National Technical University of Athens

Citing and referencing

Week 5 Goni Togia

In-text citations
Citing and referencing

 Citations are embedded in the body of your text to

acknowledge the works that have influenced the topic of
discussion.

 The list of references contains bibliographical

information for your in-text citations and usually appears
at the end of your text.
Style guides in engineering

 In science and engineering, there are different ways to

document your sources. Some of the most common are:

 Author-date styles:
 American Psychological Association (APA).
 Modern Languages Association (MLA).
 Numbered styles:
 The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
In-text citations

 According to the American Society Of Mechanical

Engineers (ASME) style guide:

 In-text citations should be cited in numerical order

according to their order of appearance.

 The numbered reference citation should be enclosed in

square brackets [1] (rather than as superscripts or in
bracketed () form)
In-text citations

 For example:

 It was shown by Platten [1] that there is no universal

technique that works for measuring the Soret coefficient
in any binary mixture.
Incorporating citations in your writing

 Supporting an argument or point of view:

 As Jones [1] has observed, …
 Exemplifying the point being made:
 Thus, for instance, Smith [1] maintains that…
 Introducing a point of view:
 According to Klein [1] …
 Concluding an analysis, etc.
 Thus, Marder et al. [1] conclude that …
 Explaining a point:
 Atwood [1] explains that …
From the ASME web site

 Consider citations as equations in words.

 Be precise - it reflects your attention to detail.
How to use in-text citations
 Ionic bonds are strong chemical bonds between atoms of metals
and nonmetal elements of the periodic table. The creation of these
kind of bonds can be explained by taking into consideration the
chemical behaviour of the atom’s taking part in this bond. To begin
with, every atom tends to have eight electrons in its valence shell
(octet rule) [1]. Atoms, according to which elements they belong to,
they tend to achieve this through two different paths. Atoms of
metallic elements tend to give away electrons (ionize), while atoms
of non-metallic elements add electrons to their valence shell
(electron affinity) [2]. Summarising, for ionic bonds to take place a
metallic atom and a non-metallic atom are needed. As a result,
their different ways of arranging is going to make them attract to
their opposite charge [3].
How to use in-text citations
 Ionic bonds are strong chemical bonds between atoms of metals
and nonmetal elements of the periodic table. The creation of these
kind of bonds can be explained by taking into consideration the
chemical behaviour of the atom’s taking part in this bond. To begin
with, every atom tends to have eight electrons in its valence shell
(octet rule) [1]. Atoms, according to which elements they belong to,
they tend to achieve this through two different paths. Atoms of
metallic elements tend to give away electrons (ionize), while atoms
of non-metallic elements add electrons to their valence shell
(electron affinity) [1]. Summarising, for ionic bonds to take place a
metallic atom and a non-metallic atom are needed. As a result,
their different ways of arranging is going to make them attract to
their opposite charge [1].
How to use in-text citations
 Ionic bonds are strong chemical bonds between atoms of metals
and nonmetal elements of the periodic table. The creation of these
kind of bonds can be explained by taking into consideration the
chemical behaviour of the atom’s taking part in this bond. To begin
with, every atom tends to have eight electrons in its valence shell
(octet rule) [1, 2]. Atoms, according to which elements they belong
to, they tend to achieve this through two different paths. Atoms of
metallic elements tend to give away electrons (ionize), while atoms
of non-metallic elements add electrons to their valence shell
(electron affinity). Summarising, for ionic bonds to take place a
metallic atom and a non-metallic atom are needed. As a result,
their different ways of arranging is going to make them attract to
their opposite charge [1].
From a research paper
References
References

 They are found at the end of your text and are arranged
in alphabetical order of the author’s surname or the
organisation name.

 Different style guides follow a different format.

 Books and journal articles are referenced differently.

ASME: book with one author

 [1] Saxby, G., 1996, Practical Holography, 2nd ed.,

Prentice Hall, New York.

 [Citation number] Author’s Name, Year, Title of Book,

Publisher, Location.
ASME: book with two authors

 [1] Watt, J. H. and van der Berg, S. A., 1995, Research

Methods for Communication Science, Allyn and Bacon,
Boston, MA.

 [Citation number] For each author, surname followed by

initials. List the authors in the order given in the source.
Note that commas go between each name and also that
"and" comes before the last name in the list.
ASME: journal article

 [1] Dahl, G. and Suttrop, F., 1998, “Engine Control and

Low-NOx Combustion for Hydrogen Fuelled Aircraft Gas
Turbines,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23(8), pp.695-704.

 [Citation Number] Author(s), year, "Article Title," Journal

Title, vol. no. (issue no.), pp.
Find the mistakes

 Harris, F., Caffer, R., Edum, F. Modern Physics. Oxford

(Blackwell). 2006
 Gransberg, D & Windell, E. Design Quality Principles.
Journal of Management in Engineering, 24(2), Pages 105-
115. (2008).
 [1] Harris, F., Caffer, R., and Edum, F., 2006, Modern
Physics, Blackwell, Oxford.
 [2] Gransberg, D. and Windell, E., 2007, “Design Quality
Principles,” J. Management Engineering, 24(2), pp.105-
115.
Your task: write the reference

 “The time interval required for a particular substance to

change its shape in response to an external force
determines whether we treat the substance as a solid, a
liquid, or a gas.”

 This quote was taken from a book written by Susan

Davies and published in Harlow in 2006. The title of the
book is ‘Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”. The publishers
are Pearson Education. The quote was taken from page
269.
 [1] Davies, S., 2006, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.
Pearson Education, Harlow.