ITC-CSCC 2020, Nagoya (Online Conference), July 3-6, 2020

Jamming Detection and Distance Calculation of L1 and E1 Frequencies

Chotipong Sakorn1, Pornchai Supnithi2 and Watid Phakphisut3
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
1 Soi Chalong Krung 1 Ladkrabang Subdistrict, Ladkrabang District, Bangkok
Email : 162601097@kmitl.ac.th, 2pornchai.su@kmitl.ac.th, 3watid.ph@kmitl.ac.th

Abstract: GNSS jammers in the form of small portable devices values between previous and present to detect a spoofing
are able to transmit the interference signals to GNSS receivers occurrence. However, this method can solve the elevation angle
with the goal of misleading or disrupt the positioning. The problem because the variance values are quite stable when the
interference or jamming can be detected from the carrier-to- reduction of C/N0 occurs and fluctuated significantly when the
noise (C/N0) values. In this work, we apply the Moving jamming emerges.
Variance (MV) to detect the occurrence of jamming from L1, In this work, we apply the MV method to detect the active
E1 frequencies of GPS, Galileo satellites. In addition, we use jamming. Then we simulate the power signal of jammer and
Friis equation and random variable matching to calculate the analyze the effects of jammer that affect the receiver at several
distance between the GNSS receiver and jammer. distances. Finally, we calculate the distance between jammer
Keywords: Jamming Detection, Moving variance (MV), Friis and GNSS receiver via Friis equation [7].
equation
2. Signal Model and Theory
1. Introduction The simulation is based on the property’s jammer device
Jammers are typically used to transmit interference signals to “Celestialsmog” and the antenna “TW3740.”
Global Navigation System (GNSS) receiver over multiple The jamming device (GNSS signal jammer) is
frequencies. Most often, the jammers interfere L1 and E1 Celestialsmog. The properties of jamming device are shown in
frequencies (1575.42 MHz) of GPS and Galileo systems [5],[6]. Table 1.
The jammers can overpower the GNSS signals in the same Table 1 Properties of the Celestialsmog
frequency band and obstruct the satellite navigation service in Property Value
radius of several kilometers from GNSS receivers [3]. Although Power 10 dB
the jammers are illegal in many countries, they can be easily Gain 30 dB
purchased on the internet [5]. For this reason, the jammers have Frequency 1575.42 MHz
become one of the threats to navigation users.
Previous works which have analyzed the characteristics of
the signals emitted by Global Positioning System (GPS)
jammers are [1] and [2]. The impact of jammers on several
commercial GPS receivers are presented in both works.
Moreover, the effects of White Gaussian Noise (WGN) on
commercial GNSS receivers in L1 and E1 frequencies are
presented in [3]. The important characteristics that fluctuate
significantly during active jamming are solution availability,
signal strength, the Dilution of Precision (DOP) and carrier-to- Figure 1. The Celestialsmog
noise ratio (C/N0) [4].
For this reason, the jamming detection using the C/N0 The GNSS receiver device is the TW3740. The properties
fluctuation is presented in [4]. In the presentation, the Sum-of- are shown in Table 2.
Squares (SoS) technique and the threshold that using the
generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) approach are used to Table 2 Properties of TW3740
detect the jamming occurrence. However, the jamming is
Property Values
detected by SoS technique only in the case of pure C/N0. If all
of C/N0 are decreased from the change of elevation angles, the LNA 10 dB
thresholds are inappropriate and SoS detection cannot detect Gain 30 dB
jamming correctly. Coverage frequency L1, E1, G1, E1
The Moving Variance technique (MV) is presented in [6]
for the spoofing detection. The MV method will estimate the
variance values of signal to observe the different variance

Copyright © 2020 by IEICE

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 2.3 Friis Equation
The Friis equation [7] is used to determine the transmitter’s
power signal (dB) that impact the receiver at each distance.
Consequently, Friis equation can be used to specify the jammer
power that affect the GNSS receiver. The Friis equation is
obtained by
Figure 2. The GNSS receiver (TW3740)
#
 [] = ! [] + "! [] + " [] + 20log ( ) (3)
2.1. Signal Model 4$

The power signals have been designed from several C/N0 of where  [] is receiver power, ! [] is the power of
receiver gathered from different satellites and different time jammer, "! [] is the gain of jammer, " [] is the gain of
epochs. We collect the C/N0 values and create C/N0 GNSS receiver, # is wavelength and  is distance between
simulations of each satellite. The models are obtained by jammer and GNSS receiver.

 3. Experimental Setup
[] =  + [] +  [] (1)
0
3.1 Jammer position
where [] is the estimated C/N0 of th satellites at time
n seconds,  is a satellite specific constant which models the Here, we study the effects of the jammer to the receiver at the
various distance. Consequently, the jammer positioning is
in the absence of jamming and [] is used to model the
estimated in the Cartesian axes and the ENU coordinate.
attenuation caused by jamming. The [] values are determined Moreover, we assume that the jammer and receiver are at the
by distance between GNSS receiver and jammer at each time same height above the ground in the ENU coordinatie (Z axis)
epoch,  [] is a noise term in dB units and  []is not strictly to reduce the complexity of the distance calculation. Then we
Gaussian. However, it is possible to assume that  [] is White set the receiver position at (% , & ) on X, Y axes, and the
Gaussian Noise. jammer position is (%' , &' ).
The position of jammer and receiver in Cartesian axes are
2.2 Moving Variance shown in Figure 3.
The C/No values fluctuate significantly during jamming
occurrence. From this reason, we apply the Moving Variance
(MV) method which is obtained by computing the sets of C/N0
to detect the varying of C/N0.
A sliding window has a window length  to estimate a
subset C/N0 data. Then, the variance is calculated by the
difference between mean of the squares of the subset and the
square of the mean over this subset. Finally, the window shifts
with a fixed sliding interval and the variance is computed over
a new subset of data. The MV[n] is obtained by
() ()
1  1  Figure 3. Positions of receiver and jammer on Cartesian axis
 [] =  [] − (  [])
 0  0 (2)
() ()
The initial value of the jammer coordinate and receiver
coordinate are at the point (10,10) and (1500,15). Then the %'
n = 1, 2, 3…, N.
value is moved along X axis with a constant value based on the
Where  is the sliding interval and N is the total number of velocity of jammer (80 km/hr, 60 km/hr and 40 km/hr) for 400
seconds. The minimum and maximum distances between
such window. Moreover, the jamming occurrence is checked by
the MV conditions. If MV(n) is smaller than a lower threshold jammer and GNSS receiver at each velocity are shown in Table
or larger than a higher threshold, the GNSS receiver is disturbed 3.
from jammer.

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 Table 3 Minimum and maximum distances between jammer and  [] value. If any matching has the smallest error value, the
GNSS receiver at each velocity ! "! [] would be determined from ! "! [] in that pair.
Velocity Min. Max. Start
Finally, the distance () between jammer and receiver can be
distance(d) distance(d) distance(d) calculated from the equation (3).
80 km/hr 5m 7.5 km 1.5 km
60 km/hr 5m 5.3 km 1.5 km 4. Results
40 km/hr 5m 3.1 km 1.5 km
This section presents the results obtained using a positioning
We determine the moving constant from the differential model and distance calculation. It includes the results from the
constant velocity of jammer, 80 km/hr 60 km/hr and 40 km/hr, C/N0 and combines the detection systems and distance
every second. Simultaneously, the distance at time epoch calculation in terms of MV in several window sizes over time,
between jammer and receiver is calculated by 2D distance DR of each window size and error distance.
calculation to simulate the GNSS receiver’s C/N0 by using Friis The C/N0 values over time and the MV[n] in each length
equation. window size, 10, 20 and 50 in the case of constant velocity is
80 km/hr, are shown in Figure 5 . The research finds that the
3.2 Data Analysis window size of MV affects the MV[n] values.

After the jammer is moved for 400 seconds, C/N0 values at

every second are analyzed to give the jamming occurrence and
estimates the distance between jammer and GNSS receiver.
We use the MV equation in (2) to calculate the variance and
detection the jamming from several satellites.

Figure 5. C/N0[n] and MV[n] in the case of constant velocity is 80

km/hr and  = 10,20,50

Figure 4. Flow chart of the analysis program

When the detection is finished, we use the Decision Rate

(DR) -percentage of jamming decision compared with total
satellite- to decide the interference of GNSS receiver from
jammer. If the DR is more than the threshold, the jamming is
detected.
The Friis equation (3) is used to calculate distance from
jammer to receiver. However, we assume that the parameters,
 [] " [] and # are constant parameters. In addition, the
other parameters such as, ! [] and "! [] are gathered to a
new parameter ! "! [] to reduce the number of parameters.
Then we have two parameters such as, ! "! [] and  .
Moreover, we find the condition to determine the ! "! []
and  parameters, we match the several ! "! [] values (30 –
100 dB) with several distances (1-3000 m) and compare with
Figure 6. Decision Rate (DR) of MV method in the case of constant
velocity is 80 km/hr and  = 10,20,50
We can see in figure 5, the top graph shows the C/N0 values
of each satellite when constant velocity is 80 km/hr, and other
graphs show the variance of C/N0 at each window size (10, 20
and 50 second). For the 60-100 seconds, the C/N0 values are
affected from the jammer that move toward to the receiver, and
the closest distance is about 85 seconds. From this graph, the

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C/N0 values are varied by the distance between the jammer and
the receiver. If the jammer is at the closest distance to the
receiver, the C/N0 values becomes the lowest level and,
reasonably, the C/N0 values increase continuously at the longer
distances.
For the variance graph, the ordinary variance values are
about zero. In addition, the variance values of each satellite will
increase when the receiver is affected by the jammer. Moreover,
the duration of the abnormal variance occurrences will be
determined by the window sizes. From observation, the
duration increases as the window size becomes larger.
From the Figure 6, the blue line, red line and yellow line are
the decision rate of MV method at several window sizes (10 20
and 50 seconds). Then we determine the real jamming
occurrence from anomalous C/N0 at 60-100 seconds (gray color
in the graph). In addition, the decision threshold of MV method
is shown in the green line, the decision has the value of about
0.6 (60 percent from all of decision).
We determine the jamming occurrence of MV method from
decision threshold. If DR is more than the decision threshold,
the GNSS receiver is disrupted by jammer. Then we determine
the error of MV method by comparing the jamming occurrence
by using the decision of MV method with the real jamming
occurrence. The decision errors of MV method are shown in
Table 4.
Table 4 Decision Error of MV method in several velocities and
window sizes
Decision Error (%)
Velocities
w = 10 w = 20 w = 50
80 km/hr 5.85 12.73 42.22
60 km/hr 6.54 10.68 44.36
40 km/hr 4.12 13.44 40.62
The distance between jammer and GNSS receiver over time
that is calculated via the system in the case of the best length
window sizes (w = 10) and constant velocity (80 km/hr) are
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Distance between the GNSS receiver and jammer in the
case of constant velocity (80 km/hr) and  = 10
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From the figure 7, the red line is the real distance between
the jammer and the receiver (2D calculation) when the receiver
is affected from the jammer at 60-100 seconds. Then the blue
line is the distance between jammer and the receiver from the
Friis equation calculation when the jamming is detected by the
system. Finally, we estimate the distance calculation error from
the difference between real distance (2D calculation) and
distance calculated from system during jamming occurrence.
The average distance errors are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Average distance error of several velocities and window sizes
Average Distance Error (m)
Velocities
w = 10 w = 20 w = 50
80 km/hr 8.76 12.73 20.15
60 km/hr 7.84 13.97 18.72
40 km/hr 10.12 11.57 21.47
From the Table 5, the maximum distance error in the case
of w = 50, the error is about 20 percent in all of velocities.
However, the distance error in the case of w = 10 and w = 20
are about 8 and 12 percent in each velocity. For the reason, the
suitable window size is about 10 - 20 second.
5. Conclusion
This paper investigates the jamming and the distance from
GNSS receiver to jammer for GNSS L1 and E1 frequencies.
Therefore, we propose the jamming detection obtained by MV
in the case of several window sizes. However, the decision error
and average distance error are related to the window size.
Specifically, both trends (decision error and average distance
error) increase when the window size is increased. Moreover,
the velocities impact the decision error and average distance
error, the high velocities can cause more errors both decision
error and average distance error. Particularly, the appropriate
window size is 10, because the minimum error is in the case of
window size equal to 10. In addition, the percentage of decision
error is around 4-7 percent and average distance error is around
8-10 meters.
In summary, we can detect the jamming occurrence using
the Moving Variance and estimate the distance of jammer using
Friis equation.
Acknowledgement This work has been partially supported by
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang and
Research Fund KREF116301.
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