
- MEMORY eAN I3E EITHER, RAM ock ROM.
RAM ts -rEmPocOr SToRgicTE MEMORY
9,01-I IS PERMANENT Si-oRAGE MEMORY.
— ALL INFoRmiciTION IS FORM OV HIGHS 8‹. LOWS.

— 09TA RANGES FROM 00000000 To 1111 1 / 1 1.

-rms GIVES 256 olvvERENT comSINATioNS.
Z-$0 OPERATES 0r4 GINARY TffIS REFERS
A 61T' IS ; A DiCriT WHICH IS EITHER., HIGH OR. LOW. TorHE
Li- ZITS = ortE isizSLE 0q1-19 13US
$rTS = ONE SYTE
CAST REQuEST SENT OOT 13N( A 2-80 ON STAR,T-UP 1$
VIA AOORNESS 00000000.
THE VAs-c PIECE of OATH IT RE'CEIVE'S WILL GE INTERPRETED
AS AN INSTRucTt04. 0EPENotricv ON -T-HE FIRST 1N'3TRUGTI01'J
-11-tE 2.-80 NPY REQUEST ANOTHER, ONE T TWO oR, 1-1-1R,EE
90X-TES -co comPLETE THE COMMAND.
INFORMRTIONI 'RECEIVED ON THE DATA 60S WILL ZE INI-ER-PRET-ED
AS AN Ns-I -Roc-T(0N1, 091-19-VALUE,o9.mp VALUE etc
0E9EHoINQ oN) WHVZE IT is I NJ THE PROGRAM.

--r-HE Z-20 Wad. OPERATE ON A CLOCK, •-R,EqlvENC\( As LOW 19S

7KHz-UP To A MAXIMUM OF 2.5 MHz. . THE 2 -S0 A WILL
OPERATE up -ro +MHz..

— THE LETTERS LPL) STAND FOR, CENTRAL PRocE5SINCT

42 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 THE CPO REGISTER, SET : FOR THE Z —

MOST of THE OPERATIONS ARE CARRIEO °kir (n/ -7-HE A CcomootrroFki 7TRis
IS escAosE, THE AccuMuLA-roR, HAS A Lo-r of VEAToRES WHICH THE
0111E.g. REcatSIERS 00 NOT HAVE..

Nict AN OPERATioN IS COMPLETE , THE RESuLT(S) ARE TRANSFERRED To

MEMORY (RAM) OR TOOT HER, REGISTERS.

THE -8 REGIsTER, HA5 A SPECIAL D3NZ FEATURE IN WHICH IT IS Auro—

tAA-TicALLy OEcREMENTED BY ONE. E.Act-1 TIME A LooP 15 PERFORMED.
THE PROGRAM ACWANCES WHEN 6 IS zEtko.

RSCIISTEks G & C can, BE USED SEPARATELY OR AS A PAIR,. THE SAME

Pie9i-1s To 0 geE riNo H
REGISTER, PAIR, HL. CAN REmEmetEREO AS HIGH, 1.0‘4. H is THE HIGH
Parrs IN A PROGRAM AND L IS THE LOW Z`fTE . 1)-05 ALSO APPLIES To .

THE. HIGH GYTE & C.. 1$ THE LOW BYTE . ALSO D IS 'DIE
NIGH BYTE 8. E is THE Lovi ZYTE

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 43
 -7—HE PCCOMOLATOR,
1,10s1 OV THE OPERATIONS INA Mic.g.OPROcESSoR, ARE CFIRRIE0 otiT I IV THE.
Accu v AT 0 "TR 15 COOS )51" S OF A SET of 8 FLIP-FLOPS WITH A Lai oc
suypok -c c.Acormy, so-Ti-iFry THE L_Lo\A/ING. CAN SE PERSOR,MED:
OTHER, REGISTERS CAN 00 SOME oc THE FOLLOWING , W0-I ALL

ANY BIT CAN E. SET To 1 oct RESET 10 ZERO.

ALL 1611-5 CAN QE E
SiTo 2ER.o

qLL IIITS CAN 6E SHIFTED ON PLAcE To THE LEFT:

ALL FITS CAN BE SH ►FTE 0 ONE PLAC To THE RIGHT

Ana' Glr CAN 6E TESTED To SEE IF IT is A ok

11:1E VALUE OF THE. REGISTER. CAN 6E INCREMENTED gY ONE..

DEcREmEN TED

— 0 CAN 6E CHANGED WTO A 8.< ERK.H /Afro A

VALUE CAN GE ADDED To THE REIS-TER,

A oiLuE CAN QE stYMAciED FROM THE RE,CTIS- Eft.

AN %1311G)NARY VALUE CAN 8E Co*VeRIE0 TO TWo 4 -131T 13C0 vALuE5.

NUMZU v CONDIliOniqL CALLS OR, JUMPS. cin/ GE

Pikofkms-C.);Or•IN-N‹ WHEW A CERIAINI C-ON011I0t4 IS Nie:T.
FOR Es AmPLE CALL NZ, ADDRESS CALL WILL ONLY GE
PERS'oRmE0 IV -THE R.Ei)uLT oC THE PREv)ou5 INSTRUc -rioiv IS NOT ZERO.

-71-1E ACCUMULATOR,CON et COMPAR,ED lo A VALUE OF DATA ITO

OTHER,. sz.s.ca157Es,5, "ro R OA -TR VALUE MEMORy.

THE RccvmuLA-COR,CAN QE SAVED 611 AN OPERATION CALLED PUSH.

HIS PLAcES THE vA4UE INTO Ft PRE-DETERMINED ARSA OP MEMORY
CALLED THE S-TAcK.
ACcupluLATeR/ CAN/ ALSO PERFORM LOGIC FUNCTIONS AND R.,
NANO, 1\10R,i EVOR.,1

li-HfFoKi\4$ THE 6Asts0 ALL PkOGKAMS & WE WILL %HovJ How EACH
sErJ-TEmc, IS coNvER-rE0 TO H MACHINE CODE INSTRUCTI0T/
iHE PfkocEsSoRi Ofq0ER/STANDS

44 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 THE Z-q0 HOw iT Wo&K,S
CONNEcTiNict *Me Z-530 TO RN EPROM.

WHEN THE Z-80 lb.QI\INECTED TOA CHIP CONTI9ININQ- A PROGRAM

SUCH AS AN EPROM i -THE TWO WILL BE CRPAL3LE TALK/N/4- TO EACH '
OTHER, 19140 THE PROCARm WILL GE E.xEcu-reo.
THIS MEFINS THE. OUTPUT (1ESui..TI OF THE PROGRAM WILL NOT BE
S. 60T T THIS STACrE WE WANT To SEE
AVI=ItLf9BLE FOR US To SEE
How THE Tv,./0 ARE CONNEc.TE0 1bEcETI-IER,.

THIS 15 THE CiRCurr

MRER
30 Ao
A.
31 kt
i A
32 A5 As
33
34. THIS IS THE
IIJT AS A5 ADDRESS
Ib 35
36 Ac. A4 2 e05
NMI 17 37 Ai A7 ' 2716 dea_ 1-HESE Two CHIPS WILL
3tc At
605Kg Z5 At Aq "I-Audio EActi OTHER,
Ato At° EPROM & RAW IR mricilitvE CODE
PROG R.9 . CLCX.K,
LINE GETS THEM G0INCT.
;3:11F---77
t5 Oi Pi 10
RESET Oz DZ 11 ITIS 15 THE
2.6 12 93
P3 13 -4* DATA BUS
7 Ds. 74.
0s Os 15 12,
2? 06 16
/3 0 07 17
6
OM,

C,LOLIANE CCU EPROM

TWO BUSES OR,i REQUIRED BETWEEN Z -20 & EPROM. — A N
filDORESS GUS g( R DI9TG SOS .

IN COMPUTER'S ALL LINE Numt3E12,INCT STflR,TS HT 2ER/0

'THUS WE 1-111VE. 1 1% 8cDo ASTHE FIRST LINES. TAS IS IN LINE WITH
COUNI-fINQ, WHICH 6-EAR-TS FIT ZEItO,

114 E DOR,E SS 6OS (IIV-T14E CONNECTION/ ABOVE ")IFAS 11 LINES ge

S LINES 11•1 1-1-1€ ofrcn GUS. II ADDR.ESS LINES WILL AOOR,ESS
FR©M 0000 TO 07FF. THIS IS 2K, OV MEMORY IRS WILL, BE
ExPLqINED LATER.. THE SO HOS 13. ROOFLESS LINES)

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 45
 THE 2716 EPROM
THE DIAGRAM okl. THE PREviouS PAGE CAN 6E SIMPLIFIED 6Y
DRAWN CI THE. ROSES A5 1=1 PATH WRY' :

1HES ARE THE,

LINES WE' i9 KE
Oiscvssir•)q..
THIS 5YP-160/.. MEANS „
THE Ci-IP WILL GE"rURNED ON
WHEN THE LINE 15 4.0w.
IT IS READ AS: SEE -EEE- OAR,

THE CPROm MUST (SE TURNED ON ONLY OUR1NQ- THE TIME WHEN IT
15 REQuAEo. THIS IS BECAUSE THE. DATA 8< ADDRESS 6OSE5 eR,E
R,..quifkED BY OTHER, CHIPS in/ THE SYSTEM.

THIS MEANS ONE OR. MORE LINES IvEEOED 6E -0NEEN z- SO

aEPROM. THERE ARE Two CONTROL LI NES AND. THEY ARE
CALLED CHIP ENAGLE &OUTPUT ENASLE WHEN 60TH OF -11-1E5E.
LINES Go LOW THE VALUE ON THE ADDRESS (303 WILL CAUSE DA-174
--ro BE oUTPuTTED eY THE EPROM ON THE 0A-rici Gus.

CE OE

2716 2716
,READ TH15 I:4 S EPROM
EPROM
OH -EEE, AND
MENTALLY ao-re
iNCLOSION oF THE BM (2)
-1-AgiNicr OE HIGH cAu5E.5 THE QUTPOT LINES OF THEEPROM TO Q-0 INTO
A HIGH 12GOOrVCE STATE . OUTPUT OA1 15 SUPPLIED VERy QUICKLY
ACTER, OE 15 -TAKEN e.
-1-FiKiNct CE sW2) CAUSES THE OUTPUT LINES To GO INTO A HIGH
imPED9WcE STATE AND 141-90 'PoWER---powri f 5TR-re . GUT WHEN
CE GOES LOW,THE EPROM TAKES CONSIDERABLY LoNGER, -ro PROVIDE
DATA ON ME 00-reof PiNs.
A HIGH 11"-TEDFINCE STATE 15 10ENTICAL To SAYING- "nti-s- iTE.
SO 71-IAT THEY PUT NO LOAD ON THE BuSES,

46 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 THE Z-W AlOW iT WORAS
LET U5 LOOK, AT THE EXECUTION OF A SINGLE 6\fTE- INSTRUCT104.—
cALLED NO OPER-PrrIonl.

"This INSTRUCTION CAUSES THE PROGRAM COUNTER, NISIOE THE Z- S0)

IbiNcREMENT . rq01-111nict ELSE 15 FiFFFC-rE.O.

THIS LS THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS: 4 HiS IS

„,..,'T-
THE
PR.o4RtiM
TH15 is THE in/ THE
ci_ocic LINE EPROfrsi.
Z -50 EPRO
[ULM-

AN INSTRucTioN1 15 NOT CARRIED OUT OuRANCT EACH CLOCK, CYCLE.

IT REQUAES A NUmGER„ OF CLOCK, CYcLES To PERFORM AN In/SIR.uCTionl.
(se-.1wEENJ Lf 8,23) BECAUSE THE Z-S0 FIRS HVTERNRL HOOSE KEEPIN
OPERATIONS To PERFORM so THAT THE .INSlRucTiots1 CAN 13E CARRIED OUT.

T-RKES 4 CLOCK,CYCLES TO PERFORM A NO OPERATION iNsTRucTioni.

THE VALUE IN THE PROGRAM COUNTER, (0000 IS OUTPUTTED To THE

ADDRESS euS

'THIS LiNE IHI5is A HEx V9Lut

IS HIGH (RT
THE MOMENT)
ORM
-1T-fEAFiKST ADDRESS 1N
PRoqikemmED EPROM IS 00000000 .
ceomax)

mREq LINE GOES LOW 8,.. -ranis ON THE EPROM.

0 THE Mom KESPONOS Et•101,4q- THE DATA LOCATED At 0000

To THE Z-c8,0 :

-rHis LINE GOES LOW

*To -ruRN On., -T4E.
EPROM

lite PATO AT 0000 IS: 00000000.

0-r-HE z-SO INTERPRETS 00000000 As A SINGLE 8y-TE INSTRuo.TioN 8(

CfiRRIES OUT THE TASK, OF ItucREASiNcy (INCREMENTING) -THE
PRocR,Am CouNrER, To • • • oot (HEx) (00000000000000ci BINARY
111E, MftEg LINE GOE5 HIGH IMMEDIATELY --rHE COMPUTER. HAS
FINISHED RENDING -THE VALUE..

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 47
 _131TS, NIBBLES & BYTES
rs1 RN S-B1T MICROPROCESSOR, SYSTEM SuCH as 2--g0 LINES
OF INFoRmlaTiopi 15 PRESENTED TO THE PROLE SoR, 19T THE SAME TIME.

MICRO - I
-4-11S IS THE 111QHEST VALUE
4INES LIME. 1T /5 CALLED n
CAN 10' PROCESS°
ONLY SE
HIGH
oft [Z-(30.1
Lovi

THIS IS THE LOWEST' VALVE

LiniE 1"C 15 CALLED DO
iNfoRtiFatoN FL0W5 IN
EITHER. DIRECTION
ON THE ©ATA BUS

V/C OEScRISE THE POWERS OFA PRocESS0R, 4Y THh NUMBER a LINES

IT 17.E.qUIRES, BABY PRocEsSoRS USE 4 131T5, MOST SYSTEMS USE
$1-r5 & LATEST PRoc.c..$$oRS AReE, 16 OR, 32..• at-r!!

gY TuPooNCT ON COM6tNATiONS oc LitsJES wE CAI.) CTET 256 01?--?-•ERN-1-

VALLMS. THE LOWEST vALUE IS 000000!0. THE HIGHEST IS /1//////.

MICROPRocESSOR/ SYSTEMS OPERATE ON 6INAILY VALVES sucH AS:

1011100( 00110/15 10001too ogi 01010110 el-c.
EACH 131NAR,Y DIGIT is CALLED 0 BIT'

10011001 " Iir

SIT 7 THIS iS BIT

13IT5 THIS 15 6)7.1:

PGRooP 61.15 IS CALLED A BYTE.

HALC A BYTE IS CALLED P 1•1186LE.
;His is A
BY TE
is PI is A
1•11136LE NIBBLE

Compt)TER,s ACCEPT iNcoR,mATiors/ IDPTQ ONE BYTE AT A TIME

WORDS THE sizE oc A WORD DEPENDS ON THi= SIZE OF A compuTER,.
A 4 61-r MICRO OPERATES WITH 4--81T 'iJ0ROS

16 16-81T

48 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 LAI-T-11.)Q A PRoGkori
I,JI NI toRITINI A tiqctiin)E CODE PROGRAM I-HERE nizE 3 POINTS
`(OV mk.)s-c- RE MEM GER, t
OEN(.14 SCEP MUST ISE VERY SMALL 7ThE MicKo is C.APAISLE O
PERFORMING ONLY A VER'( SIMPLE TASK AT ANY ONE -rime.
EACH STEP MUSS %S. ABLE -co . GE CONVERTED TO A MACHINE -WOE
itJSTRoc•IION •
)1"..11E PROCESSOR, WILL r&E RUNNINCIALL THE TINE & THus PROGRAMS
t-WS'T GE EITHER, n LOOP OR, INcLuctz DELAYS TO %Lou/ DOWN
TvIEAR. ExEculloN RATE TO Sorr HuNAPJ INVoLvst-in)-1".

HS IS THE SKILL IN LO(LITiNG Pt PROGRAM. TO CONVERT AN IDEA

it\h-o A SE RIES OF SMALL STEPS WHIC-1 CAN SE EXECUTED ZY 19 MICRO.

HEA,E, ISA SIMPLE REQUIRE'MENIT:VoTORM ON SEGMENTS of A 7.-SEcimEM

UIS PLAY VIA A SET INPUT SWITCHES. I
HE PROG RAM WILL rvEEr.) To ZE A LOOP ge.THE MICRO EI.ECuTE IT
MANY MMES PER, SEc..or.10

to,Ni,ras Tz

C
TR, 1$ FA

rHE SWITCHES AK SCANNED &THEIR. vALvE WADE() INTO THE

c.e.vmuL:ATOR, .
HE VALOE THE AccomuLA-TOR) 15 001-PuTTE0 To THE
7 -SEGMENT is pi AY.
THE PkoclikAm 3vmPs -To1-14E 1"SEGINNINcl & REPEATS 11-1E

EACH INPUT SLJITcH IsArn,EcTLy cotvivc.-rD -10 ONE Of THE

cLip -FLOPS oV THE ACct)muLAT0R/1v19 THE 0A-Te SOS

Tilts is Tiis
AccutivLATert%

4-
(
/n.IPUT St4i-t-cklES
(") ffooI
-111Ey ARE ‘L.00KE.0 Ri I DURING- THE `IN' inISRuctIoni. WHEN Tiff 1OUT
11\1%-c10c-cioN IS EXECUTED THE VALUE IN EACH f LIP cLoP WILL 13E PASSED
sEGMV\ITS pF THE OISPLAy.

tF iik" 0 IS SZ-T, SEGMENT 0.! WILL (LWMN RTE . SPME APPLIES

(1-T5 112.,3.,4 151 6 8c7. (GIT ILLUMINATE S THE DECIMAL. POINT)

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 49
 TO 6LINK, DISPLAY
WE CAN Com6iNE 00R, KNOWLEDGE OF OUT & DJNZ la A PROGRAM
WHICH DUNKS THE DISPLAY.

AIM, -ro TORN THE DISPLAY ON 2.(OFF.

Hits is A LOOP PROqRAM WHicri OUTPUTS A VALUE TO A DISPLAY FoR,
DELAY PER100 AND THEN /\ ZERO VALUE FOR, A DELAY PERio.D. 77-IE
PROcTRIAm TEN REPEATS.

LO 6,00 06 oo
LD A" 06 3E 06
(NT 02.) A OS oz
DONZ.
DJNZ, io0 FE
0 jt42 FE lo FE
1-0 A 1 0 0 3€ oo
OUT (02.)A 03 02
Dona FE
DoN2 FE 10 FE
FE
0JrsIz. FE to FE
EA Is EA
IS WHERE COMPUTER, IS SPENDING TimE DOING
NO-THING (' cE.c..EPT REGISTER, 6l WHILE DISPLAY
RE.MAINS I Lut-IINWTZ0 (oR 6LANK SO TROT RE HUMAN EYE COW
0c1ELT THE \ GLiNKINIc.1 EFFECT.
-174E CLINK RATE- WILL DEPEND ON T-HE VIZEQUENCY OF I.HE CLOCK,
AND You CAN A00 MORE 031\1Z.1 5 IF REQUIRED.
OWN ONE. 1-0 r3,00 15 REQUIRED AND IT IS 1T --CHE VI-ART OF `RE
PckockMil.„ q-c ComPLETIoN oc A OJN2.. oPER.ATIoNI REcAtSTER.
IS LEFT IN A ZEKO STATE AND I5 ReAw< ?OR THE NEXT DONIZ..
THE NccomuLkteoR, 15 LOADED WI-V H 06 IN -1-HE Pi2owZAm eoT C,RN BE
LoADED ANI VALUE 'FROM. 01 -ro FF.
THE VALUE YOU CHOOSE WILL DEPENO UPON HOW THE 015PLAY IS
WO-EC) 'Rr W1-1191- YoU wAn/T TO APPEAR', THE MiCROComc (SEE
ITJSI0E OVER OF THIS IssuE)H195 THE FoLt.ovsliN1 4 SEGMENT VALvES;
YOU WILL N117ric-E THE VALUES inicReASE.
CACC.0fLOING. LE T -tERINC OF Ti+E SEGMENTS
2 AR.t. EASY -TO rzr.lz.1-1(6ER--..
PRoOucE Le-v -r- zkS OR Num6ERS olv THE
DISPLAY THE HEx. VALUES ARE ADDED

06 56 4F 66 60 7 07 7F 67 3F

50 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 To irickEmErvi THE DISPLAY
HERO ARE TWO WAYS OF IrsicREMENTiNq HE DISPLAY. ONE IS
BINARY INCREmENT, ---IHE OTHER, 15 NUMERICAL INcKEMENIT.

GINIKx INCREMENT IS THE SIMPLEST,. & WILL. PRODucE. 1255 DicVEREN/T

90-TiERNIS ON THE SCR.EEN. 501,4E OF THESE WILL NOT MAKE ANY
SENISE. GOT OTHERS WILL. PRODUCE A LETTER OR. tqumi3ER,.

I3U'ORE WE CON CoNSiOER,A (WARY INcKEMEN/T PROGRAM WE.

Mv -t CoNSIOERi A PR013LE.m CALLED CM)OuNc..E WE KNOW THAT
MUSE 16E. 0E130uNCED \AA•ier.1 coNINIECTED -ro An/
*.LEc-TR0141c, c)Rc.urr —1-HE SAME APPLIES To INPUT DEviCES
Col•INEc.-rE0 TO A COMPUTER,.

12.ASoi\J PROGRAMS OPERA-1E AT svcti A HIGH SPEED

THAT THE PRESS OF A eurroNi MAY r6E DETECTED MORE THAN ONCE
Ouv_ To -i-HE PROGRAM LOOPING VERY QUICKLY. WILL GIVE
itqacc otATE COUNT.

TO PREVENT This ckom Occokini WE MOST PR0OucE A PROGRAM

CoN-TAINING 2SMALL LOOPS . ONE OTEc.TS WHEN THE 13 0170N IS
PREssso 0-THER, OETEcTS WHEN THE gu1Tot.1 IS NoT PRESSED.

THS MICRO 4.00P5 nRouNLO NE Off' -MESE ACCORDING To -i14€ t19-1'e o:

-5-4E e,OTC0N) qN0 (A)14Z.N1 A COMPLETE CYCLE IS COMPLETED, THE
oispLAx ihick.E.mr\rts 13x A C.ouNT -OT-ONE.

NU.E, PRORAivt To Ac-HiEvE THIS :X'

XOR f1 IRF
LOCA 4F
IN A, 01 06 01 114E PROGRAM LOOPS 14c.RE IF THE
6 1 77 A cis 7f 13u-v-cohl is NoT PRESSED. w 4St`i
JR, Z 28 FA %3UT-row is PRESSED PRomtalm ROvANcES
INC C DC
LDAs 79
oui(09A 03 oz.
IN A (0) DB of PROctRAM LOOPS HERE WHILE 6UTTolv
gri 7,A cg 7F 15 PRESSeD AND ADVANCES WHEN/
Oft, NZ. 20 FA 13'-1- TON RELEASED.
SR, )8 EE

THE ACCUMULATOR, IS USED FOR, 2 coNCliONS. ri ouTPOT5 SHE VALUE

OF THE Co\n\JT LOOKS To SEE IF THE sw rrCtf IS PREssED. THAT IS WHY
WC NFE17 ANOTHER, REGIS-fER., To HoLO -THE VALUE 04 11-1E Cow\JT.

THE Si...»-rct-1 IS CONNECTED Tp LovE S of 1-14E INPUT PORT C131-1- /

‘41.10 -1-HE PROGRAM LOOKS AT BIT1bSEE IF IT IS oR \RE ET .

PROGRAM H95 GEEN TAKEN FROM TIDE PROGRAMMED EPROM

IN THE MIcROCOMP COMPVIERi—OESIGNZ-0 eLcc-fiZoNics
Fog.. -17-1E TEACHING oc NIRCIluvE CODE PRosZAr-sminiG.

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 51
 0 et Cou►JTEf, PRocitzAM
r 00$0'
COA QE. OA
LO DE 00130 1 oo 08 SF = 0
Ak0i) D 01
E 61-r 7,A
3R, Z
INc. DE.
c6 7F
ZS FA
13
06 = I
56 = 2,
4F = 3
66 =4
LO A (OE IA 6D 7- 5
DVT (023A 0302,. 7O =6
-7-1(4 A Col) 06 01 07 = 7
617 71 A C6 7F 7F --
1 SRNZ 20 cA 67 =
DSC C. 00
Eg
19 E5

LD C,C)A C 'STK SY-1E REGIS-1ER, . 1.-

HE r3`(1E TABLE
C..oi\JTAinJ5 IQ eff- -Tilis
tills15 OA tr•1 HEys)0EcimFIL...
LID OE.,0080 TIE POINTER (Z.EisTER, DE is LoNDED WITH
i NE START ADDRESS OF THE 6Y-TE TABLE THE Low
BYTE is PLACED FIRST IN -rHE PRoGI2AM AND 11-tE
111G.1-1 6Y-CE SEcor..0.

IN A (00 IS WAKED AT AND lc It IS nlaT PUSHEDI

131
T7A "1-1-1S PROGRAM LooP5 AROUND THE Z 1n,/5-tRuc-rloNS .
3-R, 2, iSuT-roN IS PUV-IEL), f3IT 7 ov -FRE AccumuLfrrog.,
WILL EE • PROGRAM wiLL ADVANCE To
NE)c-r Ws-rkg.-Troni
INC OE. THE PONIER/ PAIR/ WILL ADVANCE lb THE
NE1,7 ADDRESS (E,c11

Lo A( AccumuLA-ToR, 1S LOADED WITH VALUE FOUND

'AT TNF qopREsS ibo\frEC) TO SY DE .

ooT (oi)A THE VALUE EG "06" is 001•90-11-E0 TO THE. DISPLAY.

IN A (oi TlissE 3 Ns-T-Roc-TtoNs FoRm A LOOP t HIGH. IS.

Ey,sc,OTED So Lo\JCv AS THE &)-r--1--oni is PRESSED

DEC. C THE (`f-TE- CourVT R.EclisTER, IS OECREMENTED AND

-rtiE ZERO CLACT 15 SET WHEN THE 'e, REGIST E R,
tbE cor-,4 E 5 ZEfZQ

THE PROGRAMS JUMPS IC -rHE. ZERO CLAG IS \ SEY I.

—rcos is AN uNcooPmoN(11_ 3uMP wIiickl 15 EXECUTED
Volt EAc.t-v LooP of Ti-IE PROGRAM Ei.cEP-c WHEN/ -11-tE
ENO 'ov THE -r-A&.€, IS DE-rEc-te-D. ENO
N.

52 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 O couNTER,
P9.000cING C-HARfiCviZS SocH AS 0, 12,1 ETc. Ot\J R olspLAN
REQUIRES 1-(461E . SHE MICRO STEP5'1-HROuGt4 -1-
HiS 113BLE AND
E 1115 COUNTING-.

As BAR As THE r-licK0 IS coi\JcERNEC) IT 15 "LOOKING THRU A 1-061.

11" DoE5N'T RECOGNISE IT AS CounITiN/G- .

THE VALUES COULD f6E WRITTEN IN I'F}E REVERSE DazEc-rion/ OR. rr

oceo -OP g4 THE Mic.R0 WILL S-TILL 3E LOOKING TIRO A T13 LE !

WREN WE PRODUCE TABLE WE MOST TELL THE MICRO Two THINGS:

TC-1-ESE ARE:THE SMART ADDRESS & How MANY BYTES IT CON'[/SINS.

-1-1 STROCTORE OF -rills 0

-iE PROG RAM IS IDE NTICAL To -1
-HAT ON THE
P(2.5.vious PACE EXCEPT INCREMENT FUNCTION IS HANOLED LY
9011\j-rzp, itzc7 1s-TER, WHICH POINTS -1-
0 AN PDCME5S Ini"THE TALE,
VALVE -11-115 ADDRESS IS LOADED INTO -THE AccumuLATog.
DISPLAYED.

',HIS IS HOIA.) IT IS DOIVE ". 0i Rg115TER, (") LOADED WITH 0080

00$0 '3F
r4T pogo ) THE VALUE 3 IS Vour.)0.

0 sv 15 i-c) ADZ° IN170 THE AccumuLATOIR. ANJO ou-TPUT TO

THE OiSPLAY ‘E RESULT IS 0' On/ THE 015PLAY.
01

= 3O 0 *02+01+ +08

lot
30toF =3F

PROGRAM most iNcLoD RN NS-I-Roc-non/ WHICH DE-rEurs

THE ENO 07 --ri1ETALE . THrS IS Ooi\JE 13.\< LoAoiNict A R.Ec..11S-TER.
\jjt-rtA A 1JAL.0E 4.‹ PlzoR.SssIvELN Ocrz.Nizi\JTING. IT UNTIL
9...AC-1.1.E5 ZERO .

ZERO Is R VCRY 413N0y lo D TFCT AS "1"-H.R.E PRE MAci-liNE

c..00E INS-k-Rvc-rioNis WHEN -THE R.E1ITER, REACHES ZERO
THE PROGRAM IS INS-c- -I*E0
CED To Q.E - WtIZT THE REGISTER Is
kE -LOADED.
-1T4E poir\J-T-E g.EGis-TER, is UE (IN ooR cosEEANC) IT IS LOADED
-n-kz %-cAR:1-11\icl PkODIZES5 OV -ThE -174 GL . EAci-f
ON PASS
Oar PROGRAM THIS REGISTER-PAIR LooKs 19-r -1-44E NEXT
LowEfZ Rorpft.ss —or.) TIL. TE .ILO OF THE TABLE.
CoNIT

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 53
 is A sPEciAL TWO 13Y -TE AWS-IROc-noi.) US)Nc: THE t3 REGISTER,.
11- IS MAINLY USED To PROOuc.E. A SHORT DELAY & OPERAT E S ir4 THE
Fot,LoWiN1c:

THE. e)RE.iS-TER, MUST BE PRE-LOADED WITH A SI AR.-1- v19LuE 00 -

- N.lut-110 RELNI\VE. VALUE Mk/VC RE, ASSIGNED To THE 5.coND
IN$1-Roc-T‘014 tS THEN INPooD TO THE PlkocArkytm.

mAc.1-117JE C0QE vqL0E. Vol, a3Niz IS IQ

elm
OISPLAC..EmE,N1T VALUE MOST RE G. 1%19CK, E.o THAI- THE
ItQs-moc-lioN PRODUCES A L009. 1-r CAN RANQ1E. FROM To 80.
ANY vALQES LowERJ -CtiAtsi Tlil% WILL Pfkoouc P, FORWARD Jut-411 R, THE
D3Niz. INS-Itloc.-rtorg WILL NOT tE Ext conD — APAR1 cRIOM -THE FACT THAT
(i)\(1.s 1-14E. INISIRUc11oN1 WILL RE JUMPED OVER.:

A TYPICAL vriLuE c-(A,DISPLPK,EMEN-C.BYTE IS cE.. -T-His CAUSES THE

PROCESSOR, To Nrici -10 THE RE.GiNNusICT 0C: THE OZNZ., INSTIWC.TioN1 84 EXECUTE ,
LOOPS UNITIL. THE 13 REGiS-TE.R., 15 zE.K.O.

LD 6,C? 06 CF
LD NOS 3E o8
()v.v. 0/ A D3 02
03r4Z. ro. 10 FE

71-4E PROGRAM WILL: LopD 13 wiTH R DECIMAL VALUE of 25S LOAD

THE AccumuLA-TOR, WITH 0%. DO-rPti-T 053 To PoR,1 CREA-TE A DELAi
stA 2545 Loops OF 0EcREmEN-rING. TSE >3 RECitSTER,.

THE DELAY is cRENTED (3;•( THE NUMBER, OF CLOCK, CYCLES REQUIRED To

cAfkRx 001 EACH DJNZ. INSTRUCTION, ONE LOOP of OZNz WILL -rgIKE 13
CLOCK CYCLES & WHEN MuL-riPLiED 6."( A DELAY of 33 I cYcLES
tS ckEIVTED.

TtiE 2) REGISZERr ¶5 1-ET IN P\ ZEIk0 5-INTE- AT THE ENO OF THE LOOPING.

ANO THIS IS IDEAL Fork THE NExt TIME ( INN1 INS-TR\JCTtoN IS REACHED .

Lof;OIN(4 S 2.,E9,0 CREATES THE LONGEST DELAY POSSIBLE ge c A A) SE

E '~PLAINED AS foLLows ..

EActi TIME 1-331\17. 15 S.I.ECuIED:T-HE fiRs1 PPR-r OF THE OPERA-rionl IS

To DEc...a.Ems.Nil THE E REGIS-TER,. IF S IS 00, oECREmENT
oPE.Rf\-cior\I cGossS To Eo YoF-Ft THE- Z-80 f3 1S Not ZERO ...
co
1.1 JUMPS fIr4cK, Tp 114E AoptkEss fts iNslIzociEP
OI PLAcEI-~E>J~ Po•ccE. GND 1-r coNlirvuEs ro LooP 2,5‘ TIMES/

03Nz s CAN i3E PLfIcEo (4c-TER, ONE ANolt--IER, TO CIZZAIE

LOt•JC-1R, '0-LAYS, THUS'.

031\17- 10 FE
03N2... 10 FE
N2_ 10 FE

54 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 lc 6 is LOPPED wIl'14 (60, A StIORIER, DELAY WILL
Clt.s s -1-1-kus

LO (3 SO 06 SO
03N2 FE Feb- to FE

if" MORE 1-11iNN ONE D3NZ_ Is uSED ONLY THE CIRST DON2.. WILL gE
St4ocz.-r AS REGIS-MR, S WILL GE ZERO Al' THE BEGINNING of 'MG
° & 5" 03NZ.
2(.4

fAnJerc-14E,Re WPY of PRoDUcIN(4- A LONGER, DELAY IS To JUMP HACK,

0\,/s.9. CI Num1312., of PREvioOS I NSTRuc..-TioN5

LO 1300 o6 00
LUcI o8 SE o2
0U-I (02. D3 OZ,
r•I7- 10 f A -1
•(00 3vmP RACK, THOS

LO 1?) 00 oG oo
LO OS SE oil
otY o2.) A 03 02
oaw F2 ID vg

9.gAls-CER, 6 WILL GE, CoNISIGNILY RE-LOADED 9 -1- -INE END of EACH

LOOP ANIO WILL NEVER. DECREMENT TO zER08(THE MICRO WILL No?
GE-C out 01 THE LooP I.
WE 4r4vE SHOW NJ THE LONG EST oaLgy is 00. -n-IE SHORTEST
RELAY IS 01 WHICH \AJILL PRoouc.E. ONL-c ONE, LooP.

N.S-1'0 LoOP
A1\1%mr)
n LOOP ccw 1,E CREA-CE0 kh-tH THE 0,WrZ. INSIROC-rioN
14ZR fi, C215- Z19.,1 PIS FOLLOWS :
46c AN01
C LO IS 00
LO C. 2.0
D3r4 Z FEE
Oc.c C
39.NZ.

-THE- FtRST TWO ihisiftomoNs ARE cALLED *SE-T UP" & II- IS imPoRIANIT
t•101 TO JUMP PaAcK -Co -CHEsE CaliEwISE THE LOOP(S) WILL NEveR. QE
0EcRE1-/tEni-r0 io Z.. -1z.O.
1
-C-1. PROGRAM W1LL FoRfotkivl 256 Lop-PS OF OEct?..ErIC-NrriNcf 6 -ntEt.i
svoviiNc 'CO 'N OC-c C. I C 15 No-T ZERO 11-IE. pg.oc.Itzqm WILL .UMP
GALIc -Co ()mi. 1 -tioS 11 WILL PERCORm 20H I-00PS of DTZ.
E 20rt Loo9S 7---. 32. L00951 :1-415 PROGRAM IS 1 LOOP Willi/NJ 0 LOOP
012, NES-CEO LOOP & tS VERY HANDY FoR pRoouc. irvc.T LONG TIME
of:LANs.

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 55
 ,o. zs
0 Machine Codes
SHEET

11
This table contains over 700 BIT 5,A CB 6F JP P,ADDR F2 XX XX LD HL.,(ADDR) 2A XX XX RES 5,B CB AB SET 1 (IY+dis) ED CB XX CE
Machine Code instructions BIT 5.B CB 68 JP PE.ADDR EA XX XX LD HL, dddd 21 dd dd RES 5,C CB A9 SET 1,A CB CF
for the Z80. BIT 5.0 CB 69 JP PO.ADDR E2 XX XX LD I,A ED 47 RES 5,D CB AA SET 1.6 CB C8
It has been compiled from BIT 5.D CB 6A JP Z.ADDR CA XX XX LD IX,(ADDR) DD 2A XX XX RES 5,E CB AB SET 1,C CB C9
Zilog Data sheets. SGS Data BIT 5,E CB 6B JR C.dis 38 XX LD IX,dddd DD 21 dd dd RES 5.H CB AC SET 1,D CB CA •
books, Z80 Programming by BIT 5.H CB 6C JR dis 18 XX LD IY,(ADDR) FD 2A XX XX RES 5,L CB AD SET 1,E CB CB
P. Levison (now out of print)BIT 5,L CB 6D JR NC.dis 30 XX LD IY,dddd FD 21 dd dd RES 6,(HL) CB B6 SET 1,H CB CC
and Micro-Professor Pro- BIT 6,(HL) CB 76 JR NZ,dis 20 XX LD 1.,(HL) 6E - RES 6,(IX+dis) DD CB XX B6 SET 1 L CB CD
gramming Handbooks. BIT 6.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 76 JR Z.dis 28 XX LD L,(IX+dis) DD 6E XX RES 6,(IY+dis) FD CB XX B6 SET 2,(HL) CB D6
Two books to help with the BIT 6.(IX+dis) FD CB XX 76 ID (ADDREA 32 XX XX LD L,(IY+dis) FD 6E XX RES 6,A CB B7 SET 2,(IX+dis) DD CB XX D6
interpretation of this table BIT 6,A CB 77 I D (ADDREBC ID 43 XX XX LD LA 6F RES 6,B CB BO SET 2,(IY+dis) FD CB XX D6
are: Z80 ASSEMBLY BIT 6,8 CB 70 LD (ADDR),DE ED 53 XX XX LD L,B 68 RES 6.0 CB B1 SET 2,A CB D7
LANGUAGE by Lance A. BIT 6,C CB 71 LD (ADDR),HL ED 63 XX XX LD L,C 69 RES 6,D CB B2 SET 2,B CB DO
Leventhal.CMc Grew Hill), BIT 6,D CB 72 LD (ADDREHL 22 XX XX LD L,D 6A RES 6,E CB B3 SET 2.0 CB DI
and PROGRAMMING Um ZISO BIT 6.E CB 73 LD (ADDREIX DD 22 XX XX LD L,dd 2E dd RES 6,H CB B4 SET 2,D CB D2
by Rodney Zaks. (Sybex). BIT 6.H CB 74 LD (ADDR),IV FD 22 XX XX LD L,E 68 RES 6,L CB B5 SET 2,E CB D3
BIT 6.L CB 75 LD (ADDR).SP ED 73 XX XX LD LH 6C RES 7, HL) CB BE SET 2,H CB D4
• ADC A,(HL) 8E BIT 7.11-IL) CB 7E LD (BC) A 02 LD L,L 6D RES 7, 1X+dis) DD CB XX BE SET 2,L CB 05
ADC A,(1X+dis) DD 8E XX BIT 7.(1X+dis) DO CB XX 7E LD (DE).A 12 LD R,A ED 4F RES 7, IY+dis) FD CB XX BE SET 3.(H1) C13 DE
ADC A,IIY+dis) FD 8E XX BIT 7.(IY-Fdis) FD CB XX 7E LD (HLEA 77 LD SP,(ADDR) ED 7B XX XX RES 7,A CB BF SET 3,(IX+dis) DD CB XX DE
ADC A,A 8F BIT 7.A CB 7F LD (HLEB 70 LD SP,dddd 31 dd dd RES 7,6 CB 88 SET 3,(IY+dis) FD CB XX DE
ADC A.B 88 BIT 7.B CB 78 LD (HL).0 71 LD SP,HL F9 RES 7,C CB B9 SET 3,A CB DF
ADC A,C 89 BIT 7,C CB 79 LD (HL),D 72 LD SP,IX DD F9 RES 7,D CB BA SET 3.6 CB 138
ADC A,D 8A BIT 7.0 CB 7A LD (HL),dd 36 dd LD SP,1Y FD F9 RES 7,E CB BB SET 3,C CB D9
ADC A,dd CE dd BIT 7.F CB 76 ID (HL).E 73 LDD ED A9 RES 7,H CB BC SET 3,D CB DA
ADC A,E 8B BIT 7.14 CB 7C LD (HL),H 74 LDDR ED B8 RES 7,L CB BD SET 3,E CB DB
ADC A,H 8C BIT 7,L CB 70 LD (HLEL 75 LW ED AO RET C9 SET 3,H CB DC
ADC A,L 8D CALL ADDH CD XX XX LD (IX+dis),A DD 77 XX LDIR ED BO RET C D8 SET 3.L CB DD
ADC HL.BC ED 4A CALL C.ADDR DC XX XX ID (1X+dis).E1 DD 70 XX NEG ED 44 RET M F8 crI
rnSET . E6
ADC HIDE FD 5A CALL M.ADDR FC XX XX LD (IX+dts),C OD 71 XX NOP 00 RET NC DO -I SET 411X+dis) DD CB XX E6
ADC 1-11.HL ED 6A CALL NC,ADDR D4 XX XX LD (1X+disED DD 72 XX OR HL) B6 RET NZ CO ASET 4, IY+dis) FD CB XX E6
ADC HL.SP ED 7A CALL NZ.ADDR C4 XX XX ID (1X+dis).48 DD 36 XX dd OR IX+dis) 130 136 XX RET P FO i- ,
ADD A,(HL) 86 CALL P.ADDR F4 XX XX LD X+dis 5 DO 73 XX OR IY+dis) FD 86 XX RET PE E8 SET 4,B CB E0
ADD A.(IX+dis) DD 86 XX CALL PE.ADDR-EC XX XX LD X+dis ,H DD 74 XX OR A B7 RET PO E0 SET 4,C CB El
ADD A.(1Y+dis) ED 86 XX CALL PO,ADDR E4 XX XX LD X+dis ,L DD 75 XX OR B BO RET Z C13
n
is SET 4,D CB E2
ADD A,A 87 CALL Z.ADDR CC XX XX ID Y+dis A FD 77 XX OR C B1 RETI ED 4D ,,,, SET 4,E CB E3
ADD A,8 80 CCF 3F LD Y+dis ,B FD 70 XX OR D B2 RETN ED 45 or SET 4,H CB E4
ADD A.0 81 CP (HI) BE LD V+dis ,C FD 71 XX OR dd F13 dd RL HL) CB 18 SET 5, HL) CB EE
ADD A,0 CP (IX+dis) DD BE XX LD Y+dis 13 FD 72 XX OR E 83 RI IX+dis) DD CB XX 16 SET 5, IX+dis DD CB XX EE
ADD A,dd C6 dd CP (I`E-Fdis) FD BE XX LD Y+dis ,dd FD 38 XX dd OR H 84 RL IY+dis) FD CB XX 16 SET 5, IY+dis FD CB XX EE
ADD A.E 83 CPA BF LD Y+dis ,E FD 73 XX OR L 55 RL A CB 17 SET 5,A EF
ADD A,H 84 CP B B8 LD Y+dis ,H FD 74 XX OTDR ED BB RL B CB 10 SET 5,8 CB E8
ADD A.L 85 CP C B9' LD Y+dis 1 FD 75 XX OTIR ED B3 RL C CB 11 SET 5,C CB E9
ADD HL,BC 09 CP 0 BA LD A,IADDR) 3A XX XX OUT IC .A ED 79 RL D CB 12 SET 5,D CB EA
ADD HL,DE 19 CP dd FE dd LD A, BC OA OUT C ,8 ED 41 RL E CB 13 SET 5,E CB EB
ADD HL,HL 29 CP E BB LD A. DE 1A OUT C ,C ED 49 RL H CB 14 SET 5,H CB EC
ADD HL,SP 39 CP H BC ID A, HL 7E OUT C X/ ' ED 51 RL L CB 16 SET 5,1 CB ED
ADD IX,BC DD 09 CP L BD LD A, IX dis) DD 7E XX OUT C ,E ED 59 RLA 17 SET 6 HL) CB F6
ADD IX.DE DD 19 CPD ED A9 LD A. IY+dis) FD 7E XX OUT C ,H ED 61 RLC 11-1L) CB 06 SET 6, IX+dis) DD CB XX F6
ADD IX,IX DD 29 CPDR ED B9 LD A,A 7F OUT C .I. ED 69 RIC IX+dis) DD CB XX 06 SET 6, IY+dis) FD CB XX F6
ADD IX,SP DD 39. CPI ED Al LD A.B 78 OUT port,A D3 port RIC IY+dis) FD CB XX 06 SET 6,A CB F7
ADD IY.BC FD 09 CPIR ED B1 LD A,C 79 OUTD ED AB RLC A CB 07 SET 6,B CB FO
ADD IY.DE FD 19 CPL 2F LD A,D 7A OUTI ED A3 RLC B CB 00 SET 6,C CB Fl
ADD IY.IV FD 29 DAA 27 LD A,dd 3E dd POP AF Fl RIC C CB 01 SET 6,D CB F2
ADD IY,SP FD 39 DEC (HL) 35 LD A,E 7B POP BC CI RLC D CB 02 SET 6,E CBF3
AND (HL) A6 DEC (IX+dis) DD 35 XX LD A,H 7C POPDE D1 RLC E CB 03 SET 6,H CB F4
AND (IX+dis) DO A6 XX DEC (PC-Fdis) FD 35 XX LD A.1 ED 57 POPHL El RLC H CB 04 SET 6,1 CB F5
AND (IY+dis) FD A6 XX DEC A 3D ID A.L 7D POPIX DD El RLC L CB 05 SET 7,r) CB FE
AND A A7 DEC B 05 LD A,R ED 5F POPIY FD El RLCA 07 SET 7, IX+dis) DD CB XX FE
AND B AO DEC BC OB LD 131HL) 46 PUSH AF F5 RLD ED 6F SET 7, IY+dis) FD CB XX FE
AND C Al DEC C OD LD B, IX+dis) DD 46 XX PUSH BC C5 RR 1HL) CB 1E SET 7,A CB FF .
AND D A2 DEC D 15 LD B. IY+dis) FD 46 XX PUSH DE D5 RR IX+dis) DD CB XX 1E SET 7,B CB F8
AND dd E6 dd DEC DE 1B LD B,A 47 PUSH HL E5 RR IY+dis) FD CB XX 1E SET 7,C CB F9
AND E A3 DEC F 10 LD 13,8 40 PUSH IX DO E5 RR A CB IF SET 7,D CB FA
AND H A4 DEC H 25 LD B.0 41 PUSH IY FD E5 RR B CB 18 SET 7,E CB FB
AND L A5 DEC HL 2B LD B,D 42 RES 0, HL) CB 86 RR C CB 19 SET 7,H CB FC
BIT 0.)HL) CB 46 DEC IX DD 2B LD B.dd 06 dd RES 0.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 86 RR D CB 1A SET 7,L CB FD
BIT 0,(IX+dis) DD CB XX 46 DEC IV FD 2B LD B.E 43 RES 0,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 86 RR E CB 18 CB 26
SLA HL
BIT 0.(IY+dis) FD CB XX 46 DEC L 2D ID B.H 44 RES 0.A CB 87 RR H CB 1C SLA IX+dis) DD CB XX 26
BIT 0.A CB 47 DEC SP 3B LD 5.1 45 RES 0.13 CB 80 RR L CB 10 SLA IY+dis) FD CB XX 26
BIT 0.13 CB 40 DI F3 LD. BC,(ADDR) ED 48 XX XX RES 0,C CB 81 RRA 1F CB 27
SLA A
BIT 0,C CB 41 DJNZ (Its 10 XX LD BC,dd 01 dd dd RES 0.D CB 82 RRC HL) CB OE CB 20
SLA 13
BIT 0,0 CB 42 El FR LD C, HL) 4E RES 0.E CB 83 RRC IX+dis) DD CB XX OE SLA C CB 21
BIT 0.E CB 43 EX (SPEHL 53 LD C. IX+dis) DD 4E XX RES 0,H CB 84 RRC IY+dis) FD CB XX OE SLA D CB 22
BIT 0.H CB 44 EX (SPEIX DD E3 LD C, IY+dis) FD 4E XX RES 0.1 CB 85 RRC A CB OF SLA E CB 23
BIT 0,1 CB 45 EX (SP),IY FD E3 LD C,A 4F RES 1,(HL) CB 8E RRC 13 CB 08 SLA H CB 24
BIT 1,(HL) CB 4E EX AF.AF 08 LD C,B 48 RES 1.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 8E RRC C CB 09 SLA L CB 25
BIT 1,(IX+dis) DD CB XX 4E EX DE.HL EB LD C,C 49 RES 1 (IY+dis) FD CB XX BE RRC D CB OA SRA HI) CB 2E
BIT 1.(IY+dis) FD CB XX 4E EXX D9 LD C,D 4A RES 1,A CB 8F RRC E CB OB SRA IX+dis) DD CB XX 2E
BIT 1,A CB 4F HALT 76 LD C,dd OE dd RES 1,B CB 88 RRC H CB OC SRA IY+dis) FD CB XX 2E
BIT 1.13 CB 48 M0 ED 46 LD C,E 4B RES 1,C CB 89 RAC L CB OD SRA A CB 2F
BIT 1.0 CB 49 M 1 ED 56 LD C,H 4C RES 1,D CB 8A RRCA OF SRA B CB 28
BIT 1,0 CB 4A M 2 ED 5E LD C,L 4D RES 1,E CB 88 RRD ED 67 SRA C CB 29
BIT 1,E CB 4B N A.(C) ED 78 LD D, HL) 56 RES 1,H CB 8C RST 00 Cl SRA D CB 2A
BIT 1.H CB 4C N &port DB XX LD D. IX+dis) DD 56 XX RES 1 L CB 8D RST 08 CF SRA E CB 26
BIT 1,L CB 4D N B.(C) ED 40 LD D, IY+dis) FD 56 XX RES 2,(HL) CB 96 RST 10 D7 SRA. H CB 2C
BIT 2,(HL) CB 56 N C.(C, ED 48 LD D,A 57 RES 2,(IX+dis) DD CB XX 98 RST 18 OF SRA L CB 2D
BIT 2.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 56 N DEC) ED 50 LD D,B 50 RES 2,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 96 RST 20 E7 SRL n) 3E
BIT 2,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 56 N E IC) ED 58 LD D.0 51 RES 2,A CB 97 RST 28 EF SRL IX+dil DD C CB XX 3E
BIT 2,A CB 57 N H.,CI ED 60 LD D.13 52 RES 2,8 CB 90 RST 30 F7' SRL IY+dis FD CB XX 3E
BIT 2,8 CB 50 N 1.(C) ED 68 LD D,dd 16 dd RES 2,C CB 91 RST 38 FF SRL A CB 3F
BIT 2,C CB 51 NC (HL) 34 1_13.D,E 53 RES 2,D CB 92 SSC A, HL) 9E SRL B CB 38
BIT 2,D CB 52 NC (1X+dis) DD 34 XX LD D.H 54 RES 2,E CB 93 SBC AI X+dis) DD 9E XX SRL C CB 39
BIT 2,E CB 53 BC (IY-Fdis) ED 34 XX LD D.L 55 RES 2,H CB 94 SBC A, IY+dis) FD 9E XX SRL D CB 3A
BIT 2,H CB 54 NC A 3C LD DE,(ADDR) ED 5B XX XX RES 2,L ' CB 95 SBC A,A 9F SRL E CB 3B
BIT 2,L CB 55 NC B 04 LD DE,dddd 11 dd dd RES 3,(FIL) CB 9E SBC A,B 98 SRL H CB 3C
BIT 3,(HL) CB 5E NC BC 03 LD E,(HL) 5E RES 3,(IX+dis) DD CB XX 9E SBC A,C 99 SRL L CB 3D
BIT 3,(IX+dis) DD CB XX 5E NC C OC LD E,(IX+dis) 013 5E XX RES 3,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 9E SBC A,D 9A 96
BIT 3,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 55 NC D 14 LD E.(/Y+dis) FD 5E XX 3,A SBC A,dd DE dd SUB IX+dis) DD 96 XX
BIT 3,A CB 5F NC DE 13 LD EA 5F RES 3,8 CB 98 SBC A,E 96 IY+dis) FD 96 XX
SUB (IY+dis(
SUB
BIT 3,B CB 58 NC E 1C LD E.B 58 RES 3,C CB 99 SBC AM 9C SUB A 97
BIT 3,C CB 59 NC H 24 LID E.0 59 RES 3,D CB 9A SBC A.1 9D SUB B 90
BIT 3.D CB 5A NC HL 23 LD E,D 5A RES 3,E CB 9B SBC HL,BC ED 42 SUB C 91
BIT 3,E CB 5B NC IX DD 23 LD E,dd 15 dd RES 3,H CEI 9C SBC HL,DE ED52 SUB D 92
BIT 3,H CB 5C NC DI FD 23 LD E,E 58 RES 3.L C8 9D SBC HL,HL ED 62 SUB dd D6 dd
BIT 3.1 CB 5D NC L 2C LD E,H 5C RES 4,)HL) CB A6 SBC HL,SP ED 72 SUB E 93
BIT 4.(HL) CB 66 NC SP 33 LD E.L 5D RES 4,(1X+dis) DD CB XX A6 SCF 37 SUB H 94
BIT 4.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 66 ND ED AA LD NHL) 66 RES 4,(IY+dis) FD CB XX A6 SET 0,(HL) CB C6 SUB 1 95
BIT 4,(IY+dis) FD CR XX 66 NOR ED BA LD H,(IX+dis) DD 66 XX RES 4,A CB A7 SET 0,(IX+dis) DD CB XX C6 XOR(HL) AE
BIT 4.A CB 67 NI ED A2 LD H,(IY+dis) FD 66 XX RES 4,8 CB AO SET 0,(IY+dis) ED CB XX C6 XOR (IX+dis) DD AE XX
BIT 4.B CB 60 NIR ED B2 LD H.P. 67 RES 4,C CB Al SET 0.A CB C7 XOR (IY+dis) FD AE XX
BIT 4.0 CB 61 JP (HE) E9 LD H,B 60 RES 4,D CB A2 SET 0,B CB CO XOR A AF
BIT 4,D CB 62 JP (IX) DD E9 LD H,C 61 RES 4,E CB A3 SET 0,C CB Cl XOR B A8
BIT 4.E CB 63 • JP (IV) FD E9 LD HAD 62 RES 4,H CB A4 SET 0,D CB C2 XOR C A9
BIT 4,H CB 64 JP ADDR C3 XX XX LD H,dd 26 dd RES 4.L CB A5 SET 0,E CB C3 XOR D AA
BIT 4.1 CB 65 JP C.ADDR DA XX XX LD H,E 63 RES 5.(H1) CB AE SET 0.H CB C4 XOR dd EE dd
BIT 5.(HL) CB 6E JP M,ADDR FA XX XX LD H.H 64 RES 5,)IX+dis) DD CB XX AE SET 0,L CB C5 XOR E AB
BIT 5.(IX+dis) DD CB XX 6E JP NC.ADDR D2 XX XX LD H.L 65 RES 5,(IY+dis) FD CEI XX AE SET 1,(HL) CB CE XOR H AC
BIT 5,(IY+dis) FD CB XX 6E JP NZ.ADDR C2 XX XX ED HLIADDRI ED 6B XX XX RES 5,A CB AF SET 1,(IX+dis) DD CB XX CE XOR L AD
_ - -

corrected 16 - 6 - 1985
62 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 Machine Codes SHEET
Z80 FOR DISASSEMBLY 12

' °
o nononoonnnoonnno onno normon000nnononnnoonn nonnoonnonnononon nnonnnonnoononno non000 nnm ,mmmmmm,,,mmm,-mm mmmm mmmmm mmmm mm00 0pou
LD. I,A

OT3 >

„
D,Imo nco>

=
,i,i,,i,,
As
SET 2,H

.mm.,,,,,D .

,
-- M T: r7P 0
ED 47

00 0 00(Ju ouououououri
mmm mcommmm mm mm mmmmm m mmm a3m mmmm mmmmmmmmmm mm alm m com m000 0000 00 000000comm comm incomm commalmcommcom mmoo m anomm on com co mmco m m co mmm oo mco m m com m in comm co mm co mcom
co uln wu.o•-Nma ul toNcomamonw L..o,-Nm.e.to,mm<morD w u.o,-Nmq m w,mmgm oou,.0-Nm,,.,mmam oow L,,,-Nmqmtor-comam oow LL 0,
CB D4

2 *('-i-
LD H,D

.
62 IN C,(C)

.
.
CB D5 SET 2,L ED 48

a ›
This is a Z-80 MACHINE 63

W) .

M
LO H,E SET 2,(HL) OUT (C),C

_,s,,,,T,,,,,,,,,
CB D6 ED 49
CODE disassembly 64 LD H,H SET 2,A ADC HL,BC

a
CB D7 ED 4A
table. Use it in 65 LD H,L SET 3.B LD FIC,(ADDR)

In
CB D8 ED 48
conjunction with the Z- 66 LD H.(HL)

==
SET 3,C RETI

m o141w.-,
CB D9 ED 4D
67 LD H,A SET 3.D LD R.A

,i,i4„,:44,i,riLi6L6 6- 6L6,6
80 Machine Codes C B DA ED 4F
68 LD L. SET 3,E

,,
presented previously CB DB ED 50 IN DAC)
' 69 LD L,C

..„
.,,
›,.
CB DC SET 3,H ED 51 OUT (C),D

...,0,ww.wo .ww,,N,,,NN,,N,,N,Nmmcomm m w .
T '8e- M -P C
,
for the creation of your 6A LD L,D

.
CB DD SET 3,L ED 52 SBC HL,DE

,10-
own programs. 68 LD L,E SET 3,(1-1L) ED 53 LD (ADDR),DE
CB DE
6C LD L,H

%r “ 0 .
SET 3.A IM 1

a
CB DF ED 56
These lists make pro- 6D LD L,L

-om mo om n.m,
CB EO SET 4.6 ED 57 LD A.I

,.,,,,,
6E LD L,(HL)

:m -0 -1 -IM ,C',=,( ,a-1-1

8 * )7 % 7 7
grarnming and dis- CB El SET 4,C ED 58 IN E.(C)
6F LD LA SET 4.D

===
assembly easy. Fit them CB E2 ED 59 OUT (C),E

Er
70 LD (HL),B CB E3 SET 4,E ED 5A ADC HL,DE

;
into a.plastic sleeve and

g.
0
71 LD (HL),C

,
›Q
SET 4,H LD DE,(ADDR)

T;
CB E4 ED 56
keep them handy. 72 LD (HL),D CB E5 SET 4,L ED 5E IM 2
73 LD (HL),E SET 4,(HL)

ouououououucw 0000 000 00 00 0 00ueuo uououo uuouou ououououuououou ououououou:)uououo uouo uououououo uououuouououou
CB E6 ED 5F LD A,R

,,, t'X W, a,

,E, u,
74 LD (HL),H SET 4,A

a
CB E7 ED 60 IN 1-1,(C)
75 CB E8 SET 5,6 ED 61 OUT (C),H

'
76 LO
HALT
L
LT ) CB E9 SET 5,C ED 62 SBC HL,HL
77 LD (HL),A CB EA SET 5,D ED 63 LD (ADDR),HL
00 NOP 78 LD A,B
.
CB EB SET 5,E ED 67 RRD
01 LD BC,dddd 79 LD A,C

-n r. D
.=
SET 5,H

,,,
CB EC ED 68 IN L(C)

E
02 LD (BC),A 7A LD A.D
) * (-> T % 6 g'4 -2g 2
CB ED SET 5.L ED 69 OUT (C),L

5 ,,i,,,,:
03 INC BC 7B LD A,E CB EE SET 5,(HL) ED 6A ADC HL,HL
04 INC B 7C LD A,H
,= ,,,-1-lw
SET 5,A

=
4gt, T
CB EF LD HL(ADDR)

a
ED 613
05 DEC 8 7D LD A,L °1
'a
CB FO SET 6.6 ED 6F RLD
06 LD B,dd 7E LD A,(HL) SET 6,C

m ,„"i
CB Fl ED 72 SBC HL,SP
07 RLCA 7F LD A,A
g,
CB F2 SET 6.D ED 73 LD (ADDR),SP

.
08 EX AF,A'F' 80 ADD A,B
.

SET 6,E

mmm mm com mx=xmcc mccm ccx mccx= xxm ccx= xx mx=x mccm m mxx m ccxx xxxm x= mmx m mx= m ccx = mccm ccm=mm o ow www wwoowm tn w moww om
CB F3 ED 78 IN A.IC)
09 ADD HL,BC 81 ADD A,C

.m
CB F4 SET 6,H ED 79 OUT (C),A
OA LD A,(13C) 82 ADD A,D E SET 6,L

,...
CB F5 ED 7A ADC HL,SP
m0 00

013 DEC BC 83 ADD A,E

0

SET 6.(HL)
g

_,z ,m00 0 2 -Jsmunwm _,

1

CB F6 ED 7B LD SP,(ADDR)
ta 1

OC INC C 84 ADD A,H SET 6,A

a
CB F7 ED AO LDI
.

OD DEC C 85
1 W-ro

ADD A,L
m commco mmmm mmmonom wm mmmm mmcomm mmcom mmco m mmcom mmwm commm comcom mcommco mmmm mmmm mmmmmmmw mmcom mmmm mmmm ,

CB F8 SET 7,13 ED Al

-TJTJ222 22 222T,22222 ,L222n2222MTM2 22 LT2 222,T2=n

CPI

.;664:5 66666,
OE LD C,dd 86 ADD A,(HL)
,,,,nononnon-

CB F9 SET 7.0 ED A2 INI

OF RRCA 87 ADD A,A
g2 M.T2 2gnc92 (28

- M M O OM

CB FA SET 7.D ED A3 OUTI

10 DJNZ dis 88 ADC A,B SET 7.E
CB FB ED A8 LDD
1

11 LD DE,dddd 89 ADC A,C CB FC SET 7,H ED A9 CPD

12 LD (DE),A 8A ADC A,D SET 7,L
CB FD ED AA IND
13 INC DE 8B ADC A,E SET T(IL)
CB FE ED AB OUTD
14 INC D 8C ADC A,H SET 7,A

a
CB FF ED BO LDIR
15 DEC D 80 ADC A,L
1i - X MO OM >a

DD 09 ADD IX,BC ED B1 CPIR

,
4

16 LD 0,dd 8E ADC A,(HL) DD 19 ADD IX,DE

m 0003 ..m.comm m mm ,,,m mmm mmmmmmaaa<aaa aa aa<a‹<<mmm m mmm mm mmmm mmm o uouo uouo uuououo0000

ED 62 INIR
17 RIA RE ADC A,A DD 21 LD IX.dddd ED B3 OTIR
18 JR dis 90 SUB B DD 22 LD (ADDR),IX ED B8 LDDR
'11

19 ADD FIL,DE 91 SUB C DD 23 INC IX ED B9 CPDR

1A LD A,(DE) 92 SUB D DD 29 ADD IX,IX INDR
ED BA
1T31
'T- w ,,,,

1B DEC DE 93 SUB E DD 2A LD IX,(ADDR) OTDR

ED BB
1C INC E 94 SUB H DD 26 DEC IX ED 09 ADD IY,BC
?_‹mucnit
a

10 DEC E 95 SUB L DD 34 INC,(IX + dis)

_C.

FD 19 ADD IY,DE
1E LD E.dd 96 SUB (HL) DD 35 DEC,(IX + dis) FD 21 LD IY,ddrld
,inir4c4 r4 ri

1F RRA
4N -o

97 SUB A
m>a ,.„,

DD 36 LD (IX + dis)dd FD 22 LD (ADDR(,IV

20 JR NZ dis 98 SBC A,B DD 39 ADD IX,SP FD 23 INC IY
21 LD HL,dddd 99 SBC A,C
m ,x4,

DD 46 LD B,(IX + dis) FD 29 ADD IY,IY

22 LD (ADDR),HL 9A SBC A,D DO 4E LD C,(IX + dis) FD 2A LD IY,(ADDR)
,l

.23 INC HL 9B SBC A,E DD 56 LD 0,(IX + dis) FD 26 DEC IV

24 INC H 9C SBC A,H DD 5E LD E,(IX + dis) FD 34 INC,(IV + dos)
a

25 DEC H 9D SRC A,L LD 1-1,(IX + dis)

',moo m> .m,

_7

DD 66 FD 35 DEC,(IY + dis)
zmun wm

26 LD H,dd 9E SBC A,(HL) DO 6E LD L.(IX + dis) FD 36 LD (IV + &s)dd

27 DAA SBC A,A
,

9F DD 70 LD (IX + dis).8 ADD IY,SP

,irc,ir.ir. rifrici cf LrixixiLritrlricJi ti

FD 39
28 JR Z,dis AND B
- M Iil„„i„mpl

AO DD 71 LD (IX + dos).0 FD 46 LD 8,(IY + dos)

29 ADD HL,HL Al AND C DD 72 LD (IX + dis).D FD 4E LD C,(IY + dos)
2A LD HL.(ADDR) A2 AND D DD 73 LD (IX + dis).E LD 0,(IY + dis)
FD 56
2B DEC HL A3 AND E DD 74 LD (IX + dis).H FD 5E LD F.,(1Y + dos)
2C INC L A4 AND H DD 75. LD (IX + dis),L LD H,(IV + dc)
FD 66
a

2D DEC L
M ,

A5 AND L DD 77 LD (IX + dis)A LD 1_,(IY + dos)

<mun wI-JT,tmuclwm _m uclumuO LIJM _JT,tm uo wm _,M cf m uC wm

FD 6E
2E LD L,dd A6 AND (HL) DO 7E LD A,(IX + dis) LD (IV + dos),B
FD 70
=,

2F CPL A7 AND A DD 86 ADD A,(IX + dos) FD 71 LID (IV + dos).0

30 JR NC,dis
›a 'im"M'›a 'IMp n W >2-'IM"

A8 XOR B DD 8E ADC. A,(IX + dis) FD 72 LD (IV + dos),0

31 LD SP.dddd A9 XOR C DD 96 SUB (IX + dis) FD 73 LD (IV + dos),E
L

32 LD (ADDR).A AA XOR D DD 9E SRC A,(IX + dis)

n===

FD 74 LD (IV + dos),H
33 INC SP AB XOR E DD A6 AND (IX + As) FD 75 LD (IV + dos),L
34 INC (HL) AC XOR H DD AE XOR (IX + dis) FD 77 LD (IV + dos).A
a

35 DEC (HL) AD XOR L

C.

DD B6 OR (IX + dis) FD 7E LD A,(IY + dos)

36 LD (HL),dd AE XOR (HL) DD BE CP (IX + dis) ADD A,(IV + dos)
FD 86
37 SCF AF XOR A DD CB XX 06 RIC (IX + dis) FD 8E ADC A,(IY + dos)
38 JR C,dis '
TT LITMMTTV4

BO OR B DD CB XX OE RRC (IX + dis) FD 96 SUB (IV + dos)

39 ADD HL,SP B1 OR C DD CB XX 16 RL (IX + dis) FD 9E SBC A,(IV + dos)
2 22n2T 2222 222222t2 2212 2=======

3A LD A,(ADDR) B2 OR D DD CB XX IE RR (IX + dos) AND (IY + dis)

ED 46
3B DEC SP 83 OR E DD CB XX 26 SLA (IX + As) XOR (IY + dos)
FD AE
3C INC A B4 OR H DD CB XX 2E SRA (IX + dis) OR (IV + dis)
a

FD B6
3D DEC'A B5
E

OR L
tI tt=orTI

DD CB XX 3E SRL (IX + dis) FD BE CP (IV + dos)

3E LD A,dd I36 OR (HL) DD CB XX 46 BIT 0,(IX + dis) RLC (IV + dos)
FD CB XX 06
3F CCF B7 ORA DD CB XX 4E BIT 1,(IX + dis) FD CB XX OE RRC (IV + d)s)
-

40 LD 13,13 88 CP B
Nma.w ,

DD CB XX 56 BIT 2,(IX + As) FD CH XX 16 RL (IV + dos)

41 10 B,C 89 CP C DD CB XX 5E BIT 3,(IX + As) FD CB XX 11 RR (IV + dos)
42 LD B.D BA CPD DD CB XX 66 BIT 4,(IX + dis) SLA (IY + dos)
FD CB XX 26
43 LD B.E BB CP E DD CB XX 6E BIT 5,(IX + dis) SRA (IV + dis)
clitli

FD CB XX 2E
44 LD B,H BC CP H DD CB XX 76 BIT 6,(IX + dis) SRL (IV + dos)
FD CB XX 3E
a

45 LD 8,L BD CP L
C

DD CB XX 7E BIT 7,(IX + dos) FD CB XX 46 BIT 0,(IY + dos)

46 LD B.(HL) BE CP (HL)
comam oo w ,4 o .-Nm.o. .

DD CB XX 86 RES 0,(IX + As) FD CB XX 4E BIT 1,(IY + dos)

47 LD, 8,A RE CPA DD CB XX 8E RES 1,(IX + dis) BIT 2,(IY + dos)
FD CB XX 56
48 LD C.B CO RET NZ
=4-T-'c gg gi'07(?)

DD CB XX 96 RES 2,(IX + dos) FD CB XX 5E BIT 3,(IY + dos)

r,

49
:r
fif
:

LD C,C Cl POP BC DD CB XX 9E RES 3,(IX + dis) FD CB XX 66 BIT 4,(IY + dos)

4A LD C,D . C2 JP NZ ADDR DD CB XX A6 RES 4,(IX + dis) BIT 5,(IY + dos)
FD CB XX 6E
=,

48 LD C.E C3 JP ADDR
O tgg tit tttt t

DD CB XX AE RES 5,(IX + As) FD CB XX 76 BIT 6,(IY + dos)

4C LD C,H C4 CALL NZ ADDR DD CB XX 66 RES 6.(IX + dis) FD CB XX 7E BIT 7,(IY + dos)
a

4D LD C,L C5 PUSH BC DD CB XX BE RES 7.(IX + As) RES 0,(IY + dos)

FD CB XX 86
4E LD C,(HL) C6 ADD A,dd
ddcidddc3ci

DD CB XX C6 SET 0,(IX + dis) FD CB XX RE RES 1,(IY + dos)

4F LID C,A C7 RST 00 DD CB XX CE SET 1,(IX + dos) RES 2,(IY + dos)
-

FD CB XX 96
==

50 LD D.B C8 RET Z DD CB XX D6 SET 2,(IX + dos) FD CB XX 9E RES 3,(IY + dos)

51 LD D.0 C9 RET DD CB XX DE SET 3,(IX + dis) FD CB XX A6 RES 4,(IY + ohs)
52 LD D,D CA JP Z ADDR DD CB XX E6 SET 4,(IX + dis) FD CB XX AE RES 5,(IY + As)
Ac

53 LD D,E CB * DD CB XX EE SET 5,(IX + dis) FD CB XX E36 RES 6,(IY + dos)

54 LD D,H CC CALL Z,ADDR SET 6,(IX + dis)
wN m m<m uoL,.

DD CB XX F6 FD CB XX BE RES 7,(IY + dos)

55 LD D,L CD CALL ADDR DD CB XX FE SET 7,(IX + dos) FD CB XX C6 SET 0,(IY + dis)
56 LD 1),(HL) CE ADC A,dd DD El POP IX FD CB XX CE SET 1,(IY + dos)
57 LD ELA CF RST 08 DD E3 EX (SP),!X FD CB XX D6 SET 2,(IY + dis)
(

58 LD E,B DO RET NC DD E5 PUSH IX FD CB XX DE SET 3,(IY + dos)

P.P42TTMIT

'_,=

' ' ' ' ' ,N ni c,ni

59 LD E,C 01 POP DE DD E9 JP (IX) FD CB XX E6 SET 4,(IY + dos)

5A LD E,D D2 JP NC ADDR DD F9 LD SP,IX FD CB XX El SET 5,(IY + dos)
56 LD E,E D3 OUT portA ED 40 IN 13.(C) ED CB XX F6 SET 6,(IY + dos)
5C LD E,H D4 CALL NC ADDR ED 41 FD CB XX FE
a

OUT (C),B SET 7,(IY + dos)

'gP'4. 1

5D LD E,L D5 PUSH DE ED 42 SBC HL,I3C FD El POP IV

_
-

5E LD E,(HL) D6 SUB dd
0,-

mc.,0 0

ED 43 LD (ADDR),BC FD E3 EX (SP),IY
51 LD E,A D7 RST 10 ED 44 NEG FD E5 PUSH IV
60 LD H,8 08 RET C
Nm

ED 45 RETN E9 JP (IV)
61 LD H,C A
,;i

D9 EXX ED 46 IM 0 F
ED F9 LD SP. IY
..

ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 63
 Machine Codes SHEET 13
Z80 EXPLAINED Part 1
A BRIEF description for each Z-80 instruction:
EX (SP)HL . The contents of the location addressed by the Stack
ADC A,( ) . The value of the byte pointed to by the address in ( ) Pointer are exchanged with the contents of the CPU
plus the value of the carry flag, is added to the register L. The contents of the H register are
accumulator. exchanged with the contents of the stack pointer plus
ADC A,B . . The value of the B register plus the value of the carry one.
flag is added to the accumulator. EX AF,AF' . . The contents of the accumulator and status register
ADC HL,BC . The value of the register pair BC plus the value of the are exchanged with the contents of the alternate
carry flag . is added to the HL register pair. accumulator and status register.
ADD A,( ) . The byte at the address ( ) is added to the accumulator. EX DE,HL . . Exchange the contents of DE and HL registers.
ADD A,B . . The value of the B register is added to the accumulator. EXX . . . . Exchange the contents of the general purpose
ADD HL,BC . The value of the BC register pair is added to the HL registers with corresponding alternate registers.
register pair. HALT . . . . CPU suspends operation and executes NOP's. It
ADD IX,BC . The value of the BC register pair is added to the index maintains memory refresh logic.
register. IM 0 . . . . Sets interrupt mode 0.
AND ( .. The value of the byte pointed to by the address in ( ) is IM 1 . . . . Program RESTARTS at 0038H when interrupted.
logically ANDed with the accumulator. IM 2 . . . Sets interrupt mode 2.
AND A . . . The accumulator is ANOed with itself. IN A,(C) . . Data (from the input port specified by the contents of
AND B . . . The B register is ANDed with the accumulator. register C) is loaded into register A.
BIT 0,( .• Bit 0 of the byte pointed to by the address in ( ) is INC (HL) . . The contents of a memory location are incremented by
tested and if found to be '0', the ZERO FLAG is set to '1'. one.
BIT 0,A . . . Bit 0 of the A register is tested and if it is '1' the zero INC A . HL Increment register A (Or a register Pair e.g. BC DE etc.)
flag is set to '0'. IND . . . . Input from a port specified by the contents of register
CALL Addr . . The program is diverted to a sub-routine. C. One byte of data is transferred to the memory
CALL C The CALL will only be performed if the carry flag in the location addressed by the contents of the HL register
Address F register is '1'. pair. The value in register B and HL will be
CALL M The CALL will only be performed if the S flag (sign flag) decremented at the end of this instruction.
Address is negative. INDR . . . . Same as IND except the instruction continues until
CALL NC The CALL will only be performed if the NON-CARRY register B reaches zero.
Address condition is present. i.e. carry flag '0'. INI Same as IND except the contents of HL register pair
CALL NZ The CALL will only be performed if a NON-ZERO are decremented at the conclusion of the instruction.
AddreSs condition is satisfied. i.e. the zero flag is '0'. INIR . . . . Same as INI except the instruction repeats until
CALL P The CALL will only be performed if the sign flag in the F register B reaches zero.
Address register is positive. i.e S = 1. JP (HL) . . Jump to the address contained in register pair HL.
CALL PE The CALL instruction will only be executed if the JP ADDR . . See CALL instructions.
Address PARITY is EVEN. This means the P/V flag is SET (1). JP C,ADDR . A conditional relative addressing jump. See CALL for
CALL PO The CALL directive will only be executed if the PARITY JP M,ADOR meaning of C, NC, NZ Et, Z.
Address is ODD. This means the P/V flag is reset (0). LD (ADDR),A The contents of the accumulator are loaded into the
CALL Z The CALL will only be executed if the zero flag is SET address contained within the ( ).
Address (1). LD (ADDR)BC The contents of C are loaded into the immediate
CCF Complements the CARRY FLAG - reverses the address and B into the address plus one.
condition of the carry flag. LD (BC),A . The contents of the accumulator are loaded into the
CP ( Compare the value of the byte pointed to by the location pointed to by the contents of BC.
address in ( ) with the accumulator. LD ( ),A . . The contents of A are loaded into the memory location
CP A The accumulator is compared with itself. (IX + dis) obtained by adding a displacement value to the
CP B The value of the B register is compared with the contents of the IX register.
accumulator. LD A,(ADDR) Load the accumulator with the contents of the
CPD . . The contents of the memory location pointed to by the immediately specified memory address.
HL register pair is subtracted from the accumulator LD A,A . . . Load the data from one CPU register into another.
and the result discarded. Both HL and BC are LD A,dd . . Load one byte of data into the CPU register specified.
decremented. LD BC,dd dd Load 2 bytes of data into the CPU register pair
CPDR . As above but instruction will terminate when BC = 0 or specified. e.g. The first byte loads into C and the
A = (HL). second byte into B.
CPI The contents of the memory location pointed to by the LD A,I . . . Load the accumulator with the contents of the
HL register pair are compared with the contents of the Interrupt Vector register.
accumulator. HL is then incremented and BC LO A,R . . . Load the accumulator with the contents of the
decremented. Memory Refresh register.
CPIR . Compare the contents of the address pointed to by the LD I,A . . . Load the Interrupt vector register, from the
HL register pair with the accumulator. HL is then accumulator.
incremented and BC decremented until BC = LD R,A Load the Memory Refresh register with the contents of
0. or if A = (HL). the accumulator.
CPL Complement the accumulator. i.e. all 1's are changed LOD . . The contents of a memory location pointed to by the
to O's etc. contents of the HL register pair are transferred to the
DAA Decimal Adjust the Accumulator. Produces one digit location pointed to by the contents of the DE register
for the 4 least significant bits and one for the 4 most pair. After the data has been transferred both HL and
significant bits. The carry flag is set to '1' if an overflow DE are decremented by one. Also the 'counter-
Occurs. register' pair BC is decreased by one.
DEC ( ) . Decrement the contents of a memory location by one. LDDR Same as LDD except if contents of BC do not go to
DEC A . Decrement the contents of a CPU register by one. zero, the Program Counter will be decreased by a value
DI Disable a maskable interrupt signal. of two and the instruction will be re-executed. The
DJNZ . . . A conditional relative addressing jump. The contents instruction will continue until the value in the register
of register B is firstly decremented. If the result is NOT pair BC goes to zero.
ZERO, a jump, determined by the value of the LDI Same as LDD except register pairs HL and DE are
displacement byte, will take place. If the result is zero, increased by a count of one.
the next instruction will be executed. LDIR Same as LDDR except register pairs HL and DE are
El This one-byte instruction ENABLES the maskable incremented by one after the data has been
interrupt function by setting the interrupt flip flops. transferred.

64 ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3
 Z80 Machine Codes
EXPLAINED Part11
NEG Each bit in the accumulator is reversed sign. One's go
to zero and zero's go to one. Then one is added to the
result.
NOP The NO OPERATION instruction. Only the Program
Counter advances.
OR ( ) . The logic OR operation is performed between the
accumulator and the contents of the memory location
pointed to by the address in ( ).
OR A,B,C etc A logic OR operation is performed between the
accumulator and a specified register.
OTDR . . . Data from the memory location specified by the
contents of the HL register is outputted to a port as
specified by the contents of register C. The HL pointer
has its value decremented after each transfer
operation. The value of register B is decremented and
if the result is zero, the Program Counter register is set
back 2 units so that the instruction is re-executed.
OTIR . . . . Same OTDR except that the HL pointer is incremented
after each execution.
OUT (C),A etc The contents of A, B, C, D, etc are outputted to the port
specified by the contents of register C.
OUT port,A . . The contents of the accumulator is outputted to the
port specified.
OUTD Data is outputted from memory location specified by
the contents of the HL register pair to the port
specified by the contents of register C. (contents of
register B will be decremented but no repeat operation
will be performed.) HL register pair has its contents
decremented after the conclusion of the operation.
OUTI Same as OUTD except HL has its contents
incremented at the conclusion of the operation.
POP AF . . . Two bytes are removed from the stack. The first byte is
loaded into F and the second into A.
PUSH HL . . . Two bytes are placed onto the stack. The contents of
the HIGH ORDER register are stored in the stack at
the address of the stack pointer less one. The content
of the LOW ORDER register are stored at the address
of the stack pointer less two.
RES 0,() . . RESET BIT 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 to the logic ZERO
conditon of the specified register.
RET The unconditional RETURN instruction
RET C . . . Return from the sub-routine if the carry flag in the F
register is true (1).
RET M . . . . The instruction will only be performed if the S flag (sign
flag) is negative.
RET NC . . The instruction will only be performed if the NON-
CARRY condition is present. i.e. the CARRY FLAG is
'0'.
RET NZ . . The instruction will only be performed if a NON-ZERO
condition is satisfied. i.e. the ZERO FLAG is '0'.
RET P . . . . The instruction will only be performed if the sign flag in
the F register is positive. i.e. S = 1.
RET PE . . . The instruction will only be performed if the PARITY is
EVEN. This means the P/V flag is SET (1).
RET PO . . . The instruction will only performed if the PARITY is
ODD. This means the P/V flag is reset (0).
RET Z . . . . The instruction will only be performed if the ZERO flag
is SET (1).
RETI Return from INTERRUPT.
RETN . . . . Return from non-maskable INTERRUPT.
RI. ( ) . . . The content of the memory location contained in ( ) is
rotated to the left, through the carry bit.
RI. A,B,C,etc . The contents of the register is rotated one bit position
to the left, through the carry bit.
RLA This is a one-byte instruction of RI. A and rotates the
contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left,
through the carry bit.
RLC ( . . . The contents of a memory location pointed to by the
contents of the location in ( ) is shifted one bit to the
left but not through the carry. The C flag is set to the
original status of the register's least significant bit.
RLC A,B,etc . The contents of the indicated register is shifted one bit
position to the left. It does not shift through the carry
bit but does set the C flag to the original status of the
register's most significant bit.
RLCA . . . . This is a one byte instruction of RLC A and operates as
above.
RLD . . . The 4 low-order bits of a memory location (pointed to
by the contents of register pair in brackets) are
transferred to the 4 high-order bits of the same
memory location. The 4 high-order bits are transferred
into the 4 low-order bits of the accumulator. The
previous 4 low-order bits of the accumulator are
transferred to the 4 low-order bits of the memory
location specified above.
RR ( j . Rotate the contents of a memory location pointed to by
the contents of the register in ( ) to the right, through
the carry bit.
RR A,B,C etc Rotate the indicated register to the right through the
carry bit.
RRA . . . . Rotate the accumulator right, through the carry bit.
RRC ( ) . . Rotate the contents of a memory location pointed to by
the contents of the register in ( ) to the right but not
through the carry bit. The C flag is set to the status of
the register's least significant bit.
RRC A,B,etc Rotate register to the right but not through the carry
bit.
RRCA . . . . A one-byte instruction for RRC A.
RRD . . . . The 4 high-order bits of a memory location (pointed to
by the contents of register pair HL) are transferred to
the 4 low-order bits of the same location. The 4 low-
order bits are transferred to the 4 low-order bits of the
accumulator. The previous 4 low-order bits of the
accumulator are transferred to the 4 high-order bits of
the memory location specified above. A special one-
RST 00 . . . A special one-byte subroutine call directive called
RESTART.
RST 00 will restart at page zero, location 00. i.e. 00 00
RST 08 will restart at location 08. i.e. 00 08 etc.
SBC A,( ) . Subtract the contents of memory pointed to by the
contents of the register pair in ( ) and the carry flag
from the accumulator. Store the result in the
accumulator.
SBC A,B . . The contents of the B register and the carry flag (the C
flag in the F register) are subtracted from the contents
of the accumulator. The result is stored in the
accumulator.
SCF . . . The carry flag (the C flag in the F register) is set to 1.
SET 0,( ) . Bit 0, etc at the memory location pointed to by the
contents of the register in ( ) is set to 1.
SET 0,B . . The indicated bit in the selected register is set to 1.
SLA ( j . . SHIFT LEFT ARITHMETIC. Shift the contents of the
memory location pointed to by the contents of the
register in ( ) one bit to the left, resettng the least
significant bit to 0.
SLA A,B,etc Shift the contents of the specified register left one bit,
resetting the least significant bit to 0.
SRA ( ) . . SHIFT RIGHT ARITHMETIC. Shift the contents of a
memory location pointed to by the contents of the
register in ( ) to the right. The high-order bit is not
altered. Bit 0 is shifted into the carry bit.
SRA A,B,etc Shift the contents of a register one bit to the right.
High-order bit is unchanged. Bit 0 is shifted into the
carry bit.
SRL ( ) . . SHIFT RIGHT LOGICAL. The contents of the memory
location pointed to by the contents of the register in ( )
are shifted to the right. Bit 7 is reset to 0. Bit 0 is
shifted into the carry bit.
SRL A,B,etc The contents of the indicated register is shifted one bit
position to the right. Bit 7 is reset to 0. Bit 0 is shifted
into the carry bit.
SUB ( . . Subtract the contents of the memory location pointed
to by the contents of the register in ( ) from the
accumulator.
SUB A,B,etc Subtract the contents of the specified register from the
accumulator.
SUB dd . . Subtract immediate data from the accumulator.
XOR ( ) . Perform the Exclusive-OR operation on data pointed to
by the contents of the register in ( ) with the
accumulator.
XOR A,B,etc Exclusive-OR the contents of the specified register
with the accumulator.
XOR dd . . Exclusive-OR the immediate data with the
accumulator.
ELECTRONICS NOTEBOOK 3 65