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    L 4 Consider the composition of the species W, X.Y and Z below. Which species is an anion? Species mber of protons | Number of neutrons | Number of electrons Ww 9 10 10 x in 12 1 Y 12 12 12 Zz 13 14 10 A Ww BOX coy DZ Energy levels for an electron in a yarogen atom are A. evenly spaced. B. farther apart near the nucleus C. closer together near the nucleus. D. arranged randomly. ‘Which is related to the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of the elements from the alkali metals to the halogens? 1 Group number I Period number A. Tonly B. Tonly ¢. Both Iand Ir D. Neither Inor II How do bond length and bond strength change as the number of bonds between two atoms increases? Bond length Bond strength A increases increases B increases decreases c decreases increases D. decreases decreases 5. 8 9% 10. ‘Which of the following is true for CO? C=0 bond CO; molecule A. | polar non-polar B. | non-polar polar c. | polar polar D. | non-polar ‘non-polar The molar masses of CsHe, CH:OH and CHF are very similar. How do their boiling points compare? A. G)Hy) State and explain which of the two isotopes “Br and Br is more common in the element bromine. (©) The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as bromine. (i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of calcium. ® (ii) Deduce the formula of the compound calcium bromide. ® 62. Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into @ mass spectrometer. One of the ions that reaches, the detector is >Mg" (a) Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the "Mg" ion. wo (b) State how this ion is accelerated in the mass spectrometer. ® (c) The **Mg* ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the magnetic field. Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/= Values of these two ions of magnesium, which of the ions ?*Mg”* and Mg" is detected using a stronger magnetic field. @ (otal 4 marks) 63. (a) _List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength (shortest first) IL Yellow light 1B 64. 65. 85. 86. (b) © IL. Red fight IM. Infrared radiation IV. Uluaviolet radiation Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum. ‘The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. ‘Type of Radiation ‘Wavelength / nm, UV-A 320-380 UVB 290-320 Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous than UV-A. ® (Total S marks) 14 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. | UrrUrrunovusoosUD vt (i) a Das poy line finishing at n= 2 (not above ): upward arrow; 3 correct [2J, 2 correct [1]. Line from n= 3 ton=2; Atrow pointing downward (inr any transition); Ip | 2n te) a 6 p.nin nucleus © orbiting/ outside,” [1] for number and type of particles and [1] for location. (ii) N,+3T) > 2NTs: Correct formulas [1], balancing of correct equation [1]. 2Na+2T;0 + 2NaOT+Ty: 4 Correct formulas [1], balancing of correct equation [1]. IfHis used instead of T in any of the equations [3 max]. Accept any other suitable equation for both parts. 106. (i) 2p%3s°3p%; 1 Do not accept [Ne] 38°3p® or 2.8, 8. Gi) Ka Se TH crise Pe: 2 Accept other suitable pairs of ions 107. (a) mole ratio CH No penalty for using imeger atomic masses empirical formula is CH. 2 PV_ mass. L.01«10? kPa(0.399dm?): RT molarmass T_ (0731 8314 CBR) (6) @) number of moles of gas n= 6.3 (g mol) 2 OR massof themolar volime y+ stp; 22.4dm> 1.00224 _ 1 Dae = 56.1 (gmt) Accept answers in range 56.0 to 56.3. Accept two, three or four significant figures. Gi) CH 1 No ECF. molar mass is the 108. 7 protons, $ neutrons, 10 electrons: Award [2] for three correct and [1] for two correct. 109. (a) (i) _ ionization, acceleration, deflection/separation; 2 Award [1] for all three names and [1] for correet order. Award [1] for nwo names in correct order (ii) ionization: sample bombarded with high-energy or high-speed electtons/ OWTTE: acceleration: electric field/oppositely charged plates; deflection: (electro)magnet/ magnetic field; 3 (6) @)__ average or (weighted) mean of masses of all isotopes of an element; relative to (one atom of) "C; 61 16 110. tt 112. 113. 14. 115. 116. Both marks available from a suitable expression. (ii) A, = (700.2260) + (720.2545) + (74x0.3673) + (76x0.1522): = 72.89, No other final answer acceptable. Award [2] for correct final answer (a) 1s? 2s’ 2p® 3s? 3p% ds? 3d! dp? /[Ar] 4s? 3d° ap” Do not penalize for interchanging 4s"and 3°”. oo) Ap (ii) Ge'(g) > Ge*(g) +e: Do not penalize for e-(g). Accept loss of electron on LHS. (ii) Sth electron removed from energy level closer to nucleus/Sth electron removed from 3rd energy level and 4th electron from 4th energy leveVOWTTE: attraction by nucleus or protons greater (for electrons closer 10 nucleus) OWTTE: number of protons in the nucleus/atom: Do not accept protons and electrons. Gi) mumber of protons and neutrons in the mucleus/atom: Po 16 protons and 17 neutrons and 18 electrons, Al-283; N-2 F-27 Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two or one correct. Accept correct configuration using s p.d notation. Adch = 35.45 ~ 358237000-2) | 100 C1 = 77.5% and C1 = 22.5%: (@) (to produce positively charged ions; by the bombardment of fast moving electrons; (ii) magnetic field at right angles to path of ions/accept suitably labelled diagram: moves ions in curve path /deflects ions: dependent on mass/charge ratio; Award [1] each for any 2 points. (iii) acceleration of the ions by electric field/towards negative plate/cathode: (9) 8) 2) 2) 1) fa fa 7 (bo) 47. (i) (ii) 118. (i) (ii) (i) atoms with the same number of protons/positive charges/atomic ‘umber but different number of neutrons/mass number; 1 85r487(100-x)_, 100 Accept other valid mathematical alternatives. cy ®°Rb = 76.5 and *’Rb = 23.5 (ii) mass; density boiling point melting point rate of diffusion in the gas phase: enthalpy of vaporization: enthalpy of fusion: rate of reaction in the gas'liguid phase: 1 Any two for one mark ‘2p°3s°3p"s spSad* (iv) Si: 1s°2s Fe**: 1s°2s"2p%3: PP: 1s72s?2p%3s?3p% 3 Allow [I max] for 3 correct abbreviated structures using noble gas symbols. 112) ratio of average mass of an atom to — the mass of C-12 isotope’ 12 average mass of an atom on a scale where one atom of C-12 has a mass of 12/sum of the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element compared to C-12/OWTTE, L Award no mark if ‘element’ is used in place of ‘arom Cu (more abundant) since 4, (Cu) is closer in mass to 63; 1 Explanation needed for mark 2) same nuclear charge, fewer electrons (thus more energy required to remove successive electrons)/harder to remove an electron from an ion with increasing positive charge/nucleus has greater effect ‘on smaller number of electrons/OWTTE: 1 large increases in IE when 2nd and 10th electron removed; thus, Ist electron further from nucleus than 2nd electron; and 9th electron further from nucleus than 10th electron; large increases indicate changes in main energy levels/OWTTE: OR ‘outermost/3p electron has low TE because itis far/furthest from the nucleus; electron(s) in second shell/2p electrons are much closer (to nucleus) and need much more energy to removelIE much higher'very high’there is a big jump in IE: lectron(s) in firstinnermost shell/Is electrons are even closer (to nucleus) and need much more energy to remove (than those in second shell/2s ot 2p electrons); 3 oy 18 119. 120. 121. 12. 123. 124. (a) (bo) © @ @ () fa) (b) () f@) (o) @ () © f@) atom of same element/same number of protons but with different mass number/number of neutrons: protons 23 electrons 23 neutrons 27 Three correct [2], two correct [1 SEV (51 neater to 4, value of $0.94; carbon, 12/"C; ‘mass/density/for gases: rate of effusion or diffusion/melting point boiling point ‘Do not accept mass number. if °CL=x, then (x= 35.00) + (1 —x) 37.00= 35.45, Award [1] for set up. therefore, | = 77.5% and *7CI (need both for mark); atoms of the same element/same number of protons/same atomic number: hhaving different numbers of neutrons’different (mass number): Award only [1] max ifreference made to elements but not atoms 36x 0.337 + 38 0,0630+ 40x99, 100 . relative atomic mass = 23 electrons; 26 protons; 30 neutrons; Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two correct. atoms of the same element/same atomic number/same number of protons: different numbers of neutrons/mass numbers; Award only [1] max if reference made to elements but nor atoms (69x 61.2+71x38.8) a ss =1 (SF) possible (treat 69 and 71 as integers) relative atomic mass = continuous spectrum has all colours/wavelengths frequencies whereas line spectrum has only (lines of) sharp/discrete/specific colours wavelengths /frequencies: lines get closer together towards high energy: line represents electron transitions between energy levels/OWTTE: anatomof Br | anion of “Br protons 35 35 : neutrons 44 46 : 61 Bl BI B) 19 () © 125. (a) () © 126. (a) ) © electrons Br because 4, is closer to 79/OWTTE: (i) 2,8,8.2/2.8.8.2: (ii) CaBr; 12 protons and 13 neutrons and 11 electrons; electric field/oppositely charged plates/potential difference/ OWTTE; greater m/= valuelless highly charged ions need stronger fields to deflect them/OWTTE; Do not accept greater mass with no reference to charge, or ‘greater mass and smaller charge. IV

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