Original Article

The Formulation of Lozenge Using Black Mulberries (Morus nigra L.) Leaf
Extract as an α‐Glucosidase Inhibitor
Arif Budiman1, Ferry F. Sofian2, Ni Made W. S. Santi1, Diah L. Aulifa3
1
Department of Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, which possibly

Abstract
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Pharmaceutics and leads to kidney, brain, heart failure, and other organ complications, subsequently
Pharmaceutical Technology, harming human health. These symptoms have been prevented using the leaf of
Faculty of Pharmacy,
black mulberry (BM), as a traditional medicine, because the phenolic compounds
Universitas Padjadjaran,
Bandung, Indonesia, contained are able to decrease blood glucose concentration. Meanwhile, previous
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 04/17/2023

2
Department of Biological reports have shown that BM contains 1-deoxynojirimycin, with strong activity
Pharmacy, Faculty of as an α‐glucosidase inhibitor. The aim of this study, therefore, was to formulate
Pharmacy, Universitas and evaluate BM leaf extract in lozenge dosage form as an α‐glucosidase
Padjadjaran, Bandung, inhibitor. Materials and Methods: The leaves of BM were extracted using the
Indonesia, 3Department of maceration method, where ethanol (70%) served as a solvent, and the inhibitory
Pharmaceutical Biology,
activity of the sourced α‐glucosidase enzyme was determined through in vitro
Indonesia School of
Pharmacy, Bandung, study. Subsequently, the extract was formulated into lozenge dosage form and
Indonesia evaluated for physical stability and also the effect of α‐glucosidase enzyme.
Results: The result showed an inhibitory activity of BM leaf extract against the
enzyme α-glucosidase, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value
of 357.6 μg/mL, whereas the lozenge formulation containing 43% of extract as
well as 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone showed the best physical stability as compared
to other formulas. However, the lozenge inhibits α‐glucosidase enzyme with an
IC50 value of 549.7 μg/mL. Conclusion: It was established that the lozenge of BM
Received : 23-09-2019.
Revised : 21-01-2020.
leaf extract possesses activity as an α‐glucosidase inhibitor.
Accepted : 09-02-2020.
Published : 10-04-2020.
Keywords: α‐glucosidase, black mulberry leaf extract, lozenge

Introduction continuously been improved with the aim of attaining

D iabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with
a tendency to cause kidney, brain, and heart failure,
as well as other organ complications, which is harmful
to health. Furthermore, the inception is often affiliated
with insulin resistance or a limitation in secretion and
also low sugar use.[1] This form of resistance further
impairs the body cell responsiveness,[2] categorized as a
prediabetic stage associated with obesity, subsequently
leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus.[3]
It is expected that the worldwide estimation of sufferers
in 2030 increases by over twofold from the statistics
obtained in 2005.[4] This is a potentially serious medical
concern, and the drug choices during treatment have
healing. However, resistance remains a huge challenge
in the quest to achieve success, leading to interests in
specific targeting, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus.[5]
The control of postprandial glucose levels is a
strategy to prevent diabetes mellitus, which is
achieved by inhibiting the carbohydrate hydrolysis
enzymes, including α-glucosidase in digestive organs.
Address for correspondence: Mr. Arif Budiman, M.Si., Apt.
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung
Sumedang KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten
Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
E-mail: arif.budiman@unpad.ac.id

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How to cite this article: Budiman A, Sofian FF, Santi NMWS, Aulifa DL.
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_219_19
The formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf
extract as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2020;12:171-6.

© 2020 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 171
 Budiman, et al.: Formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract

Therefore, it is possible for specific inhibitors, Materials and Methods

consisting of voglibose and acarbose, to restrain
the liberation of glucose from oligosaccharides,
and subsequently decreasing postprandial glucose
levels and insulin responses.[6] This class of drugs
are, therefore, applied in the control of patient blood
glucose, combined with dietary modifications and
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Materials
Plant material
The leaf of BM was collected from Maribaya
Timur, Cibodas, West Java and authenticated by the
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universitas

other antidiabetic agents.[5] Furthermore, the use of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

combination drug therapy tends to cause side effect
Chemicals
and is possibly detriment to human physiology;[1]
The α-glucosidase enzyme was purchased from Sigma-
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 04/17/2023

hence, it is important to identify and develop new

α-glucosidase inhibitors.
Morus nigra L. (black mulberry [BM]) is well-known
natural plant used as antidiabetic agents. Previous reports
have shown the possibility for the leaf powder to reduce
very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol triglycerides, fatty acids, and
blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Also, the water extract caused substantial decline in
the glucose levels of induced rats, subsequently leading
to the regulation of oxidative stress levels, improved
hexokinase activity, synthesis of glycogen, and reduction
in glucose-6-phosphate formation in the liver of
animals.[2,7]
The mechanisms of BM Leaf tends to be multidirectional,
as 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has been identified as
the best-known main component, possessing the
tendency to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme present in
the small intestine.[8] The aim of this study, therefore,
was to formulate and evaluate BM leaf extract in the
lozenge dosage form and also to estimate the activity of
α‐glucosidase inhibitor, using in vitro study. Conversely,
a lozenge is a solid dosage form intended to disintegrate
or dissolve slowly in the mouth, which has the following
advantage: easing of consumption for pediatric and
geriatric patients, and also ensuring an extended
contact period between the active drug and the oral
cavity.
Aldrich (Saint Louis, MI. USA), and all other chemicals
used were of technical grade.
Extraction
The leaves of BM were dried in an oven at 35oC–40oC,
and subsequently extracted using 70% ethanol with
a maceration method for 24 hours (×3) at ambient
temperature. The ethanol was removed by a rotary
evaporator (IKA RV 10, IKA Company, Staufen,
Germany) at 40°C to obtain the crude extract.[9,10]
Phytochemical screening extract
Phytochemical screening was conducted to evaluate
the presence of secondary metabolites, including
flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins,
quinones, steroids/triterpenoids, monoterpenes, and
sesquiterpenes.[11]
Formulation of lozenge
The lozenge formulation consisting of BM leaf extract
and all other ingredients was prepared through wet
granulation, and the granules were subsequently dried
in the oven at 40oC for 6 h. These were then directly
compressed into tablets with a press, filling an average
weight of 650 mg, with the composition shown in Table 1.
Evaluation of black mulberry leaf extract granules
(pre-compression parameters)
The granules consisting of BM leaf extract and excipient
were evaluated using flow properties, determined with

Table 1: Formulation of black mulberry leaf extract lozenges

Ingredients Composition of lozenges (%)
FI FII FIII FIV FV FVI
BM leaf extract 43 43 43 43 43 43
Aerosil 2 2 2 2 2 2
Polyvinylpyrrolidone 3 3 3 5 5 5
Stevia 4 5 6 4 5 6
Maltodextrin 1 1 1 1 1 1
Avicel 2 2 2 2 2 2
Magnesium stearate 4 4 4 4 4 4
Mannitol 41 41 41 41 41 41
BM = black mulberry

172 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 12 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2020
 Budiman, et al.: Formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract
angle of repose and compressibility parameters by
Carr’s index, as well as tapped and bulk density.[12,13]
Evaluation of black mulberry leaf extract lozenge
(post-compression parameters)
The thickness and weight variation
A total of 20 lozenges per formula were measured for
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thickness testing, using a Vernier Caliper. Also, 20
tablets were individually weighed using an electronic
balance, and the values obtained were compared to the
average tablet weight, and the results presented as mean
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± standard deviation (SD).[13]
Hardness
The hardness of 10 lozenges for each formula was
determined using the tablet hardness tester instrument
(VK 200 Tablet Hardness Tester, Varian, North Carolina,
USA), and the results presented as mean ± SD.[14]
Friability
Twenty lozenges from each formula were accurately
weighed and placed in tablet friability tester (Varian
Friabilator 25–4000, North Carolina, USA), which
rotated at 25 rpm for 4 min. These were subsequently
brushed and reweighed, and then the percent of weight loss
was calculated using the formula: % friability = ([initial
weight – final weight]/initial weight) × 100.[13]
Disintegration time
The disintegration time analysis of lozenges was
conducted according to USP 30, using a disintegration
tester instrument (Erweka ZT6-1-D, Langen, Germany)
containing the phosphate buffer medium maintained at
pH 6.2 and 37°C ± 0.5°C.[15]
Stability test
Stability studies were conducted at 40oC with relative
humidity (RH) 75%, and also at room temperature
(25oC) with 75% RH for 30 days. Also, other physical
parameters of lozenges were evaluated, including
hardness, friability, and dissolution time.[16]
Determination of α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity
Ten μL of BM leaf extract and the formulated lozenges
were briefly dissolved, respectively, in dimethyl sulfoxide
at varying concentrations. This was then mixed with
40 μL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 25 μL of
p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, followed by
incubation at 37°C for 5 min, and the addition of 25-μL
α‐glucosidase solution. The mixture was, therefore,
incubated at 37°C for 15 min, prior to the incorporation
of 100 μL of Na2CO3 solution (0.2 M) to terminate the
reaction, which was then monitored at 405 nm using
a microplate reader. Furthermore, the half maximal
inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was calculated
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 12 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2020
from the concentration–effect linear regression curve,
where acarbose was adopted as a positive control.[17,18]
Statistical analysis
The experimental data, including in vitro study and
physical stability presented as mean of samples ± SD,
were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) method. However, Kruskal–Wallis
analysis method was used on instances where the data
were not normally distributed.[19]
Result and Discussion
The determination results obtained at the Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universitas Padjadjaran
showed Morus nigra L. as the species of BM leaves
used in this study. Also, maceration method was
adopted in the extraction process, in an attempt to
protect compounds, especially those responsible for
the inhibition of α‐glucosidase enzyme, contained
in the BM leaves from thermal decomposition.[11]
Furthermore, 70% ethanol was used as a solvent,
based on the universal dissolution characteristics for
both polar and nonpolar constituents,[20] producing a
rendement value of 21.83%.
The phytochemical screening conducted to determine the
presence of secondary metabolites detected flavonoids,
polyphenols, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, and
also saponins. This result supports the assumption
that α‐glucosidase inhibitory compounds exist in BM
leaf, encompassing flavonoids, phenolic acid, flavonol
derivative, and polyphenols.[18]
α‐Glucosidase is a determinant enzyme affiliated
with the inception of postprandial hyperglycemia,
attained by the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides (type
2 diabetes mellitus).[21] Furthermore, acarbose and
voglibose are well-known commercial brands used in
treatment, which show numerous side effect, including
liver disorders, flatulence, and hepatic injury.[22,23] Also,
the leaf of BM has been reported to possess effective
α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity.[24]
This potential was determined through tests and a
comparison was made using acarbose as a positive
control. Furthermore, the inhibition profile was
ascertained with the IC50 values using the dose–
response curves obtained through the serial dilution
of BM leaf extract and acarbose, at concentrations of
4000–62.5 μg/mL.[6] The IC50 calculated for BM leaf
extract was 228.5 μg/mL ± 11.4, whereas the value
for kojic acid was 357.6 μg/mL ± 10.5. This, therefore,
indicates the potential for the material studied to
serve as a α‐glucosidase inhibitor, although statistical
173
 Budiman, et al.: Formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract

analysis showed no significant difference (P < 0.05) in
activity, compared to IC50 of acarbose.
The 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) content of BM leaf
extract has been affiliated with the enzyme inhibitory
properties, due to the ability to effectively reduce
postprandial blood glucose levels.[25] Also, some
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indicating that official requirements for tablets were
met.[27]
The stability test for lozenge, including friability, hardness,
and disintegration time is shown in Figures 1–3.
On the basis of friability measurements, the lozenges
remained within the acceptable official requirements,

previous studies showed the strong inhibitory effect

which is <1%. Furthermore, statistical analysis
of disaccharidase present in human digestive tract,
using ANOVA showed a significance value of 0.010
implicated in the reduced conversion of disaccharides
(P < 0.05), which indicates the absence of any storage
to glucose in the body. Conversely, this does not affect
effects on the product friability.
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the absorption of sugars,[26] whereas α-glucosidase

inhibitors diminish carbohydrate absorption in the
intestine, subsequently decreasing blood glucose
levels.[2]
The result of granules pre-compression evaluation is
shown in Table 2.
The angle of repose for all formulations ranged
from approximately 20o to 25o, whereas the flow rate
was over 10 g/s, with Carr’s compressibility index of
approximately 16%–21%. These are indicative of good
granule flow property for the BM leaf extract and all
excipients.[13]
The results of post-compression, encompassing weight
variation, diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, and
disintegration time are reported in Table 3.
The mechanical properties of tablet/lozenges serve as
an important test in pharmaceuticals, with reference to
pharmacopoeial requirements; hence, all formulations
result in very low weight products, which lie within the
limits. Furthermore, the friability recorded was <1%,
whereas the diameter of all formula was not more than
three times and not <1 1/3 the thickness. Conversely,
the disintegration time for all formulas was <15 min,
On the basis of hardness measurements, some
formulated lozenges remained within the official range
recommended for tablets (3–40 Kp). However, the
results of statistical analysis by ANOVA showed a
significance value of 0.015 (P < 0.05), which indicates
that there was no effect of storage on lozenge hardness.
On the basis of the disintegration time measurement, the
formulated lozenges were maintained within the official
range recommended for tablet (<15 min). Furthermore,
statistical analysis obtained using ANOVA showed
a significance value of 0.010 (P < 0.05), which
indicates the absence of any storage effects on lozenge
disintegration time.
The formulation of lozenge containing 43% BM
extract and 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (FVI)
was selected for the determination of α‐glucosidase
inhibitory activity, due to the high convenience of this
formula, as compared to others. Therefore, the result
of α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity determination is
shown in Table 4.
The result showed lower activity in the BM leaf extract
lozenges, as compared with acarbose and BM leaf
extract, although it specifically manifested potential

Table 2: Evaluation of pre-compression

Parameters F1 (1:1) F2 (1:2) F3 F4 F5 F6
Angle of repose (o) 24.7 ± 0.72 23.77 ± 1.47 22.30 ± 1.44 21.56 ± 0.63 20.16 ± 1.43 20.16 ± 0.51
Flow rate (g/s) 12.96 ± 0.80 12.32 ± 0.73 11.96 ± 0.94 16.01 ± 1.13 15.97 ± 0.60 15.97 ± 0.60
Carr’s index (%) 20.74 ± 4.36 21.27 ± 4.88 22.27 ± 3.70 17.05 ± 1.34 15.07 ±3.61 16.17 ± 2.48
All the values were calculated as mean ± standard deviation

Table 3: Evaluation of post-compression

Formula Weight Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Hardness (N) Friability (%) Disintegration
variation (mg) time (min)
F1 650.8 ± 0.71 12.99 ± 0.03 5.27 ± 0.05 35.05 ± 2.26 0.79 ± 0.19 5.65 ± 0.02
F2 651.3 ± 1.13 13.00 ± 0.02 5.28 ± 0.04 36.00 ± 2.45 0.87 ± 0.13 5.62 ± 0.02
F3 651.2 ± 1.00 13.00 ± 0.02 5.28 ± 0.04 35.65 ± 2.08 0.87 ± 0.29 5.68 ± 0.02
F4 651.2 ± 0.96 13.00 ± 0.02 5.26 ± 0.05 55.75 ± 2.57 0.41 ± 0.08 6.10 ± 0.16
F5 651.6 ± 1.08 12.99 ± 0.02 5.29 ± 0.04 55.95 ± 2.52 0.44 ± 0.14 6.16 ± 0.13
F6 651.1 ± 0.91 13.00 ± 0.02 5.29 ± 0.04 56.10 ± 2.55 0.38 ± 0.11 6.18 ± 0.16
All the values were calculated as mean ± standard deviation

174 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 12 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2020
 Budiman, et al.: Formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract

Table 4: Result of α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity

determination for formulated lozenges
Sample IC50 (μg/mL)
Acarbose 228.60 ± 6.23
BM leaf extract 357.60 ± 8.44
Lozenges of BM leaf extract 549.72 ± 10.45
Lozenges without BM leaf extract 6773.92 ± 11.62
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BM = black mulberry, IC50 = half maximal inhibitory

concentration
All sample values were determined as mean ± standard
deviation; n = 3
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Figure 1: Friability measurement result of black mulberry leaf

extract lozenges (all sample values were determined as mean ±
standard deviation; n = 3)
Figure 2: Hardness measurement result of black mulberry leaf
extract lozenges (all sample values were determined as mean ±
standard deviation; n = 3)
Conclusion
On the basis of the results and discussion, it is concluded
that BM leaf extract possesses an α‐glucosidase
inhibitory activity, due to the IC50 value of 357.6 μg/
mL. Furthermore, the formulation containing 43%
BM extract and 5% PVP showed the best physical
stability, whereas BM leaf extract lozenges showed high
α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of
549.7 μg/mL.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Universitas Padjadjaran for
the provision of financial support.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.

Figure 3: Disintegration time result for black mulberry leaf extract
lozenges (all sample values were determined as mean ± standard
deviation; n = 3)
tyrosinase inhibitory activity. This result indicates
the presence of DNJ, which possesses remarkable
α‐glucosidase inhibition potentials. Furthermore,
statistical analysis showed significant difference
(P < 0.05) between the IC50 of the formulated lozenges
and the blank preparation.
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