Biology Life on Earth with Physiology

11th Edition Audesirk Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form
A) two molecules of pyruvate.
B) six molecules of carbon dioxide.
C) two molecules of citric acid.
D) two molecules of fructose.
E) two molecules of NADH.
Answer: A

2) The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called

A) the Krebs cycle.
B) fermentation.
C) phosphorylation.
D) cellular respiration.
E) chemiosmosis.
Answer: B

3) If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, pyruvate

A) is converted by fermentation to lactate or CO2 + ethanol.
B) immediately enters the Krebs cycle.
C) is converted to NADH.
D) is converted back to fructose until the concentration of oxygen increases.
E) leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix.
Answer: A

4) All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is
A) the molecule that all living cells rely on to do work.
B) a short-term energy-storage compound.
C) the cell's principal compound for energy transfers.
D) synthesized only within mitochondria.
Answer: D

5) Which of the following statements is TRUE of glycolysis?

A) It produces a net gain of ATP.
B) It produces more ATP than does aerobic respiration.
C) It produces a net gain of FADH.
D) It only takes place under anaerobic conditions.
E) It can be performed only by bacteria.
Answer: A

6) The main function of cellular respiration is to produce

A) ATP.
B) glucose.
C) CO2.
D) NADH and FADH2 .
Answer: A

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 7) During aerobic respiration in cells, about ________ of the chemical energy in a metabolized glucose molecule is
used for ATP production and the rest is released as heat.
A) more than 90%
B) 40%
C) less than 1%
D) 25%
Answer: B

8) If no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose
molecule is
A) 2 ATP molecules.
B) 36 ATP molecules.
C) 32 ATP molecules.
D) 1 ATP molecule.
E) no ATP.
Answer: A

9) Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?
A) Krebs cycle
B) Glycolysis
C) Electron transport
D) Chemiosmosis
E) Acetyl CoA formation
Answer: B

10) Where does the production of pyruvate occur during glycolysis?

A) Inner membrane
B) Ribosomes
C) Intermembrane compartment
D) Mitochondrial matrix
E) Cytoplasmic fluid
Answer: E

11) During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?
A) 2
B) 36
C) 4
D) 34
E) No ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis.
Answer: A

12) What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?
A) NADPH
B) G3P
C) Fructose
D) Acetyl CoA
E) Pyruvate
Answer: B

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13) Which kind of metabolic poison would interfere with the glycolysis stage of cellular respiration?
A) An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
B) An agent that binds to lactate and inactivates it
C) An agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl CoA
D) An agent that reacts with FADH2 and oxidizes FAD+
E) An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not capable of being metabolized and broken
down
Answer: E

14) The end product of glycolysis is

A) two citric acid molecules.
B) one lactate molecule.
C) one G3P molecule.
D) two pyruvate molecules.
E) two NAD+ molecules.
Answer: D

15) During glycolysis in the energy-investing stage, two ATP molecules are "spent" to convert glucose to the highly
reactive molecule
A) pyruvate.
B) FADH2 .
C) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D) fructose bisphosphate.
E) NADH.
Answer: D

16) In the glucose activation stage of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is
A) fermentation.
B) exergonic.
C) respiration.
D) endergonic.
Answer: D

17) For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic
environment, they must
A) increase the rate of glycolysis.
B) produce more ATP per molecule of glucose during glycolysis.
C) increase the rate of the Krebs cycle.
D) produce ATP using NADH.
E) increase the rate of glucose production.
Answer: A

18) During the glucose activation stage of glycolysis

A) there is a net gain of four ATP molecules.
B) there is a conversion of two G3P molecules to two pyruvate molecules.
C) there is a net gain of two ATP molecules.
D) two ATP molecules are used to make one fructose bisphosphate molecule.
E) fructose bisphosphate is split into two G3P molecules.
Answer: D

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19) The overall products of glycolysis are
A) ATP and pyruvate only.
B) ATP, NADH, and acetyl CoA.
C) ATP, NADH, FADH2 , and CO2 .
D) ATP, NADH, pyruvate, and FADH2 .
E) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
Answer: E

20) During cellular respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is

A) converted to lactate or ethanol.
B) transported out of the mitochondria.
C) the source of electrons for NADH and FADH2.
D) broken down to O2 and hydrogen.
Answer: C

21) During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used?

A) Krebs cycle
B) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
C) Electron transport chain (ETC)
D) Fermentation
E) Glycolysis
Answer: C

22) We breathe more heavily during exercise because our cells

A) need more glucose to be broken down.
B) need more ADP to be converted to ATP.
C) are producing more CO2 and need to get rid of it.
Answer: C

23) Some of the CO2 that is exhaled during breathing is created during
A) the reduction of oxygen in the ETC.
B) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) fermentation.
E) glycolysis.
Answer: B

24) The metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose generates the greatest amount of ATP energy during
A) the Krebs cycle.
B) mitochondrial matrix reactions.
C) ETC.
D) fermentation.
E) glycolysis.
Answer: C

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25) How many CO2 molecules are generated from each pyruvate molecule that enters the mitochondrial matrix?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five
Answer: C

26) To be able to continue, each turn of the Krebs cycle must regenerate which of the following as a final product?
A) Pyruvate
B) ATP
C) Oxaloacetate
D) Acetyl CoA
E) NADH and FADH2
Answer: C

27) Which of the following is an example of an electron-carrier molecule?

A) Citric acid
B) ATP
C) CO2
D) NADH
E) Acetyl CoA
Answer: D

28) In aerobic cellular respiration, the ETC receives electrons directly from
A) NADH and ATP.
B) NADH only.
C) NADH and FADH2 .
D) ATP only.
E) FADH2 only.
Answer: C

29) In the mitochondrial matrix reactions, the original carbons in pyruvate

A) are incorporated into molecules of NADH and FADH2 .
B) form glucose.
C) form the backbone chain of citric acid.
D) end up in molecules of CO2 .
E) form the ring structure of oxaloacetic acid.
Answer: D

30) Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of

A) ATP.
B) NADH.
C) FADH2 .
D) H2O.
E) acetyl CoA.
Answer: A

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31) What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
A) NADH
B) Oxygen
C) ATP
D) Carbon dioxide
E) FADH2
Answer: B

32) During the final events of cellular respiration, oxygen combines with ________ to form ________.
A) hydrogen ions only; water
B) energy-depleted electrons only; water
C) energy-depleted electrons and hydrogen ions; water
D) carbon only; CO2
E) energy-depleted electrons and carbon; CO2
Answer: C

33) From the beginning of glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle (excluding the ETC), what has the cell gained
from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose?
A) 2 molecules of pyruvate
B) 2 molecules of ATP, 4 of NADH, and 2 of FADH2
C) 2 molecules of ATP, lactate, and NAD+
D) 2 molecules of ATP and 6 of NADH
E) 4 molecules of ATP, 10 of NADH, and 2 of FADH2
Answer: E

34) Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen

A) combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
B) reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.
C) combines with electrons to form CO2.
D) combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose.
E) combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide.
Answer: A

35) The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is
A) alcohol fermentation.
B) glycolysis.
C) lactate fermentation.
D) the ETC.
E) the citric acid cycle.
Answer: D

36) Which of the following parts of the mitochondria is (are) directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during
chemiosmosis?
A) Matrix only
B) Matrix and inner membrane
C) Inner membrane only
D) Outer membrane only
E) Inner and outer membranes
Answer: B

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37) If ATP is made in the mitochondria, how does it provide energy for reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell?
A) ATP is used to make glucose, which is transported to the cytoplasm.
B) The energy in ATP is converted to NADH, which travels to the cytoplasm.
C) ATP is pumped out from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm.
D) ATP diffuses into the cytoplasm through large pores in the outer membrane of the mitochondria out.
E) ATP is converted to ADP, which is transported to the cytoplasm and converted back to ATP.
Answer: D

38) Which of the following most closely matches the correct order of the main events of aerobic cellular respiration?
A) Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production
B) Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production, glycolysis
C) Major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, ETC
D) Glycolysis, major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, ETC, Krebs cycle
E) Glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, major ATP production, ETC
Answer: A

39) The products of the Krebs cycle include

A) carbon dioxide only.
B) ATP only.
C) ATP, carbon dioxide, and energy carriers.
D) carbon dioxide and energy carriers only.
E) energy carriers only.
Answer: C

40) The part of a mitochondrion that is analogous to the stroma of a chloroplast is the
A) grana.
B) matrix.
C) thylakoids.
D) outer membrane.
E) inner membrane.
Answer: B

41) The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the
chloroplast because both contain a system for
A) enzyme synthesis.
B) anaerobic respiration.
C) pyruvate production.
D) glucose synthesis.
E) electron transport.
Answer: E

42) Which step produces the most ATP?

A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC
Answer: C

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43) Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm?
A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC
Answer: A

44) Which of the following processes occurs across the mitochondrial membrane?
A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC
Answer: C

45) Which of the following processes involves hydrogen ions moving through ATP synthase channels, generating
ATP molecules?
A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC
Answer: C

46) The term chemiosmosis is associated with which process?

A) Fermentation
B) The ETC
C) The Krebs cycle
D) Glycolysis
Answer: B

47) During which of the following processes is CO 2 produced?

A) The Krebs cycle
B) Glycolysis
C) The ETC
Answer: A

48) Which of the following processes involves citric acid?

A) The ETC
B) Glycolysis
C) The Krebs cycle
Answer: C

49) When oxygen is present

A) most animal cells carry on fermentation and produce lactate.
B) most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation.
C) two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule.
D) most animal cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration.
E) most animals convert CO2 to glucose.
Answer: D

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50) Suppose an organism can alternate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. If it had to use anaerobic
respiration exclusively, how many glucose molecules must it break down to generate the same ATP as it would
in aerobic respiration?
A) 38
B) 14
C) 19
D) 1
E) 6
Answer: C

51) As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and "feels the burn" in his leg muscles, those muscle
cells are most likely utilizing
A) both cellular respiration and oxygen for maximum ATP production.
B) only cellular respiration for maximum ATP production.
C) only oxygen for maximum ATP production.
D) some lactate fermentation and lactic starting to build up in his muscle tissue causing a cramp.
Answer: D

52) Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
A) Krebs cycle
B) Electron transport
C) Reduction of pyruvate to lactate
D) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
E) Glycolysis
Answer: E

53) During which of the following processes is ATP NOT produced?

A) Cellular respiration by itself
B) Glycolysis by itself
C) Fermentation by itself
Answer: C

54) Which of the following processes requires oxygen?

A) The ETC
B) Glycolysis
C) Fermentation
D) The Krebs cycle
Answer: A

55) Within a cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of glucose, fermentation occurs in the
A) phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
B) mitochondrial matrix.
C) stroma of the chloroplast.
D) nucleus.
E) fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Answer: E

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56) During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is
A) six molecules.
B) three molecules.
C) eight molecules.
D) two molecules.
E) one molecule.
Answer: D

57) After fermentation in human cells, lactate is converted to pyruvate in the

A) bloodstream.
B) bone marrow.
C) heart.
D) lungs.
E) muscles.
Answer: E

58) What is the significance of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during fermentation?
A) The oxidation of pyruvate becomes possible.
B) NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis.
C) Pyruvate becomes available to enter mitochondrial matrix reactions.
D) The citric acid cycle is initiated.
E) ATP is produced at a higher rate.
Answer: B

59) In the absence of oxygen, suppose a single yeast cell undergoes fermentation and uses 100 molecules of glucose.
How many molecules of ATP will be generated?
A) 36
B) 100
C) 300
D) 400
E) 200
Answer: E

60) In vertebrate animal cells, where does the synthesis of lactate occur?
A) Fluid portion of the cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Mitochondrial inner membranes
D) Mitochondrial matrix
E) Surface of ribosomes
Answer: A

61) How does one account for the bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne?
A) Bubbles of CO2 were formed by the yeast cells during glycolysis.
B) Bubbles of CO2 were produced by yeast during anaerobic metabolism and were trapped in the bottle.
C) Lactate fermentation accounts for the bubbles.
D) Bubbles of CO2, produced by aerobic respiration in yeast cells, were trapped in the beverage at bottling.
E) The bubbles are simply air bubbles resulting from the brewing process.
Answer: B

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62) How do fatigued human muscle cells repay an "oxygen debt"?
A) The cells convert glucose to pyruvate.
B) The cells produce more oxygen.
C) The cells increase production of ATP.
D) The cells decrease CO2 production.
E) The cells convert lactate back to pyruvate.
Answer: E

63) In human muscle cells, fermentation (by itself) produces

A) water.
B) pyruvate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) lactate.
Answer: D

64) End products of the different fermentation processes include all of the following EXCEPT
A) lactate.
B) ethanol.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) water.
Answer: D

65) Human muscle cells can perform

A) lactic acid fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration.
B) lactic acid fermentation.
C) aerobic cellular respiration.
D) alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and aerobic cellular respiration.
E) alcoholic fermentation.
Answer: A

66) At the end of aerobic cellular respiration, how many total carbon dioxide molecules are produced for each
glucose metabolized?
A) 36
B) 6
C) 2
D) 32
E) 4
Answer: B

67) Some plans for weight loss include eating a low-carbohydrate diet. In the absence of a lot of glucose in the diet,
what other food molecules can be used to extract energy for cellular respiration?
A) Fats only
B) Protein only
C) Protein and fats
Answer: C

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68) The reason bread dough "rises" is due to the production of
A) oxygen gas.
B) ethanol.
C) lactic acid.
D) carbon dioxide gas.
Answer: D

69) Bacteria in our mouths feed off the sugars in foods that we eat. As these bacteria ferment the sugars, they
generate a product that can cause dental cavities. What is this product?
A) Acetyl CoA
B) Lactic acid
C) Citric acid
D) Hydrochloric acid
E) Pyruvate
Answer: B

70) Which of the following metabolic processes directly utilizes oxygen?

A) Glycolysis
B) ETC
C) Alcohol fermentation
D) Lactic acid fermentation
Answer: B

71) Cyanide poisoning occurs because cyanide inhibits an enzyme in the electron transport pathway. Which of the
following is the reason why cyanide poisoning becomes deadly?
A) Glycolysis stops.
B) Oxygen is reduced to water.
C) ATP is no longer produced by chemiosmosis.
D) Cells switch to anaerobic fermentation.
Answer: C

72) During chemiosmosis, a hydrogen ion gradient is linked to the production of ATP.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

73) Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle reactions both occur in the mitochondria.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

74) Carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration.

A) True
B) False
Answer: A

75) The process of fermentation is energetically more efficient than that of cellular respiration.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

76) In the cell, more than half of the energy produced by the metabolic breakdown of glucose is released as
________ and the remaining energy is stored in ________.
Answer: heat; ATP

77) The organelles responsible for the bulk of ATP production via cellular respiration are the ________.
Answer: mitochondria

78) ________ is the first stage in glucose metabolism and does not require oxygen.
Answer: Glycolysis

79) ________ is a series of reactions, occurring under aerobic conditions, in which large amounts of ATP are
produced from the breakdown of glucose.
Answer: Cellular respiration

80) Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated in the mitochondrial ________ after the
movement of hydrogen ions through ATP-synthesizing proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Answer: matrix

81) ________ is the process by which hydrogen ions move via a concentration gradient through ATP-synthesizing
enzymes, resulting in the production of ATP.
Answer: Chemiosmosis

82) In the process of cellular respiration, a molecule of ________ is completely broken down to form ________,
________, and ________.
Answer: glucose; H2 O; ATP; carbon dioxide

83) Two possible end products of fermentation are ________ (as is produced by our muscle cells under anaerobic
conditions) and ________ (as is produced by yeast under anaerobic conditions).
Answer: lactate; carbon dioxide (or ethanol)

84) The conversion of glucose to lactate is a form of ________.

Answer: fermentation

85) Yeast in a bottle of champagne produces ________ and ________.

Answer: ethanol; carbon dioxide

86) Briefly compare and contrast the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Answer: During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are combined with light energy to produce glucose and
oxygen. In cellular respiration, glucose, with oxygen, is broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. Both processes use chemiosmosis to produce ATP.

87) How does a lack of oxygen affect energy availability in animals?

Answer: Low oxygen levels result in little ATP production via chemiosmosis and a switch to an anaerobic, and
less efficient, fermentation pathway of metabolism.

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 88) Briefly describe the three main steps of aerobic glucose metabolism.
Answer: (1) Glycolysis (glucose converted to pyruvate with two molecules of ATP and two of NADH produced);
(2) pyruvate conversion to acetyl CoA and the Krebs cycle (pyruvate converted to CO2 with two
molecules of ATP, eight of NADH, and two of FADH2 produced); and (3) ETC (ETC and chemiosmosis
with 32 to 34 molecules of ATP produced)

89) Respiration rates are measured by the amount of oxygen per gram of tissue per hour. In a series of experiments,
it was determined that a warm-blooded mouse requires 2.5 milliliters of O2 per gram of tissue per hour,
whereas a cold-blooded crayfish requires 0.047 milliliter of O2 per gram of tissue per hour. Why is there such a
dramatic difference in respiration rates between these animals?
Answer: Warm-blooded animals require more energy to maintain their higher body temperature and greater
metabolic rate, and energy production is directly proportional to oxygen utilization by the ETC.

90) How does baker's yeast in bread dough make the bread rise?
Answer: Bread rises due to the production of carbon dioxide during alcohol fermentation.

91) Why is it important that NAD+ molecules are regenerated during fermentation?
Answer: Glycolysis would stop when all the NAD+ molecules were used up, resulting in no energy production for
that cell.

92) Imagine that you are running a marathon, and at the end of the race, you sprint to the finish line. Describe how
your muscle cells are getting energy. Discuss the processes involved and detail the differences that occur at the
start of your run and toward the end of your run.
Answer: Students should address the shift from aerobic cellular respiration to anaerobic lactate fermentation as
oxygen becomes scarce for the muscle cells.

93) The French biochemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur investigated the metabolism of yeast, which can
survive under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. He observed that the yeast consumed sugar at a much
faster rate under anaerobic conditions than they did under aerobic conditions. Explain this "Pasteur effect."
Answer: Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation is being used, producing only two ATP molecules per glucose
molecule. Under aerobic conditions, cellular respiration is being used, producing 36 to 38 ATP molecules
per glucose molecule. More glucose is thus required under anaerobic conditions to yield the same
amount of ATP as is produced under aerobic conditions.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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94) In the Krebs cycle, electron-carrier molecules are produced as a result of individual reactions. NAD + is reduced
as one chemical compound is converted to another EXCEPT during the conversion of

A) isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate.
B) malate to oxaloacetate.
C) succinate to fumarate.
D) α-ketoglutarate to succinate.
Answer: C

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95) If only one molecule of pyruvate (instead of two) were produced per glucose molecule metabolized in
glycolysis, then which of the following would be produced after glycolysis and before the electron transport
chain?

A) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

B) 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
C) 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 FADH2
D) 1 ATP, 4 NADH, and 1 FADH2
Answer: D

96) Some people trying to lose weight have gone on the Atkins diet, in which they eat mostly high-protein,
low-carbohydrate foods such as meat, cheese, and eggs. The amino acids in these protein-rich diets, such as
alanine, glycine, and serine, can be converted to pyruvate by deamination (removal of the amino group).
Based on this scenario as well as your knowledge of cellular respiration, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2
molecules will be generated from one molecule of alanine during the mitochondrial matrix reactions? Hint:
Only consider the reactions from the point at which the alanine carbons enter cellular respiration.
A) 0 FADH2 , 1 NADH, and 2 ATP
B) 2 FADH2 , 3 NADH, and 2 ATP
C) 1 FADH2 , 4 NADH, and 1 ATP
D) 2 FADH2 , 6 NADH, and 2 ATP
E) 1 FADH2 , 1 NADH, and 1 ATP
Answer: C

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

97) In the 1940s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a drug called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose
weight. This unsafe drug was quickly abandoned after a few patients died. DNP affects cells by uncoupling the
chemiosmotic machinery and making the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to hydrogen ions.
Explain how DNP caused weight loss and, ultimately, death in these dieters.
Answer: No hydrogen ion gradient could be established, so little ATP was produced through the process of
cellular respiration. In turn, consumed (dietary) energy and stored (fat) energy were metabolized to try to
give the body enough ATP to survive, but without success.

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