SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE

NEW DELHI

INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FIRST

SEMESTER

2023-2025

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ASSIGNMENT I

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

RAJIV MALHOTRA HIMALYA KAIM

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 CONTENTS

1 Case Study ( India) : Drainage system of Navrangpura, Ahmedabad ................ 3

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Study area ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Results and discussions............................................................................................................................. 8

Conculsion ................................................................................................................................................ 9

2 Case Study (Abroad) : Poland ........................................................................ 10

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 10

Construction and calculation of a retention canal.................................................................................. 10

Localization an characterization of an area and objective of the analysis ............................................. 12

Hydrodynamical model........................................................................................................................... 13

Variants of the drainage system ............................................................................................................. 14

Costs analysis of variants ........................................................................................................................ 16

Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 17

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 1 Case Study ( India) : Drainage system of Navrangpura, Ahmedabad
A scientific drainage system to catch the storm water is a long term need of the society,
particularly in cities. Urbanization along with its impermeable structures is one of the major causes of flooding
in metropolitan areas. The rainfall intensity and characteristics of catchment area are the major factors for
designing metropolitan storm water drainage facilities. These facilitates have a uppermost advantage to safely
dispose the generated floods to receiving system. Many towns lack in providing proper drainage system. The
present design helps the rainfall in design storm water drainage system. Past record of 34 years rainfall data
has been taken for study. Various methods were reported in literature for runoff estimation. In the present
study, rational method has been used for estimation of storm water runoff which is widely reported in
literature. The present study is to estimate runoff of a drainage basin and also to design as a case study for
Navrangpura Area in Ahmedabad, Gujarat where the design is based on different velocities

Introduction
Storm water drainage is the process of draining excess water from streets, sidewalks, roofs, buildings and other
areas. Storm water can be any rainfall, such as rain, snow and sleet that falls on the surface of the earth.
Structural measures to control storm water include storage reservoirs, flood embankments, drainage channels,
anti- erosion works, channel improvement works, pipe cleaning work, detention basins and non-structural
measures include flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, flood proofing, disaster preparedness etc In areas with
natural ground water, about 10% of the precipitation becomes runoff and about 50% infiltrates into the soil to
form or replenish ground water and flows into streams. Evaporation and uptake by plants accounts to the
remaining 40%. When natural conditions change due to development, land use and other activities, this water
cycle becomes altered .As the land becomes more covered with impervious surfaces, more rainfall converts as
runoff. This runoff carries the dust, other loads, and pollutants when the development is more as much as 55%
may become runoff. Storm sewers (also storm drains) are large pipes or open channels that transport storm
water runoff from streets to natural bodies of water, to avoid street flooding. Storm

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drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to wide municipal systems. various storm drainage systems
are designed to drain the storm water, untreated, into rivers or streams. A combined sewer is a type of sewer
system that collects sanitary sewage and storm water runoff in a same system. Combined sewers can cause
serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer overflows, which are caused by big variations in flow
between dry and wet weather.

Any storm drain in the area may be discharging various quantity of water and also the type of pollutants it
contributes. Since the metropolitan cities becoming densely populated, the per-household volumes of waste
water exceed the infiltration capacity of local soils and hence require greater drainage capacity and the
introduction of sewer systems. Navrangpura is an area in Ahmedabad -Gujarat population is increasing day by
day due to its increased population and commercial activities are also increasing. The drainage system in
Navrangpura is through pipe lines. All domestic wastewater generated in the basin is discharged through pipes
and flow at river. These pipes have various problems like improper slope, erosion , leakage and self cleaning
velocities. The leakage flow creates stagnation of the sewage, creates odour nuisance, and creates mosquito
and files problems and also causing deterioration to river water

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quality. various methods are available at the moment for reduce this problem and one such method is storm
water drain design. In hydrological analysis , various studies are carried out on storm drainage design one of
the study by Mr.Altaf hussain (2016) Rectangular cross-sections of drains for three catchments were designed
using Manning's equation according to peak discharge. P Sundara Kumar(2015) make model which utilizes the
rainfall in design storm water drainage system. T. Siva Subramanian,(2014) found that Remote Sensing and GIS
is a useful tool for spatial planning of storm water issues. I. N. Tziavos(2016) determined parameters that are
important to consider in deriving a DEM error budget. Specifically, terrain slope, land- cover type, information
loss, and data measurement schemes. Harshil H. Gajjar(2014) designed diameter of pipes as well as discharge
of pipe at jodhpur-Ahmedabad Needhidasan.S and Manoj Nallanathel (2013) storm water drainage design at
kerala. Keshav Basnet and Keshav Barnet (2017) analysis area of Pokhara, Nepal and design side road drain
system as well as upgrade the existing drainage system. Priyanka D. Harpalani(2013) develop rainfall intensity
vs duration and design of drain is carried with help of Manning’s chart in study area. Ankit Balvanshi
and H.L. Tiwari(2014) The Natural Resource Conservation Service curve number technique is very
helpful tool for estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall. Bangar Sunil. R, Patil Pramod. Z and Kashid
Vinod(2018) the details methodology to prepare plan for watershed development of a village.

Objectives
1. To understand existing drainage system and relevant problems of Navrangpura.

2. To understand the rainfall pattern and respective runoff generation by analyzing previous years data.

3. To analyse and design the drainage system of Navrangpura, Ahmedabad.

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 Study area
The geographic location of the Navrangpura area is located in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat state and lies
between latitude 23.036706N and longitude 72.561066E. The geographical area of Navrangpura is 11.98 Sq.
Km. The months of April to June are the summer months with the temperature ranging from a minimum of 27
0 c to 44 0 c. The temperature during winter months ranges from 270 c to 160 c. The annual rainfall in the
region is about 772 mm and is contributed by the southwest monsoon .

The average number of rainy days is 34 in Ahmedabad. Excessive falls of rain during June to August cause
frequent floods in the rivers and canals submerging low lying areas. Navrangpura area is located on banks of
Sabramti river. This area is at the center of Ahmedabad. Navrangpura is considered as the educational and
commercial capital of Gujarat . Vary famous colleges in each and every field are in this area like M.G.Science,
L.D. College of engineering and technology, GLS law college, CEPT University etc. Very well-known saloons ,
shopping malls, hotels, restaurants , hospitals and cafes are in this area. Big projects like METRO is going on in
this area Gujarat government gives higher focus on this central area. In the field of Infrastructure development
this area also contributes more in Ahmedabad city. The key plan of the study area is shown in the figure 1. The
main reason for the problem to be so acute is the poor drainage network in the area. Absence of drainage
network also results in the

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indiscriminate discharge of wastewater into the water bodies. The storm water during the heavy rainfall in the
area leads to block the roadways, canals, and other sub roads which leads to interruption of traffic, transport,
trade, education and other works.

Methodology
The field data required for the design of the sewerage system such as details of exiting water supply, the ward
wise population as per census, development plan etc. were collected from the Navrangpura Municipal council.
In the present study, rational method is used to estimate discharge for the Navrangpura. Discharge is a major
input for the storm water design and also the Geographical Information of the city is essential to find out the
general slope of the ground which helps in finalizing the alignments and directions of the sewers. Soil data was
collected from the ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning Regional Centre, Udaipur Google
earth pro is used in many fields like

• Making movies with Google Earth

• Using layers Using places
• Managing search results
• Measuring distances and areas
• Drawing paths and polygons
• Using image overlays
• Using GPS devices with Google Earth
• Tilting and viewing hilly terrain and many more

A. Area of Navrangpura with Google earth pro

Take different pin points through pin tool and with various longitude and latitude mark points. After that choose
polygon tool and join all points and get whole study area after completion of joining point we have various
options like Style, color, view, measurement etc.

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B. Elevation Profile

In this Google earth pro is used for measurement of elevation as well as elevation different of Navrangpura
area. Whole area was divided into three zone and taken seven node points with the help of line tool create a
line which join seven node points and through Show Elevation Profile option I got elevation of whole area which
shown in below fig.

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 Figure 4: Elevation Different At Node Points

Table 1: Elevation of node points

Node Points Latitude Longitude Elevation (m)
1 23°02'44.6" 72°32'52" 52
2 23°02'36.7" 72°33'14.5" 51
3 23°02'32.9" 72°33'25.8" 50
4 23°02'20.6" 72°33'35.3" 54
5 23°02'10.7" 72°33'46.3" 52
6 23°02'06.2" 72°34'01.9" 51
7 23°02'02.2" 72°34'20.7" 42

The existing pipes of city from zone 1 to zone 3 carries maximum water and in rainy season the storm pipes and roadways
both carries the high run off. This occurs because the inlet is insufficient to carry the initial discharge which truly affects
the capacity of the pipe from zone 1 to zone 3.

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 Table 2: details of the location of drains, time of concentration,
runoff and slope

Time of Concentration in minutes

Elevation Difference in m
Segment Runoff m3/sec
Cum Weighted Area (Ha)

Segment Runoff m3/hr

Length of Segment (m)

Time of Concentration
Catchment Area, Ha

Weighted Area (Ha)

Impervious factor
Location (Zone)

Per Factor 10ci

Length -L (km)

Height (H) mt
Length -L (m)

Flow Q (lps)
From Node

Slope 1 in L
To Node
Sr. No.

1 1 1 2 30 0.5 15 15 459 0.46 2.00 0.385926 23.15555 367.9149 5518.723 1.532979 1532.979 459 1 0.002179

2 1 2 3 32.9 0.4 13.16 28.16 416 0.42 3.00 0.346446 20.78675 381.3939 5019.144 1.394207 1394.207 416 1 0.002404

3 2 3 4 52 0.4 20.8 48.96 429 0.43 2.00 0.233861 14.03165 430.4797 8953.977 2.487216 2487.216 429 3 0.006993

4 2 4 5 38.8 0.4 15.52 64.48 444 0.44 2.00 0.28196 16.91758 407.1187 6318.482 1.755134 1755.134 444 2 0.004505

5 3 5 6 72 0.5 36 100.48 573 0.57 2.00 0.495788 29.74726 336.6272 12118.58 3.366272 3366.272 573 1 0.001745

6 3 6 7 60.4 0.4 24.16 124.64 602 0.6 3.00 0.248508 14.9105 422.892 10217.07 2.838075 2838.075 602 7 0.011628

Total Discharge=13.3738

Table 3: Possible Discharge Calculations for different velocities at

different sections
Sr. From To Diameter(m) Area(m2) V1 (0.3) V2 (0.5) V3 (1) V4 (1.5)
No
.
1 1 2 1.25 1.227 0.3681 0.6135 1.227 1.8405
2 2 3 1.25 1.227 0.3681 0.6135 1.227 1.8405
3 3 4 1.5 1.767 0.5301 0.8835 1.767 2.6505
4 4 5 1.5 1.767 0.5301 0.8835 1.767 2.6505
5 5 6 2 3.141 0.9423 1.5705 3.141 4.7115
6 6 7 2.5 4.908 1.4724 2.454 4.908 7.362

Table 2 shows various details like weighted area, Time of concentration, Segment runoff, flow from different
points and elevation different it is useful to find runoff from the zone to zone.

Table 3 shows the detailed design features of the drainage system. It shows the possible discharge
generation at different velocities. As mentioned in CPHEEO manual and storm design manual the velocity may
vary from 0.3 to 3 m/s. therefore at different points different velocities may be generated so discharge
depending upon that.

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 Results and discussions
Zone division has been done with considering geographical condition of this area and elevation different which
already show in table 1. Existing drainage network of Navrangpura area has been surveyed, calibrated and
corrected with the data provided by municipality. Drainage pipes were surveyed to obtain the growth truth and
real data of Navrangpura area. The measured depth details cross –section and all the length were compared
with existing maps of storm network. In manual design various aspects were related and considered. All the
required information like Area of Navrangpura, elevation profile and slope was found from the Google earth
pro and analyze with the help of various formula.

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 Conculsion
Navrangpura area is facing strom water drainage problem due to increasing population and infrastructural
activities. The inundation of the study area is mainly due to the blockage of the drains in different points;
therefore periodical maintenance of existing drains is essential. Google earth is software in which we can easily
find area
,perimeter and elevation different . Rational method has been successfully used for the estimation of storm
wise discharge in Navrangpura area. This study can be helpful to design storm drainage pipe at other places.

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 2 Case Study
Deebing Creek, Ipswich, Australia

Quick Facts about the project

Small Creek was once a meandering stream that flowed into Deebing Creek. Today it's a straight
concrete channel that offers very little value to the community or environment.
Returning Small Creek from a concrete drain to a natural waterway will provide:

• cleaner water
• wildlife habitat
• fewer stagnant ponds
• allowance for better path and bikeway connections
• opportunities to incorporate traditional owner stories and activities
• educational opportunities
• access to nature for play and enjoyment
• ability to use developer-contributed funds for a large-scale community project
• potentially increased property
values Project Fast Facts
• 1.6 km of channel to be naturalised
• 5 years of staged construction
• 1.6 km of planned cycle paths and discovery trails
• 61 bird species and sightings reported
• 56,000 m2 area of new planting
• 970kg/yr reduction in total nitrogen entering Deebing Creek each year

Background
What's the history of Small Creek?
The concrete drain running from Whitehill Road to Warwick Road through Raceview was once known as
Small Creek, and was a winding natural stream that flowed into Deebing Creek. Today, it’s a straight
concrete channel that offers very little value to the community or environment. Like most waterways,
it was surrounded by large iconic tree species such as the Queensland blue gum, with an understorey
of native grasses and rushes. In the early days

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following European colonisation of the area the waterway was cleared and grazing introduced,
instigating a period of ongoing decline. This led to the creek being replaced in the early eighties with the
concrete drain that we see today. The few trees that still exist are remnants of the original landscape
along the creek that once upon a time would have had their roots in or close to the water. Council is
undertaking a significant project to reinstate Small Creek as a natural waterway to provide cleaner
water for the community, habitat for birds, options for path and bikeway connections and the
opportunity for you to enjoy a natural waterway in your neighbourhood.

Why choose Small Creek?

Small Creek offers a unique opportunity to enhance the natural beauty of the area, improve waterway
health and provide better active transport options and connection networks for the community.

Why does the concrete channel need to be removed?

The area was originally a creek before it was turned into a concrete channel. In its current state, the
channel contributes to the degradation of water in our creeks and rivers, as the hard surfaces in urban
areas result in more runoff of pollutants. This dirty water travels very quickly down the channel, causing
erosion that leaves stagnant pools for mosquito and cane toad breeding, and poor water quality in
downstream Deebing Creek. The Small Creek project will help to reduce these problems.

Why don’t we spend this money elsewhere?

This project is funded by developer contributions under Council’s water quality offsets scheme. It is a
legal requirement that Council spend any money collected under the scheme on water quality
improvement projects, a primary component of the Small Creek project.

Where will the new creek be?

Small Creek will run in the general location of the current concrete channel, meandering through the
area from Whitehill Road to Warwick Road. Property boundaries and underground pipes mean it won't
follow the old creek alignment seen in the 1946 aerial photograph, but creeks naturally move about
and this creek wasn't always as seen in 1946.

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 What will Small Creek look like?
The concept design for Small Creek draws from the thoughts and ideas provided by 180+ people during
Design Your Creek Week. Whilst it has to join into existing pieces of drainage infrastructure, the
intention is that Small Creek will look like a natural waterway, with native vegetation, pools and shallow,
running sections of water.

How will Small Creek benefit me?

Returning the creek to a natural state will result in:

• Improved aesthetics, with the creek appearing as a naturally occurring waterway over
time.
• Cooler water in our waterways, a vital requirement for native fish species.
• Improved environmental outcomes via better water quality and habitat for animals
and plants.
• Provision of improved active transport connections for residents.
• Potentially improving the value of property surrounding the corridor by the
implementation of a naturalized area. Research evidences an increase in value of
property surrounding similar local projects of between $17,000 to $26,000, well above
current property value trends.

What about flooding?

Throughout the design phase extensive modelling will be done on the creek and surrounding area to
ensure that Small Creek poses no additional flooding risks and addresses existing flooding issues where
possible.

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 Figure 1 Time Plan for renovation of Creek

Figure 2 Concept Plan

Public Participation - Design your Creek Week

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Over 180 people participated in Design Your Creek Week, either attending the event on site at Poplar
Street Park, or providing feedback online.
We collated all the inputs provided in notes, letters and comments and tallied how often each topic
had been mentioned. In this diagram the size of the text indicates how frequently a topic was
mentioned. The letter of support on the following page was received from the four youngest members
of the Pole Family. The photos were shared by local resident, Robert Crepin, who has lived in Ironbark
Crescent since before Small Creek was channelized. They show the area where the Churches of Christ
is now located: at the time it was used for grazing, and many large eucalypts can been seen.

Previous experience of small creek

Now - a singular experience Small Creek currently offers all visitors, animals and people, a singular
experience.
The same condition is found along the entire corridor:

• a concrete channel that's the same width the whole way along
• lawn extending from the edges of the concrete right up to the boundaries of
adjoining properties
• very little shade
• access and movement that is very much limited to following the line of the concrete
channel
• minimal moments of delight or interactivity

Current Experience of small creek

The concept design creates many ways in which people and animals can experience Small Creek:

• a meandering waterway with a low flow channel that varies in width

• clear open lawns interspersed with a mix of planting types to provide screening,
create habitat and increase shade
• the ability to move quickly through the space or take a slower route
• all by taking a simple series of elements and weaving them together to create
multiple combinations.

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 Planting
Regional Ecosystem
Small Creek is part of Queensland's Regional Ecosystem, a Euclyptus tereticornis woodland on
Quaternary aluvium soil. Eucalyptus crebra and E. moluccana are sometimes present and may be
relatively abundant in places, especially on edges of plains and higher level alluvium. Other species that
may be present as scattered individuals or clumps include Angophora subvelutina or A. floribunda,
Corymbia clarksoniana, C. intermedia, C. tessellaris, Lophostemon suaveolens and E. melanophloia.
Occurs on Quaternary alluvial plains, terraces and fans where rainfall is usually less than 1000mm/y.
(BVG1M: 16c) Four vegetation communities are found within this regional ecosystem. The Biodiversity
Status is mapped as Endangered - Dominant vegetation

Function, Character & Experience

The initial Plant Palette for Small Creek contains a range of species, including those that are: culturally
significant

• functionally important for a healthy creek

• useful in public realm settings
• beautiful

Many fit into more than one of these categories. This is an initial planting palette only. The final plant
selection will be drawn from this list but may also include plants not shown here, depending on detailed
design, further research and testing, and availability of plant stock. The diagram below illustrates how
the character of planting changes as it transitions from the base of the channel to margins, up batter
slopes and onto upper grassy floodplain.

Community Concerns
Snakes
The local snake catcher has advised that the cracking black soils of the local area have always been a
snake habitat, and that all the new housing estates provide good habitat for snakes as they attract mice
and other sources of food, and most people are oblivious to the snakes in the area. The snake catcher’s
opinion is that revegetation of the creek is unlikely to result in any significant change to the number of
snakes in the area. Kookaburras and other birds prey on snakes and small reptiles, also helping keep
the ecosystem in balance.

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Mosquitos
Mosquitos thrive in small isolated pools of water such as those along the existing concrete drain that fill
after storm events. In these pools, mosquitos can breed quickly where there are few natural predators.
In a healthy balanced ecosystem, mosquito larvae are kept in check by fish, tadpoles, and dragonfly and
caddisfly nymphs, and adult mosquitos are hunted on the wing by dragonflies and microbats. The
concept design includes a series of deeper permanent pools that will provide habitat for fish, rock riffles
that are preferred habitat for nymphs, and a tree canopy to provide habitat for bats and predatory
insects. Floodplain areas are designed to be free draining back towards the main low flow channel, and
there should be fewer small isolated pockets of water as a result of the works.
Cane toads
Cane toads like waterbodies surrounded by well mown grassy areas, and many of the existing stagnant
ponds have lots of cane toad tadpoles. The concept design ensures all water is fringed by dense
vegetation to help encourage native frogs and deter cane toads. However, cane toads are difficult to
irradiate and will require ongoing management.

Typha
Typha, also known as bull rushes or cumbungi, is prevalent in the open drains upstream of the site.
There are three species of Cumbungi in Australia. Narrow leaf cumbungi (Typha domingensis) and
broadleaf cumbungi (Typha orientalis) are native species while Typha latifolia is an introduced plant
native to Europe (Qld Dept of Agriculture and Fisheries, 2016). Generally, the leaves of the introduced
cumbungi are about 1 m in length compared to 2–3 m for the native species such as those found
upstream of Small Creek. It has edible lower stems and rhizomes, and can be used for weaving. It’s
small wind-blown seeds rapidly colonise saturated soils and shallow water, and can spread into deeper
water and form large dense stands. Along nearby waterways like Deebing Creek, Typha tends not to be
found where there is a good riparian canopy as it needs ample sunlight to thrive. In constructed drains,
typha is considered an invasive weed as it can interfere with the flow of water, and the biggest problems
occur when drains are engineered assuming they will have turf or short grass without regard for the
impact that typha infestations will have on conveyance. The concept design seeks to minimise the
overall area of standing water and saturated soil by having a defined low flow channel, and maximising
shade around permanently wet areas. In the first few years after Small Creek is naturalised, typha will
invariably colonise parts of the system. And then as the canopy

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establishes, the prevalence of typha will significantly reduce. Maintenance activities during the early
years should focus on containing typha growth in areas where young trees are establishing to prevent
the trees being shaded out.

Community Creek
Care Waterways in urban environments require ongoing care to manage invasive weeds, assist with the
planting and management of desirable species, and remove litter etc. To be successful, the management
and maintenance of the creek will need to be a shared effort between Council and the local community.
Community ownership has started with Design Your Creek Week. This engagement should continue
through the detailed design, construction and establishment phases so that by the time the substantive
amounts of work are complete, there will be an active amount of community ownership.
Sightlines
Currently the wide open expanses of concrete and lawn means it's easy to see a long way along the
corridor from many points. The concept design will see many more plants growing in Small Creek, and so
principles of CPTED - Crime Prevention through Environmental Design - have been used to help manage
perceptions of security and comfort.

Staging
The major construction work needs to be done in several stages to align with Council’s budget and
cashflow provisions. This is also a good idea to manage risks, as only a portion of the site is being
constructed or in early establishment at any one time, and hence exposure to major dry spells or floods
is minimised. Design details and work methods can also evolve and adapt as work progresses, based on
successes and failures along the way.
For most waterway and riparian works, it is logical to commence works upstream and progressively
work downstream so that weeds and invasive plants are progressively eradicated and newly establishing
areas are exposed to the least amount of unwanted seed and plant propagules as possible.
For Small Creek, works will happen in reverse, starting at the downstream and working upstream, for
the reasons summarised below.
The uppermost reach of Small Creek covered by this concept plan—Whitehill Road to Poplar St—
involves the Churches of Christ site and further work is needed to resolve the best approach

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to interfacing with that site in a manner that works for both the landowner and Council before works
can commence. That process will not be complete by July 2017 when works on Small Creek are due to
commence. There’s a large catchment upstream of the site, and so works would not be commencing at
the top of the catchment in any case, and there are large stands of typha upstream of the works area
that will continue to be a source of seed regardless of whether the works commenced at the Whitehill
Rd or Warwick Rd end. The Warwick Rd end is close to the Bremer State High School, and commencing
works there will help foster long-term engagement from the school and its community. This area is also
the furthest from residential areas, and this allows designs and work methods to be trialled well before
they are occurring directly behind someone’s back fence. Four major stages of work are recommended:
1. Warwick Rd to Sapar Landscapes (FY 2017/18) 2. Sapar Landscapes to Briggs Rd (FY 2018/19) 3. Briggs
Rd to Poplar St Park (FY 2019/20) 4. Poplar St Park to Whitehill Rd (FY 2020/21

What time of year is best?

Major earthworks should ideally occur between July and October when there is the least chance of having
a major storm that could cause damage and wash sediment downstream. Planting should be completed
by late November to enable new plantings to make use of the warmth, sunlight and rainfall over the
summer months.

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