Elementary Statistics 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Elementary Statistics 6th Edition
Larson Solutions Manual

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-edition-larson-solutions-manual/
CHAPTER
Confidence Intervals
6
6.1 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN (LARGE SAMPLES)
6.1 Try It Yourself Solutions
1a. x =
 x = 867 = 28.9
n 30
b. A point estimate for the population mean number of hours worked is 28.9.
2a. zc = 1.96, n = 30, σ = 7.9

σ 7.9
b. E = zc ≈ 1.96 ≈ 2.8
n 30
c. You are 95% confident that the margin of error for the population mean is about 2.8 hours.
3a. x = 28.9, E ≈ 2.8

b. x − E ≈ 28.9 − 2.8 = 26.1
x + E ≈ 28.9 + 2.8 = 31.7
c. With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean number of hours worked is between
26.1 and 31.7 hours. This confidence interval is wider than the one found in Example 3.
4a. Enter the data.

b. 75% CI: (28.2, 31.0)
85% CI: (27.8, 31.4)
90% CI: (27.5, 31.7)
c. As the confidence level increases, so does the width of the interval.
5a. n = 30, x = 22.9, σ = 1.5, zc = 1.645

σ 1.5
b. E = zc = 1.645 ≈ 0.5
n 30
x − E ≈ 22.9 − 0.5 = 22.4

x + E ≈ 22.9 + 0.5 = 23.4
c. With 90% confidence, you can say that the mean age of the students is between 22.4 and 23.4
years. Because of the larger sample size, the confidence interval is slightly narrower.
6a. zc = 1.96, E = 2, σ ≈ 7.9

2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 7.9 
b. n =  c  ≈   ≈ 59.94 → 60
 E   2 
c. You should have at least 60 employees in you sample. Because of the larger margin of error, the
sample size needed is much smaller.
212
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 6 │ CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 213
6.1 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
1. You are more likely to be correct using an interval estimate because it is unlikely that a point
estimate will exactly equal the population mean.
2. b
3. d; As the level of confidence increases, zc increases, causing wider intervals.
4. No, the 95% confidence interval means that with 95% confidence you can say that the population
mean is in this interval. If a large number of samples is collected and a confidence interval
created for each, approximately 95% of these intervals will contain the population mean.
5. 1.28 6. 1.44 7. 1.15 8. 2.17
9. x − μ = 3.8 − 4.27 = −0.47 10. x − μ = 9.5 − 8.76 = 0.74
11. x − μ = 26.43 − 24.67 = 1.76 12. x − μ = 46.56 − 48.12 = −1.56
σ 5.2 σ 2.9
13. E = zc = 1.96 ≈ 1.861 14. E = zc = 1.645 ≈ 0.675
n 30 n 50
σ 1.3 σ 4.6
15. E = zc = 1.28 ≈ 0.192 16. E = zc = 2.24 ≈ 1.030
n 75 n 100
17. Because c = 0.88 is the lowest level of confidence, the interval associated with it will be the
narrowest. Thus, this matches (c).
18. Because c = 0.90 is the second lowest level of confidence, the interval associated with it will be
the second narrowest. Thus, this matches (d).
19. Because c = 0.95 is the third lowest level of confidence, the interval associated with it will be the
third narrowest. Thus, this matches (b).
20. Because c = 0.98 is the highest level of confidence, the interval associated with it will be the
widest. Thus, this matches (a).
σ 1.5
21. x ± zc = 12.3 ± 1.645 ≈ 12.3 ± 0.349 ≈ (12.0, 12.6)
n 50
σ 0.8
22. x ± zc = 31.39 ± 1.96 ≈ 31.3 ± 0.173 ≈ (31.22, 31.56)
n 82
σ 2.14
23. x ± zc = 10.5 ± 2.575 ≈ 10.5 ± 0.821 ≈ (9.7, 11.3)
n 45

214 CHAPTER 6 │ CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
σ 4.7
24. x ± zc = 20.6 ± 1.28 ≈ 20.6 ± 0.602 ≈ (20.0, 21.2)
n 100
14.8 + 12.0
25. (12.0, 14.8)  x = = 13.4, E = 14.8 − 13.4 = 1.4
2
30.15 + 21.61
26. (21.61, 30.15)  x = = 25.88, E = 30.15 − 25.88 = 4.27
2
2.05 + 1.71
27. (1.71, 2.05)  x = = 1.88, E = 2.05 − 1.88 = 0.17
2
3.176 + 3.144
28. (3.144, 3.176)  x = = 3.16, E = 3.176 − 3.16 = 0.016
2
29. c = 0.90  zc = 1.645

2 2
 z σ   (1.645)(6.8) 
n= c  =
1  ≈ 125.13  126
 E   
30. c = 0.95  zc = 1.96

2 2
 z σ   (1.96)(2.5) 
n= c  =
1  ≈ 24.01  25
 E   
31. c = 0.80  zc = 1.28

2 2
 z σ   (1.28)(4.1) 
n= c  =
2  ≈ 6.89  7
 E   
32. c = 0.98  zc = 2.33

2 2
 z σ   (2.33)(10.1) 
n= c  =
2  ≈ 138.45  139
 E   
33. (26.2, 30.1)  2 E = 30.1 − 26.2 = 3.9  E = 1.95 and x = 26.2 + E = 26.2 + 1.95 = 28.15
34. (44.07, 80.97  2 E = 80.97 − 44.07 = 36.9  E = 18.45 and

x = 44.07 + E = 44.07 + 18.45 = 62.52
σ 0.21
35. 90% CI: x ± zc = 3.63 ± 1.645
≈ 3.63 ± 0.0499 ≈ (3.58, 3.68)
n 48
σ 0.21
95% CI: x ± zc = 3.63 ± 1.96 ≈ 3.63 ± 0.0594 ≈ (3.57, 3.69)
n 48
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean price is between $3.58 and $3.68.
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean price is between $3.57 and $3.69.
The 95% CI is wider.

σ 6.7
36. 90% CI: x ± zc = 23 ± 1.645≈ 23 ± 1.837 ≈ (21, 25)
n 36
σ 6.7
95% CI: x ± zc = 23 ± 1.96 ≈ 23 ± 2.189 ≈ (21, 25)
n 36
With 90% confidence and with 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean
concentration is between 21 and 25 cubic centimeters per cubic meter. When rounded to the
nearest whole number, both confidence intervals have the same width.
σ 425
37. x ± zc = 2650 ± 1.96≈ 2650 ± 117.80 ≈ (2532.20, 2767.80)
n 50
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean cost is between $2532.20 and
$2767.80.
σ 15.5
38. x ± zc = 150 ± 2.575≈ 150 ± 5.15 ≈ (144.85, 155.15)
n 60
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population mean repair cost is between $144.85 and
$155.15.
σ 425
39. x ± zc = 2650 ± 1.96 ≈ 2650 ± 93.13 ≈ (2556.9, 2743.1)
n 80
The n = 50 CI is wider because a smaller sample is taken, giving less information about the
population.
σ 15.5
40. x ± zc = 150 ± 2.575 ≈ 150 ± 6.31 ≈ (143.69, 156.31)
n 40
The n = 40 CI is wider because a smaller sample is taken, giving less information about the
population.
σ 375
41. x ± zc = 2650 ± 1.96 ≈ 2650 ± 103.94 ≈ (2546.06, 2753.94)
n 50
The σ = 425 CI is wider because of the increased variability within the sample.
σ 19.5
42. x ± zc = 150 ± 2.575 ≈ 150 ± 6.48 ≈ (143.52, 156.48)
n 60
The σ = 19.5 CI is wider because of the increased variability within the sample.
43. (a) An increase in the level of confidence will widen the confidence interval.
(b) An increase in the sample size will narrow the confidence interval.
(c) An increase in the standard deviation will widen the confidence interval.
44. Answers will vary.
45. x =
 x = 482 = 24.1
n 20
σ 4.3
90% CI: x ± zc = 24.1 ± 1.645 ≈ 24.1 ± 1.582 ≈ (22.5, 25.7)
n 20

σ 4.3
99% CI: x ± zc = 24.1 ± 2.575
≈ 24.1 ± 2.476 ≈ (21.6, 26.6)
n 20
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean length of time is between 22.5 and
25.7 minutes. With 99% confidence, you can say that the population mean length of time is
between 21.6 and 26.6 minutes. The 99% CI is wider.
46. x =
 x = 678.67 ≈ 19.96
n 34
σ 2.62
90% CI: x ± zc = 19.96 ± 1.645 ≈ 19.96 ± 0.739 ≈ (19.22, 20.70)
n 34
σ 2.62
99% CI: x ± zc = 19.96 ± 2.575 ≈ 19.96 ± 1.157 ≈ (18.80, 21.12)
n 34
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean closing stock price is between
$19.22 and $20.70. With 99% confidence, you can say that the population mean closing stock
price is between $18.80 and $21.12. The 99% CI is wider.
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 4.8 
47. n =  c  =   ≈ 88.510 → 89
 E   1 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 1.4 
48. n =  c  =   ≈ 3.249 → 4
 E   2 
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 2.8 
49. (a) n =  c  =   ≈ 120.473 → 121 servings
 E   0.5 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 2.8 
(b) n =  c  =   ≈ 207.936 → 208 servings
 E   0.5 
(c) The 99% CI requires a larger sample because more information is needed from the population
to be 99% confident.
2 2
 z σ   1.645 ⋅ 1.2 
50. (a) n =  c  =   ≈ 3.897 → 4 students
 E   1 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 1.2 
(b) n =  c  =   ≈ 9.548 → 10 students
 E   1 
(c) The 99% CI requires a larger sample because more information is needed from the population
to be 99% confident.
2 2
 z σ   1.645 ⋅ 0.85 
51. (a) n =  c  =  ≈ 31.282 → 32 cans
 E   0.25 
2 2
 z σ   1.645 ⋅ 0.85 
(b) n =  c  =  ≈ 86.893 → 87 cans
 E   0.15 

(c) E = 0.15 requires a larger sample size. As the error size decreases, a larger sample must be
taken to obtain enough information from the population to ensure the desired accuracy.
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 3 
52. (a) n =  c  =   ≈ 34.574 → 35 bottles
 E   1 
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 3 
(b) n =  c  =   ≈ 8.644 → 9 bottles
 E   2 
(c) E = 1 requires a larger sample size. As the error size decreases, a larger sample must be taken
to obtain enough information from the population to ensure the desired accuracy.
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 0.25 
53. (a) n =  c  =   ≈ 41.441 → 42 soccer balls
 E   0.1 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 0.30 
(b) n =  c  =   ≈ 59.676 → 60 soccer balls
 E   0.1 
(c) σ = 0.3 requires a larger sample size. Due to the increased variability in the population, a
larger sample is needed to ensure the desired accuracy.
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 0.20 
54. (a) n =  c  =   ≈ 11.788 → 12 soccer balls
 E   0.15 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 0.10 
(b) n =  c  =   ≈ 2.947 → 3 soccer balls
 E   0.15 
(c) σ = 0.2 requires a larger sample size. Due to the increased variability in the population, a
larger sample is needed to ensure the desired accuracy.
55. (a) An increase in the level of confidence will increase the minimum sample size required.
(b) An increase (larger E) in the error tolerance will decrease the minimum sample size required.
(c) An increase in the population standard deviation will increase the minimum sample size
required.
56. Sample answer: A 99% CI may not be practical to use in all situations. It may produce a CI so
wide that is has no practical application.
N −n 1000 − 500 N −n 1000 − 100

57. (a) = ≈ 0.707 (b) = ≈ 0.949
N −1 1000 − 1 N −1 1000 − 1
N −n 1000 − 75 N −n 1000 − 50
(c) = ≈ 0.962 (d) = ≈ 0.975
N −1 1000 − 1 N −1 1000 − 1
(e) The finite population correction factor approaches 1 as the sample size decreases and the
population size remains the same.

N −n 100 − 50 N −n 400 − 50
58. (a) = ≈ 0.711 (b) = ≈ 0.937
N −1 100 − 1 N −1 400 − 1
N −n 700 − 50 N −n 1000 − 50
(c) = ≈ 0.964 (d) = ≈ 0.975
N −1 700 − 1 N −1 1000 − 1
(e) The finite population correction factor approaches 1 as the population size increases and the
sample size remains the same.
σ N −n 4.9 200 − 25
59. (a) 99% CI: x ± zc = 8.6 ± 2.575 ≈ 8.6 ± 2.366 ≈ (6.2, 11.0)
n N −1 25 200 − 1
σ N −n 2.8 500 − 50
(b) 90% CI: x ± zc = 10.9 ± 1.645 ≈ 10.9 ± 0.619 ≈ (10.3, 11.5)
n N −1 50 500 − 1
σ N −n 0.5 300 − 68
(c) 95% CI: x ± zc = 40.3 ± 1.96 ≈ 40.3 ± 0.105 ≈ (40.2, 40.4)
n N −1 68 300 − 1
σ N −n 9.8 400 − 36
(d) 80% CI: x ± zc = 56.7 ± 1.28 ≈ 56.7 ± 1.997 ≈ (54.7, 58.7)
n N −1 36 400 − 1
60. Sample answer:

zσ
E= c Write original equation.
n
E n = zcσ Multiply each side by n .
z cσ
n= Divide each side by E.
E
2
zσ
n= c  Square each side.
 E 
6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN

(SMALL SAMPLES)
1a. d.f. = n − 1 = 22 − 1 = 21
b. c = 0.90
c. tc = 1.721
d. For a t-distribution curve with 21 degrees of freedom, 90% of the area under the curve
lies between t = ±1.721 .
2a. d.f. = n − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
90% CI: tc = 1.753

s 10
E = tc = 1.753 ≈ 4.4
n 16
99% CI: tc = 2.947
s 10
E = tc = 2.947 ≈ 7.4
n 16
b. 90% CI: x ± E ≈ 162 ± 4.4 = (157.6, 166.4)
99% CI: x ± E ≈ 162 ± 7.4 = (154.6, 169.4)
c. With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean temperature of coffee sold is
between 157.6°F and 166.4°F.
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population mean temperature of coffee sold is
between 154.6°F and 169.4°F.
3a. d.f. = n − 1 = 36 − 1 = 35
90% CI: tc = 1.690
s 2.39
E = tc = 1.690 ≈ 0.67
n 36
95% CI: tc = 2.030
s 2.39
E = tc = 2.030 ≈ 0.81
n 36
b. 90% CI: x ± E ≈ 9.75 ± 0.67 = (9.08, 10.42)
95% CI: x ± E ≈ 9.75 ± 0.81 = (8.94, 10.56)
c. With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean number of days the car model sits on
the lot is between 9.08 and 10.42 days.
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean number of days the car model sits on
the lot is between 8.94 and 10.56 days. The 90% confidence interval is slightly narrower.
4a. Is σ known? No
b. Is n ≥ 30? No
Is the population normally distributed? Yes
c. Use the t-distribution because σ is not known and the population is normally distributed.
1. tc = 1.833 2. tc = 2.201 3. tc = 2.947 4. tc = 2.426
s 5 s 3
5. E = tc = 2.131 ≈ 2.664 6. E = tc = 4.032 ≈ 4.938
n 16 n 6
s 2.4 s 4.7
7. E = tc = 1.691 ≈ 0.686 8. E = tc = 2.896 ≈ 4.537
n 35 n 9
s 2.0
9. x ± tc = 12.5 ± 2.015 ≈ 12.5 ± 1.645 ≈ (10.9, 14.1)
n 6

s 0.85
10. x ± tc = 13.4 ± 2.365 ≈ 13.4 ± 0.711 ≈ (12.7, 14.1)
n 8
s 0.34
11. x ± tc = 4.3 ± 2.650 ≈ 4.3 ± 0.241 ≈ (4.1, 4.5)
n 14
s 4.6
12. x ± tc = 24.7 ± 2.678 ≈ 24.7 ± 1.742 ≈ (23.0, 26.4)
n 50
14.7 + 22.1
13. (14.7, 22.1)  x = = 18.4  E = 22.1 − 18.4 = 3.7
2
6.17 + 8.53
14. (6.17, 8.53)  x = = 7.35  E = 8.53 − 7.35 = 1.18
2
64.6 + 83.6
15. (64.6, 83.6)  x = = 74.1  E = 83.6 − 74.1 = 9.5
2
16.2 + 29.8
16. (16.2, 29.8)  x = = 23  E = 29.8 − 23 = 6.8
2
s 7.2
17. E = tc = 2.365 ≈ 6.02
n 8
x ± E ≈ 35.5 ± 6.02 ≈ (29.5, 41.5)
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean commute time to work is between
29.5 and 41.5 minutes.
s 5.8
18. E = tc = 2.776 ≈ 7.2
n 5
x ± E ≈ 22.2 ± 7.2 = (15.0, 29.4)
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean driving distance to work is between
15.0 and 29.4 miles.
s 13.5
19. E = tc = 2.179 ≈ 8.16
n 13
x ± E ≈ 80 ± 8.16 ≈ (71.84, 88.16)
$88.16.
s 44.5
20. E = tc = 2.447 ≈ 41.16
n 7
x ± E ≈ 110 ± 41.16 = (68.84, 151.16)
$151.16.

σ 9.3
21. E = zc = 1.96 ≈ 6.44
n 8
x ± E ≈ 35.5 ± 6.44 ≈ (29.1, 41.9)
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean commute time to work is between
29.1 and 41.9 minutes. This confidence interval is slightly wider than the one found in Exercise
17.
σ 5.2
22. E = zc = 1.96 ≈ 4.56
n 5
x ± E ≈ 22.2 ± 4.56 = (17.6, 26.8)
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean driving distance to work is between
17.6 and 26.8 miles. This confidence interval is narrower than the one found in Exercise 18.
σ 15
23. E = zc = 1.96 ≈ 8.15
n 13
x ± E ≈ 80 ± 8.15 ≈ (71.85, 88.15)
$88.15. This confidence interval is slightly narrower than the one found in Exercise 19.
σ 50
24. E = zc = 1.96 ≈ 37.04
n 7
x ± E ≈ 110 ± 37.04 = (72.96, 147.04)
$147.04. This confidence interval is narrower than the one found in Exercise 20.
25. (a) x ≈ 1764.2

(b) s ≈ 252.4
s 252.35
(c) x ± tc ≈ 1764.2 ± 3.106 ≈ 1764.2 ± 226.26 ≈ (1537.9, 1990.5)
n 12
26. (a) x ≈ 2.35

(b) s ≈ 1.03
s 1.03
(c) x ± tc ≈ 2.35 ± 2.977 ≈ 2.35 ± 0.792 ≈ (1.56, 3.14)
n 15
27. (a) x ≈ 7.49

(b) s ≈ 1.64
s 1.64
(c) x ± tc ≈ 7.49 ± 2.947 ≈ 7.49 ± 1.21 ≈ (6.28, 8.70)
n 16
28. (a) x ≈ 12.19

(b) s ≈ 1.75
s 1.755
(c) x ± tc ≈ 12.19 ± 2.898 ≈ 12.19 ± 1.20 ≈ (10.99, 13.39)
n 18
29. (a) x ≈ 71,968.06

(b) s ≈ 15, 426.35

s 15, 426.35
(c) x ± tc ≈ 71,968.06 ± 2.441 ≈ 71,968.06 ± 6364.98 ≈ (65,603.08, 78,333.04)
n 35
30. (a) x ≈ 65,588.73

(b) s ≈ 11,828.21
s 11,828.21
(c) x ± tc ≈ 65,588.73 ± 2.426 ≈ 65,588.73 ± 4537.12 ≈ (61,051.61, 70,125.85)
n 40
31. Use a t-distribution because σ unknown and n ≥ 30 .

s 6.12
x ± tc = 27.7 ± 2.009 ≈ 27.7 ± 1.74 ≈ (26.0, 29.4)
n 50
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean BMI is between 26.0 and 29.4.
32. Use a t-distribution because σ is unknown and the interest rates are normally distributed.
s 0.36
x ± tc = 3.57 ± 2.145 ≈ 3.57 ± 0.20 = (3.37, 3.77)
n 15
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean interest rate is between 3.37% and
3.77%.
33. Use a t-distribution because σ unknown and n ≥ 30 .

s 3.17
x ± tc = 21.76 ± 2.014 ≈ 21.76 ± 0.95 ≈ (20.8, 22.7)
n 45
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean gas mileage is between 20.8 and
22.7.
34. Use the standard normal distribution because σ is known and the yards per carry are normally
distributed.
σ 1.21
x ± zc = 4.34 ± 1.96 ≈ 4.34 ± 0.53 ≈ (3.81, 4.87)
n 20
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean yards per carry is between 3.80 and
4.88 yards.
35. Cannot use the standard normal distribution or the t-distribution because σ unknown, n < 30 ,
and we do not know if the times are normally distributed.
36. Use the standard normal distribution because σ is known and the lengths of stay are normally
distributed.
σ 1.7
x ± zc = 6.2 ± 1.96 ≈ 6.2 ± 0.924 = (5.3, 7.1)
n 13
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean length of stay is between 5.3 and 7.1
days.

37. n = 25, x = 56.0, s = 0.25

x − μ 56.0 − 55.5
t= = = 10
s 0.25
n 25
−t0.99 = −2.797, t0.99 = 2.797
They are not making good tennis balls because for this sample the t-value is t = 10 , which is not
between −t0.99 = −2.797 and t0.99 = 2.797 .
38. n = 16, x = 1015, s = 25

x − μ 1015 − 1000
t= = = 2.4
s 25
n 16
−t0.99 = −2.947, t0.99 = 2.947
They are making good light bulbs because for this sample the t-value is t = 2.4 , which is between
−t0.99 = −2.947 and t0.99 = 2.947 .
6.3 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR POPULATION PROPORTIONS
1a. x = 123, n = 2462

123
b. pˆ = ≈ 5.0%
2462
2a. pˆ ≈ 0.050, qˆ ≈ 0.950

b. npˆ ≈ (2462)(0.050) = 123.1 > 5
nqˆ ≈ (2462)(0.950) = 2338.9 > 5
Distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.
c. zc = 1.645
ˆˆ
pq 0.050 ⋅ 0.950
E = zc ≈ 1.645 ≈ 0.007
n 2462
d. pˆ ± E ≈ 0.050 ± 0.007 ≈ (0.043, 0.057)
e. With 90% confidence, you can say that the proportion of U.S. teachers who say that “all or almost
all” of the information they find using search engines online is accurate or trustworthy is between
4.3% and 5.7%.
3a. n = 498, pˆ = 0.25

qˆ = 1 = pˆ − 1 = 0.25 ≈ 0.75
b. npˆ = 498 ⋅ 0.25 = 124.5 > 5
nqˆ = 498 ⋅ 0.75 = 373.5 > 5
Distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.

ˆˆ
pq 0.25(0.75)
c. zc = 2.575, E = zc = 2.575 ≈ 0.050
n 498
d. pˆ ± E ≈ 0.25 ± 0.050 = (0.20, 0.30)
e. With 99% confidence, you can say that the proportion of U.S. adults who think that people over
65 are the more dangerous drivers is between 20% and 30%.
4a. (1) pˆ = 0.5, qˆ = 0.5, zc = 1.645, E = 0.02

(2) pˆ = 0.31, qˆ = 0.69, zc = 1.645, E = 0.02
2 2
z   1.645 
ˆ ˆ  c  = (0.5)(0.5) 
b. (1) n = pq  ≈ 1691.266 → 1692
E  0.02 
2 2
z   1.645 
ˆ ˆ  c  = (0.31)(0.69) 
(2) n = pq  ≈ 1447.05 → 1448
E  0.02 
c. (1) At least 1692 adults should be included in the sample.
(2) At least 1448 adults should be included in the sample.
1. False. To estimate the value of p, the population proportion of successes, use the point estimate
x
pˆ = .
n
2. True
x 662 x 2439
3. pˆ = = ≈ 0.661, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.339 4. pˆ = = ≈ 0.830, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.170
n 1002 n 2939
x 4912 x 110
5. pˆ = = ≈ 0.423, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.577 6. pˆ = = ≈ 0.110, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.890
n 11,605 n 1003
0.905 + 0.933
7. ( 0.905, 0.933) → pˆ = = 0.919  E = 0.933 − 0.919 = 0.014
2
0.245 + 0.475
8. ( 0.245, 0.475 ) → pˆ = = 0.360  E = 0.475 − 0.360 = 0.115
2
0.512 + 0.596
9. ( 0.512, 0.596 ) → pˆ = = 0.554  E = 0.596 − 0.554 = 0.042
2
0.087 + 0.263
10. ( 0.087, 0.263) → pˆ = = 0.175  E = 0.263 − 0.175 = 0.088
2
x 396
11. pˆ = = ≈ 0.588, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.412
n 674

ˆˆ
pq (0.588)(0.412)
90% CI: pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.588 ± 1.645 ≈ 0.588 ± 0.031 ≈ (0.557, 0.619)
n 674
ˆˆ
pq (0.588)(0.412)
95% CI: pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.588 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.588 ± 0.037 ≈ (0.551, 0.625)
n 674
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population proportion of U.S. males ages 18-64 who
say they have gone to the dentist in the past year is between 55.7% and 61.9%. With 95%
confidence, you can say it is between 55.1% and 62.5%. The 95% confidence interval is slightly
wider.
x 279
12. pˆ = = ≈ 0.664, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.336
n 420
ˆˆ
pq (0.6643)(0.3357)
90% CI: pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.664 ± 1.645 ≈ 0.664 ± 0.0379 ≈ (0.626, 0.702)
n 420
ˆˆ
pq (0.6643)(0.3357)
95% CI: pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.664 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.664 ± 0.045 ≈ (0.619, 0.709)
n 420
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population proportion of U.S. females ages 18-64
who say they have gone to the dentist in the past year is between 62.6% and 70.2%. With 95%
confidence, you can say it is between 61.9% and 70.9%. The 95% confidence interval is slightly
wider.
x 1435
13. pˆ = = ≈ 0.461, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.539
n 3110
ˆˆ
pq (0.461)(0.539)
pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.461 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.461 ± 0.023 ≈ (0.438, 0.484)
n 3110
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population proportion of U.S. adults who say they
have started paying bills online in the past year is between 43.8% and 48.4%.
x 722
14. pˆ = = ≈ 0.180, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.820
n 4013
ˆˆ
pq (0.180)(0.820)
pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.180 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.180 ± 0.016 ≈ (0.164, 0.196)
n 4013
have seen a ghost is between 16.4% and 19.6%.
x 1272
15. pˆ = = ≈ 0.570, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.430
n 2230
ˆˆ
pq (0.570)(0.430)
pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.570 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.570 ± 0.021 ≈ (0.549, 0.591)
n 2230
x 734
16. pˆ = = ≈ 0.319, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.681
n 2303
ˆˆ
pq (0.319)(0.681)
pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.319 ± 1.645 ≈ 0.319 ± 0.016 ≈ (0.303, 0.335)
n 2303

2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
17. (a) n = pq  ≈ 600.25 → 601 adults
E  0.04 
2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.48 ⋅ 0.52 
(b) n = pq  ≈ 599.3 → 600 adults
E  0.04 
(c) Having an estimate of the population proportion reduces the minimum sample size needed.
2 2
z   2.575 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
18. (a) n = pq  ≈ 4144.14 → 4145 adults
E
   0.02 
2 2
z   2.575 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.87 ⋅ 0.13 
(b) n = pq  ≈ 1874.8 → 1875 adults
E
   0.02 
2 2
z   1.645 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
19. (a) n = pq  ≈ 751.67 → 752 adults
E  0.03 
2 2
z   1.645 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.43 ⋅ 0.57 
(b) n = pq  ≈ 736.94 → 737 adults
E  0.03 
2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
20. (a) n = pq  ≈ 384.16 → 385 adults
E  0.05 
2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.28 ⋅ 0.72 
(b) n = pq  ≈ 309.79 → 310 adults
E  0.05 
21. (a) pˆ = 0.69, qˆ = 0.31, n = 1044

ˆˆ
pq (0.69)(0.31)
pˆ ± zc = 0.69 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.69 ± 0.037 ≈ (0.653, 0.727)
n 1044
(b) pˆ = 0.72, qˆ = 0.28, n = 871
ˆˆ
pq (0.72)(0.28)
pˆ ± zc = 0.72 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.72 ± 0.039 ≈ (0.681, 0.759)
n 871
(c) pˆ = 0.62, qˆ = 0.38, n = 1097
ˆˆ
pq (0.62)(0.38)
pˆ ± zc = 0.62 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.62 ± 0.038 ≈ (0.582, 0.658)
n 1097
(d) pˆ = 0.75, qˆ = 0.25, n = 1003
ˆˆ
pq (0.75)(0.25)
pˆ ± zc = 0.75 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.75 ± 0.035 ≈ (0.715, 0.785)
n 1003

22. It is possible that the population proportion for the United States is the same as the population
proportion for Great Britain, France, or Spain because the confidence intervals overlap. It is
possible that the population proportion for Great Britain is the same as the population proportion
for Spain because the confidence intervals overlap.
23. (a) pˆ = 0.32, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.68

ˆˆ
pq (0.32)(0.68)
pˆ ± zc = 0.32 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.32 ± 0.046 ≈ (0.274, 0.366)
n 400
(b) pˆ = 0.56, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.44

ˆˆ
pq (0.56)(0.44)
pˆ ± zc = 0.56 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.56 ± 0.049 ≈ (0.511, 0.609)
n 400
24. (a) pˆ = 0.36, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.64

ˆˆ
pq (0.36)(0.64)
pˆ ± zc = 0.36 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.36 ± 0.047 ≈ (0.313, 0.407)
n 400
(b) pˆ = 0.26, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.74

ˆˆ
pq (0.26)(0.74)
pˆ ± zc = 0.26 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.26 ± 0.043 ≈ (0.217, 0.303)
n 400
25. No, it is unlikely that the two proportions are equal because the confidence intervals estimating
the proportions do not overlap. The 99% confidence intervals are (0.260, 0.380) and (0.496,
0.624). Although these intervals are wider, they still do not overlap.
26. No, it is unlikely that the two proportions are equal because the confidence intervals estimating
the proportions do not overlap. The 99% confidence intervals are (0.298, 0.422) and (0.204,
0.316). Using these intervals, it is possible that the two proportions are equal because the
confidence intervals overlap.
27. 31.4% ± 1% → (30.4%, 32.4%) → (0.304, 0.324)

ˆˆ
pq n 8451
E = zc → zc = E = 0.01 ≈ 1.981 → zc = 1.98
n ˆˆ
pq (0.314)(0.686)
P (−1.98 < z < 1.98) = 0.9762 − 0.0238 = 0.9524 = c
(30.4%, 32.4%) is approximately a 95.2% CI.
28. 19% ± 3% → (16%, 22%) → (0.16, 0.22)

ˆˆ
pq n 1000
E = zc → zc = E = 0.03 ≈ 2.418 → zc = 2.42
n ˆˆ
pq (0.19)(0.81)
P (−2.42 < z < 2.42) = 0.9922 − 0.0078 = 0.9844 = c
(16%, 22%) is approximately a 98.4% CI.
29. If npˆ < 5 or nqˆ < 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ may not be normally distributed, so zc
cannot be used to calculate the confidence interval.

30. Sample answer:

ˆˆ
pq
E = zc Write original equation.
n
ˆˆ
E n = zc pq Multiply each side by n .
zc
n= ˆˆ
pq
E Divide each side by E.
2
z 
ˆ ˆ c 
n = pq Square each side.
E
31.
p̂ qˆ = 1 − pˆ ˆˆ
pq p̂ qˆ = 1 − pˆ ˆˆ
pq
0.0 1.0 0.00 0.45 0.55 0.2475
0.1 0.9 0.09 0.46 0.54 0.2484
0.2 0.8 0.16 0.47 0.53 0.2491
0.3 0.7 0.21 0.48 0.52 0.2496
0.4 0.6 0.24 0.49 0.51 0.2499
0.5 0.5 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.2500
0.6 0.4 0.24 0.51 0.49 0.2499
0.7 0.3 0.21 0.52 0.48 0.2496
0.8 0.2 0.16 0.53 0.47 0.2491
0.9 0.1 0.09 0.54 0.46 0.2484
1.0 0.0 0.00 0.55 0.45 0.2475
pˆ = 0.5 gives the maximum value of pq

ˆ ˆ.
6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR VARIANCE AND STANDARD

DEVIATION
1a. d.f. = n − 1 = 29
level of confidence = 0.90
b. Area to the right of χ R2 is 0.05.
Area to the right of χ L2 is 0.95.
c. χ R2 = 42.557 , χ L2 = 17.708
d. For a chi-square distribution curve with 29 degrees of freedom, 90% of the area under the curve
lies between 17.708 and 42.557.
2a. 90% CI: χ R2 = 42.557 , χ L2 = 17.708

95% CI: χ R2 = 45.722 , χ L2 = 16.047
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   29 ⋅ (1.2) 2 29 ⋅ (1.2) 2 
b. 90% CI for σ 2 :  2
, = ,  ≈ (0.98, 2.36)
 χR χ L2   42.557 17.708 

 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   29 ⋅ (1.2) 2 29 ⋅ (1.2) 2 
95% CI for σ 2 :  2
, = ,  ≈ (0.91, 2.60)
 χR χ L2   45.722 16.047 
c. 90% CI for σ : ( 0.981, 2.358 ) ≈ ( 0.99, 1.54 )
95% CI for σ : ( 0.913, 2.602 ) ≈ ( 0.96, 1.61)
d. With 90% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 0.98 and 2.36 and that
the population standard deviation is between 0.99 and 1.54. With 95% confidence, you can say
that the population variance is between 0.91 and 2.60, and that the population standard deviation
is between 0.96 and 1.61.
1. Yes.
2. It approaches the shape of the normal curve.
3. χ R2 = 14.067 , χ L2 = 2.167 4. χ R2 = 31.319 , χ L2 = 4.075 5. χ R2 = 32.852 , χ L2 = 8.907
6. χ R2 = 44.314 , χ L2 = 11.524 7. χ R2 = 52.336 , χ L2 = 13.121 8. χ R2 = 63.167 , χ L2 = 37.689
 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   29 ⋅ (11.56) 29 ⋅ (11.56) 
9. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (7.33, 20.89)
 χR χ L2   45.722 16.047 
(b) ( 7.3321, 20.8911 ) ≈ (2.71, 4.57)
 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   6 ⋅ (0.64) 6 ⋅ (0.64) 
10. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.21, 5.68)
 χR χ L2   18.548 0.676 
(b) ( 0.2070, 5.6805 ) ≈ (0.46, 2.38)
 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   17 ⋅ (35) 2 17 ⋅ (35) 2 
11. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (755, 2401)
 χR χ L2   27.587 8.672 
(b) ( 754.885, 2401.407 ) ≈ (27, 49)
 (n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   40 ⋅ (278.1) 2 40 ⋅ (278.1) 2 
12. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (48,571.8, 139,577.0)
 χR χ L2   63.691 22.164 
(b) ( 48,571.77, 139,576.99 ) ≈ (220.4, 373.6)
13. (a) s 2 ≈ 0.0793

 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   16 ⋅ (0.0793) 16 ⋅ (0.0793) 
 2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.0440, 0.1837)
 χR χ L2   28.845 6.908 

(b) ( 0.04399, 0.18367 ) ≈ (0.2097, 0.4286)

With 95% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 0.0440 and
0.1837, and the population standard deviation is between 0.2097 and 0.4286 inch.
14. (a) s 2 ≈ 0.00103

 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   14 ⋅ (0.00103) 14 ⋅ (0.00103) 
 2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.0006, 0.0022)
 χR χ L2   23.685 6.571 
(b) ( 0.000609, 0.002194 ) ≈ (0.0247, 0.0469)
0.0022, and the population standard deviation is between 0.0247 and 0.0469 fluid ounce.
15. (a) s 2 ≈ 0.06414
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   17 ⋅ (0.06414) 17 ⋅ (0.06414) 
 2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.0305, 0.1914)
 χR χ L2   35.718 5.697 
(b) ( 0.030527, 0.191395 ) ≈ (0.1747, 0.4375)
0.1914, and the population standard deviation is between 0.1747 and 0.4375 hour.
16. (a) s 2 ≈ 0.000027209

 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   14 ⋅ (0.000027209) 14 ⋅ (0.000027209) 
 2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.00001, 0.00007)
 χR χ L2   26.119 5.629 
(b) ( 0.0000146, 0.0000677 ) ≈ (0.0038, 0.0082)
0.000007, and the population standard deviation is between 0.0038 and 0.0082 inch.
 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   13 ⋅ (3.90) 2 13 ⋅ (390) 2 
17. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (6.63, 55.46)
 χR χ L2   29.819 3.565 
(b) ( 6.631, 55.464 ) ≈ (2.58, 7.45)
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 6.63 and 55.46,
and the population standard deviation is between $2.58 and $7.55.
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   10 ⋅ (109) 2 10 ⋅ (109) 2 
18. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (7432, 24,421)
 χR χ L2   15.987 4.865 
(b) ( 7431.663, 24, 421.377 ) ≈ (86, 156)
With 80% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 7432 and 24,421,
and the population standard deviation is between $86 and $156.
 ( n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   18 ⋅ (15) 2 18 ⋅ (15) 2 
19. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (128, 492)
 χR χ L2   31.526 8.231 
(b) ( 128.465, 492.042 ) ≈ (11, 22)

With 95% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 128 and 492, and
the population standard deviation is between 11 and 22 grains per gallon.
 (n − 1) s 2 ( n − 1) s 2   29(3600) 2 29(3600) 2 
20. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (8,831, 450, 21,224,305)
 χR χ L2   42.557 17.708 
(b) ( 8,831, 450, 21, 224,305 ) ≈ (2972, 4607)
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 8,831,450 and
21,224,305, and the population standard deviation is between $2972 and $4607.
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   13 ⋅ (3725) 2 13 ⋅ (3725) 2 
21. (a)  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (9,104,741, 25,615,326)
 χR χ L2   19.812 7.042 
(b) ( 9,104,741, 25,615,326 ) ≈ (3017, 5061)

 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   29 ⋅ (8.18) 2 29 ⋅ (8.18) 2 
22. (a)  2
⋅ ≈ ⋅  ≈ (39.13, 136.11)
 χ R χ L2   49.588 14.256 
(b) ( 39.13, 136.11 ) ≈ (6.26, 11.67)
With 98% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 39.13 and 136.11,
and the population standard deviation is between 6.26 and 11.67 inches.
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   (21)(3.6) 2 (21)(3.6) 2 
23. (a)  2
⋅ ≈ ⋅  ≈ (7.0, 30.6)
 χR χ L2   38.932 8.897 
(b) ( 6.99, 30.59 ) ≈ (2.6, 5.5)
With 98% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 7.0 and 30.6, and
the population standard deviation is between 2.6 and 5.5 minutes.
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   19(3900) 2 19(3900) 2 
24. (a)  2
⋅ ≈ ⋅  ≈ (9,586,982, 28,564,792)
 χR χ L2   30.144 10.117 
(b) ( 9,586,982, 28,564,792 ) ≈ (3096, 5345)
25. 95% CI for σ : (0.2097, 0.4286)

Yes, because all of the values in the confidence interval are less than 0.5.
26. 90% CI for σ : (0.0247, 0.0469)

No, because 0.025 is contained in the confidence interval.

27. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Unlike a confidence interval for a population mean or
proportion, a confidence interval for a population variance does not have a margin of error. The
left and right endpoints must be calculated separately.
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
1. (a) x ≈ 103.5
σ 45
(b) E = zc ≈ 1.645 ≈ 11.7
n 40
2. (a) x ≈ 9.5
σ 8
(b) E = zc ≈ 1.96 ≈ 2.9
n 30
σ 45
3. x ± zc = 103.5 ± 1.645 ≈ 103.5 ± 11.7 ≈ (91.8, 115.2)
n 40
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean waking time is between 91.8 and
115.2 minutes past 5:00 A.M.
σ 8
4. x ± zc = 9.5 ± 1.96 ≈ 9.5 ± 2.9 ≈ (6.6, 12.4)
n 30
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean driving distance is between 6.6 and
12.4 miles.
20.75 + 24.10
5. ( 20.75, 24.10 ) → x = = 22.425 → E = 24.10 − 22.425 = 1.675
2
7.428 + 7.562
6. ( 7.428, 7.562 ) → x = = 7.495 → E = 7.562 − 7.495 = 0.067
2
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 45 
7. n= c  ≈  ≈ 77.79  78 people
 E   10 
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 8 
8. n= c  ≈  ≈ 106.09  107 people
 E   2 
9. tc = 1.383 10. tc = 2.069 11. tc = 2.624 12. tc = 2.756
s 25.6 s 1.1
13. E = tc = 1.753 ≈ 11.2 14. E = tc = 2.064 ≈ 0.5
n 16 n 25
s  0.9  s  16.5 
15. E = tc = 2.718   ≈ 0.7 16. E = tc = 2.861  ≈ 10.6
n  12  n  20 

s 25.6
17. x ± tc = 72.1 ± 1.753 ≈ 72.1 ± 11.2 ≈ (60.9, 83.3)
n 16
s 1.1
18. x ± tc = 3.5 ± 2.064 ≈ 3.5 ± 0.5 ≈ (3.0, 4.0)
n 25
s  0.9 
19. x ± tc = 6.8 ± 2.718   ≈ 6.8 ± 0.7 ≈ (6.1, 7.5)
n  12 
s  16.5 
20. x ± tc = 25.2 ± 2.861  ≈ 25.2 ± 10.6 ≈ (14.6, 35.8)
n  20 
s 786
21. x ± tc = 2929 ± 1.703≈ 2929 ± 252.96 ≈ (2676.0, 3182.0)
n 28
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean annual fuel cost is between $2676
and $3182.
s 786
22. x ± tc = 2929 ± 2.771≈ 2929 ± 411.6 ≈ (2517, 3341)
n 28
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population mean annual fuel cost is between $2517
and $3341.
x 375 x 425
23. pˆ = = ≈ 0.461, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.539 24. pˆ = = = 0.85, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.15
n 814 n 500
x 552 x 90
25. pˆ = = ≈ 0.540, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.460 26. pˆ = = ≈ 0.113, qˆ = 1 − pˆ ≈ 0.887
n 1023 n 800
ˆˆ
pq 0.461 ⋅ 0.539
27. pˆ ± zc = 0.461 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.461 ± 0.034 ≈ (0.427, 0.495)
n 814
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population proportion of U.S. adults who say the
economy is the most important issue facing the country today is between 42.7% and 49.5%.
ˆˆ
pq 0.85 ⋅ 0.15
28. pˆ ± zc = 0.85 ± 2.575 ≈ 0.85 ± 0.041 ≈ (0.809, 0.891)
n 500
would trust doctors to tell the truth is between 80.9% and 89.1%.
ˆˆ
pq 0.540 ⋅ 0.460
29. pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.540 ± 1.645 ≈ 0.540 ± 0.026 ≈ (0.514, 0.566)
n 1023
have worked the night shift at some point in their lives is between 51.4% and 56.6%.

ˆˆ
pq 0.113 ⋅ 0.887
30. pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.113 ± 2.326 ≈ 0.113 ± 0.026 ≈ (0.087, 0.139)
n 800
With 98% confidence, you can say that the population proportion of U.S. adults who say they are
making the minimum payment(s) on their credit card(s) is between 8.7% and 13.9%.
2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.50 ⋅ 0.50 
31. (a) n = pq  ≈ 384.16 → 385 adults
E  0.05 
2 2
z   1.96 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.63 ⋅ 0.37 
(b) n = pq  ≈ 358.19 → 359 adults
E  0.05 
(c) The minimum sample size needed is smaller when a preliminary estimate is available.
2 2
z   2.575 
ˆ ˆ  c  = 0.63 ⋅ 0.37 
32. n = pq  ≈ 2472.96 → 2473 adults
E  0.025 
The sample size is much larger.
33. χ R2 = 23.337 , χ L2 = 4.404 34. χ R2 = 42.980 , χ L2 = 10.856
35. χ R2 = 24.996 , χ L2 = 7.261 36. χ R2 = 23.589 , χ L2 = 1.735
37. s 2 ≈ 49.0294
 ( n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   16 ⋅ (49.0294) 16 ⋅ (49.0294) 
(a) 95% CI for σ 2 :  2
, 2 ≈ ,  ≈ (27.2, 113.6)
 χ R χ L   28.845 6.908 
(b) 95% CI for σ : ( )
27.195, 113.560 ≈ (5.2, 10.7)
With 95% confidence we can say that the population variance is between 27.2 and 113.6, and
the population standard deviation is between 5.2 and 10.7 ounces.
38. s 2 ≈ 1.4171
 ( n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   (25)(1.4171) (25)(1.4171) 
(a) 98% CI for σ 2 :  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (0.80, 3.07)
 χR χ L2   44.314 11.524 
(b) 98% CI for σ : ( 0.7995, )
3.0742 ≈ (0.89, 1.75)
With 98% confidence, you can say that the population variance is between 0.80 and 3.07, and
the population standard deviation is between 0.89 and 1.75 seconds.

CHAPTER 6 QUIZ SOLUTIONS
1. (a) x ≈ 6.848
σ 2.4
(b) E = zc ≈ 1.96 ≈ 0.859
n 30
σ 2.4
(c) x ± zc ≈ 6.848 ± 1.96 ≈ 6.848 ± 0.859 ≈ (5.989, 7.707)
n 30
With 95% confidence, you can say that the population mean amount of time is between 5.989
and 7.707 minutes.
2 2
 z σ   2.575 ⋅ 2.4 
2. n= c  =  ≈ 38.18 → 39 students
 E   1 
3. (a) x = 6.61, s ≈ 3.376

s 3.376
(b) x ± tc ≈ 6.61 ± 1.833 ≈ 6.61 ± 1.957 ≈ (4.65, 8.57)
n 10
With 90% confidence you can say that the population mean amount of time is between 4.65
and 8.57 minutes.
σ 3.5
(c) x ± zc ≈ 6.61 ± 1.645 ≈ 6.61 ± 1.82 ≈ (4.79, 8.43)
n 10
With 90% confidence you can say that the population mean amount of time is between 4.79
and 8.43 minutes. This confidence interval is narrower than the one found in part (b).
s 5260
4. x ± tc = 31,721 ± 2.201 ≈ 31,721 ± 3342 ≈ (28,379, 35,063)
n 12
With 95% confidence you can say that the population mean annual earnings is between $28,379
and $35,063.
x 779
5. (a) pˆ = = ≈ 0.762
n 1022
ˆˆ
pq 0.762 ⋅ 0.238
(b) pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.762 ± 1.645 ≈ 0.762 ± 0.022 ≈ (0.740, 0.784)
n 1022
With 90% confidence you can say that the population proportion of U.S. adults who think
that the United States should not put more emphasis on producing domestic energy from solar
power is between 74.0% and 78.4%.
2 2
z   2.575 
ˆ ˆ  c  ≈ 0.762 ⋅ 0.238 
(c) n = pq  ≈ 751.56 → 752 adults
E  0.04 
 (n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   9 ⋅ (3.38) 2 9 ⋅ (3.38) 2 
6. (a)  2
, = ,  ≈ (5.41, 38.08)
 χR χ L2   19.023 2.700 
(b) ( 5.4050, )
38.0813 ≈ (2.32, 6.17)
With 95% confidence you can say that the population standard deviation is between 2.32 and
6.17 minutes.

CHAPTER 6 TEST SOLUTIONS
x 1073
1. (a) pˆ = = ≈ 0.450
n 2383
ˆˆ
pq 0.450 ⋅ 0.550
(b) pˆ ± zc ≈ 0.450 ± 1.96 ≈ 0.450 ± 0.020 ≈ (0.430, 0.470)
n 2383
With 95% confidence you can say that the population proportion of U.S. adults who think
that there should be more government regulation of oil companies is between 43.0% and
47.0%.
2 2
z   2.575 
ˆ ˆ  c  ≈ 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
(c) n = pq  ≈ 1841.84 → 1842 adults
E  0.03 
2. (a) x = 825.2, s ≈ 56.8

s 56.762
(b) x ± tc ≈ 825.2 ± 2.262 ≈ 825.2 ± 40.6 ≈ (784.6, 865.8)
n 10
With 95% confidence you can say that the population mean weight is between 784.6 and
865.8 grams.
 ( n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2   (9)(56.8) 2 (9)(56.8) 2 
(c) 99% CI for σ 2 :  2
, ≈ ,  ≈ (1230.9, 16,735.5)
 χR χ L2   23.589 1.735 
(d) 99% CI for σ : ( 1230.9, )
16,735.5 ≈ (35.1, 129.4)
With 99% confidence, you can say that the population standard deviation is between 35.1 and
129.4 grams.
3. (a) x = 662.5
σ 103
(b) x ± zc = 662.5 ± 1.645
≈ 662.5 ± 48.9 ≈ (613.6, 711.4)
n 12
With 90% confidence, you can say that the population mean test score is between 613.6 and
711.4.
2 2
 z σ   1.96 ⋅ 103 
(c) n =  c  =   ≈ 407.56 → 408 students
 E   10 
4. (a) Use the t-distribution because σ is unknown and n ≥ 30 .

s 7.5
x ± tc ≈ 20 ± 2.023 ≈ 20 ± 2.4 ≈ (17.6, 22.4)
n 40
(b) Not possible because σ is unknown, n < 30 , and we do not know if the tips are normally
distributed.
(c) Use the standard normal distribution because σ is known and the weights are normally
distributed.
σ 0.05
x ± zc = 11.89 ± 1.645 ≈ 11.89 ± 0.021 ≈ (11.87, 11.91)
n 15
2 2
z   1.96 
5. ˆ ˆ  c  ≈ 0.5 ⋅ 0.5 
n = pq  ≈ 2401 tablet owners
E  0.02 

Elementary Statistics 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

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Elementary Statistics 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

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Elementary Statistics 6th Edition

Larson Solutions Manual

6.1 Try It Yourself Solutions

2a. zc = 1.96, n = 30, σ = 7.9

3a. x = 28.9, E ≈ 2.8

4a. Enter the data.

5a. n = 30, x = 22.9, σ = 1.5, zc = 1.645

x − E ≈ 22.9 − 0.5 = 22.4

6a. zc = 1.96, E = 2, σ ≈ 7.9

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.1 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

3. d; As the level of confidence increases, zc increases, causing wider intervals.

5. 1.28 6. 1.44 7. 1.15 8. 2.17

9. x − μ = 3.8 − 4.27 = −0.47 10. x − μ = 9.5 − 8.76 = 0.74

11. x − μ = 26.43 − 24.67 = 1.76 12. x − μ = 46.56 − 48.12 = −1.56

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29. c = 0.90  zc = 1.645

30. c = 0.95  zc = 1.96

31. c = 0.80  zc = 1.28

32. c = 0.98  zc = 2.33

34. (44.07, 80.97  2 E = 80.97 − 44.07 = 36.9  E = 18.45 and

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44. Answers will vary.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

N −n 1000 − 500 N −n 1000 − 100

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

60. Sample answer:

6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN

6.2 Try It Yourself Solutions

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6.2 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

1. tc = 1.833 2. tc = 2.201 3. tc = 2.947 4. tc = 2.426

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. (a) x ≈ 1764.2

26. (a) x ≈ 2.35

27. (a) x ≈ 7.49

28. (a) x ≈ 12.19

29. (a) x ≈ 71,968.06

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(b) s ≈ 15, 426.35

30. (a) x ≈ 65,588.73

31. Use a t-distribution because σ unknown and n ≥ 30 .

33. Use a t-distribution because σ unknown and n ≥ 30 .

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37. n = 25, x = 56.0, s = 0.25

38. n = 16, x = 1015, s = 25

6.3 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR POPULATION PROPORTIONS

6.3 Try It Yourself Solutions

1a. x = 123, n = 2462

2a. pˆ ≈ 0.050, qˆ ≈ 0.950

3a. n = 498, pˆ = 0.25

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4a. (1) pˆ = 0.5, qˆ = 0.5, zc = 1.645, E = 0.02

6.3 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. (a) pˆ = 0.69, qˆ = 0.31, n = 1044

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. (a) pˆ = 0.32, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.68

(b) pˆ = 0.56, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.44

24. (a) pˆ = 0.36, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.64

(b) pˆ = 0.26, qˆ = 1 − pˆ = 0.74