NAVY CHILDREN SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO: SANJAY SIR SUBMITTED BY: AYUSH

YADAV

XII D

ROLL
NO: 05
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayush Kumar Yadav, a student of
Class XII SCIENCE, has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project under the
guidance of Mr. SANJAY SINGH (subject teacher)
during the year 2023-2024 in partial fulfillment of
PHYSICS practical examination prescribed by CBSE
for XII (SCIENCE).
BOARD ROLL NO:
DATE:

TEACHER SIGNATURE
MR. SANJAY SINGH
PRINCIPAL

EXAMINER SIGNATURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense

of gratitude to all those people without whom this project
could have never been completed. I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to our Principal, Mrs. Anitha Devi, for her
support in this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to
our Physics Teacher Mr. Sanjay Singh for his valuable
guidance throughout the project and making this successful. I
would also like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and ideas which
have been helpful in various phases of the completion of
this project.
AYUSH KUMAR YADAV
12th D SCIENCE
 INTRODUCTION
 A transformer is an inductive
electrical device for changing the
voltage of alternating current.
 A transformer consists of two
magnetically coupled coils.
Alternating current in one (called the
"primary") creates a changing
magnetic field which induces a
current in the second coil (the
"secondary"). A core made of iron or
ferrite generally connects the two
coils, but higher frequency devices
can work without a ferrous core.
Transformers have two primary
functions: Voltage transformation and
isolation:

 The voltage of the secondary can be

higher or lower than the voltage that
drives the primary and is determined
by the ratio of turns of wire in the
two coils.
  Isolation refers to the fact that the
coils are connected only by a
magnetic field, so they can be
independent of a common ground.

Primary applications are for power and

for signal isolation / impedance
transformation.

An autotransformer is a transformer with

a single coil with intermediate "taps" to
effect the changed outgoing voltages.
They do not provide isolation.

Transformer capacity is rated in kilovolt-

amps (KVA): The volts x amps / 1000.
Commonly used transformer types, depending on the
voltage, are classified as follows:
 Step-up Transformer: They are used between the
power generator and the power grid. The secondary
output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
 Step-down Transformer: These transformers are

used to convert high-voltage primary supply to

low-voltage secondary output.
In a transformer, we will find different types of cores
that are used.
 Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between
primary and secondary winding is through the air.
The coil or windings wound on the non-magnetic
strip.
 Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on
multiple iron plates stacked together, which
provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f.
Induced in the primary coil P1, So the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E - Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied in back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, P1P2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E – Ep/Rp
E - Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of primary is small,Rp Ip
can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f. Hence equation
3 can be written as Es/Ep = Es/E = output
e.m.f. / input e.m.f. = Ns / Np = K Where ke is
constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K <1, hence Ns<Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is If there
are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, K > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. Current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher. Hence , whatever we
gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same
ratio . Similarly it can be shown , that in a step
down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage,
we gain in current in the same ratio . Thus a step
up transformer in reality steps downs the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current .

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as a ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e. η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, η = 1 . But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one .
Efficiency, η = output power x 100% Input power
= Input power – losses x 100% Input power = 1 -
losses x100% Input power

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss
in a transformer:
 Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This
is due to Joule heating of conducting wires.
 . Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of Eddy currents in iron core.
It is minimised by taking laminated cores.
 Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of
best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
 Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetisation and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
 . Magneto striation i.e. Humming noise of a
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of thin
copper wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound relatively smaller number of turns( say
20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1 , P2 to A.C. main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C. voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through S1& S2.
5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C. main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made
Transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
 SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Value of current can be changed due to heating
effects.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Ns /
Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Ns /
Np) with respect to the input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer