THE

MATHS METHODS 3 & 4

HEFFERNAN
TRIAL EXAMINATION 2
GROUP
SOLUTIONS
P.O. Box 1180
Surrey Hills North VIC 3127 2020
Phone 03 9836 5021
(Adjusted Study Design)
info@theheffernangroup.com.au
www.theheffernangroup.com.au

SECTION A – Multiple-choice answers

1. A 9. A 17. E
2. C 10. E 18. A
3. E 11. D 19. E
4. D 12. B 20. D
5. D 13. B
6. D 14. E
7. E 15. C
8. C 16. B

SECTION A – Multiple-choice solutions

Question 1
2π 4π
period = where n =
n 3
4π
= 2π ÷
3
3
=
2
The amplitude is 2 and there is a translation 1 unit down. So range = [−3,1] .
The answer is A.

Question 2
The graph touches the x-axis at x = 2 , so the rule has a repeated factor of ( x − 2) 2 .
The graph cuts the x-axis at x = −2 and at x = 6 . The graph is an inverted quartic.
A possible rule is y = −( x + 2)( x − 2) 2 ( x − 6) i.e. y =
( x + 2)( x − 2) 2 (6 − x)
The answer is C.

Question 3
Let p ( x) = 3 x 4 + 4 x3 − 2k 2 x 2 .
Since x + k is a factor, then p (− k ) =
0.
So 3(− k ) 4 + 4(− k )3 − 2k 2 (− k ) 2 =
0
3k 4 − 4k 3 − 2k 4 =
0
k 4 − 4k 3 =
0
k 3 (k − 4) =
0
=So k 4 because k ∈ R \ {0}.
The answer is E.

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Question 4
π
The period of the graph of y = tan(nx) is . y
n
If the function f has adjacent asymptotes at
π π
x= − and x = ,
3 3
2π π π x
then the period is . − O
3 3 3
π 2π
So =
n 3
3
n=
2
 3x 
A possible rule is f ( x) = tan   .
 2 
The answer is D.

Question 5
f (a + 3) − f (a + 2)
average rate of change =
(a + 3) − (a + 2)
log e (a + 3− a) − log e (a + 2 − a)
=
1
= log e (3) − log e (2)
 3
= log e  
2
The answer is D.

Question 6
The equation x 2 + ( p − 2) x = −1 is a quadratic in the variable x.
x 2 + ( p − 2) x + 1 =0
∆= b 2 − 4ac (the discriminant)
2
= ( p − 2) − 4 × 1 × 1
=( p − 2) 2 − 4
For two real solutions, ∆ > 0 .
Solve ( p − 2) 2 − 4 > 0 for p.
So, p < 0 or p > 4.
In interval notation, this is given by p ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (4, ∞) .
The answer is D.

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Question 7
1
f ( x) =
x−a
−1
f '( x) =
( x − a)2
−1
f '(1) =
(1 − a ) 2
−1 1
Solve 2
= − for a
(1− a) 4
a = −1 or a = 3

The graph of f is a hyperbola with two branches and two asymptotes. One asymptote has
equation y = 0 and the other x = a .
The vertical asymptote with equation x = a can be to the left or right of the y-axis, or on the
y-axis depending on the value of a as shown below.
y y

y = f ( x ), a > 0 y = f ( x), a < 0

x a x
a

So both values of a are possible since a ∈ R .

The answer is E.

Question 8

The simultaneous equations can be expressed as a matrix equation.

m 1   y  k 
 4 m + 3  x  =  4 
    
If m(m + 3) − 4 ×1 = 0 , then there are no solutions or infinitely many solutions i.e.
m 2 + 3m − 4 = 0
(m + 4)(m −1) = 0
m = −4 or m =1
We can now reject options B and E.
If m = −4, we have − 4 y + x = k
4y − x = 4
For no solutions, k ≠ −4 .
(i.e. if k = −4 there are infinitely many solutions and for all other values of k there are no
solutions.)
Reject option A.
=If m 1, we have = y+x k
4 y + 4x = 4
For no solutions k ≠1.
Reject option D.
So for no solutions, the only possible option given is m =1 and k = −4 .
The answer is C.

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Question 9

Let A = the area of the rectangle

A= x × f ( x)
A = x × (1 − tan( x) )
dA
Solve = 0 for x using CAS.
dx
x = 0.4371...
A x (1 − tan( x) )
Substitute into=
= 0.23286...
The closest answer is 0.2329.
The answer is A.

Question 10

Since X has a binomial distribution, E(= X ) np (1 − p ) .

X ) np and Var(=
So np = 3 ____________(1)
9
and np (1 − p ) = ____________(2)
4
9
(1) in (2) 3(1 − p ) =
4
3
1− p =
4
1
p=
4
1
In (1) n× = 3
4
n = 12
2 10
12 1 3
Pr( X= 2)
= C2    
4 4
10
1 3
= 66 × ×  
16  4 
10
33  3 
= × 
8 4
The answer is E.

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Question 11

f ( x) = e x
For option A, f ( y) = f ( x) f ( y − x)
f ( y)
= f ( y − x)
f ( x)
ey
= e y −x true
ex
For option B, f ( xy) = ( f ( x)) y
e xy = (e x ) y true
For option C, ( f ( xy)) 2 = f (2xy)
e xy × e xy = e 2xy true
For option D, f ( x 2 y) = f ( y)( f ( x)) 2
2
e x y = e y × (e x ) 2
= e y × e 2x NOT true
If time, check option E.
f ( x + y)
f ( y) =
f ( x)
f ( x) f ( y) = f ( x + y)
e x × e y = e x +y true
The answer is D.

Question 12
−1 1
To transform y = − 2 to y = we need to
3x −1 x

• reflect in the x-axis • translate 1 unit left

−1 1
y= −2 y= +2
3x −1 x −1
−1 1
becomes − y = −2 becomes y = +2
3x −1 ( x +1) −1
1 1
y= +2 y = +2
3x −1 x
• dilate by a factor of 3 from the y-axis • translate 2 units down
1 1
y= +2 y= +2
3x −1 x
1 1
becomes y = +2 becomes y = + 2 − 2
x x
3  −1
 3 1
=
1 x
y= +2
x −1

  x    3 0   x   −1
The transformation T is T : R 2 → R 2 ,    =    +  .
  y   0 −1  y   −2 
Option B gives this.

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Question 12 (cont’d)
If you have time you can do a confirmation.
Let ( x ', y ') be the image point. Using the matrix equation given in option B,
x ' =3 x − 1 y ' =− y − 2
x '+ 1
x= y =− y '− 2
3
−1
= y −2
3x − 1
becomes
−1
=− y '− 2 −2
 x '+ 1 
3  −1
 3 
−1
−y' =
x'
1
y' =
x'
1
Image equation is y = as required.
x
The answer is B.

Question 13
1
We start with y = sin(ax) .
2
After a dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis, we have
y 1
= sin(ax)
2 2
y = sin(ax)
After a dilation by a factor of a from the y-axis, we have
 x
y = sin a × 
 a
y = sin( x)
After a translation of 1 unit downwards, we have
y = sin( x) −1
π
After a translation of units left, we have
2
 π
y = sin x +  −1
 2
The x-intercept occurs when y = 0 ,
 π
0 = sin x +  −1
 2
x = 2kπ , k ∈ Z
For k = −2, x = −4 π
For k = −1, x = −2 π
For k = 0, x = 0
For k =1, x = 2 π
and so on.
Only x = −4 π is offered.
The answer is B.

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Question 14

The graphs of f and f −1 intersect at a point along the line y = x .

x
Solve 22 − 2 = x for x using CAS
x = 6, i.e. x ≥ 0
So a = 6 .
The answer is E.

Question 15

Let X represent the number of times that Ella has missed the early bus over the last thirty
occasions that she attended school.
X  Bi(30,0.1)
Pr( X =2 ∩ X < 5)
Pr( X= 2 | X < 5)= (conditional probability - formula sheet)
Pr( X < 5)
Pr( X = 2)
=
Pr( X < 5)
0.22765...
=
0.82450...
= 0.27611...

Note that the numerator in the fraction is obtained using binomPdf(30,0.1,2).

The denominator in the fraction is obtained using binomCdf(30,0.1,0,4).
The closest answer is 0.2761.
The answer is C.

Question 16
y
Because the graph of f is a cubic function, then the
graph of f ' must be a quadratic function. 4 y = f '( x)

Because this graph of f ' has a maximum value, then

x
the graph of f has a negative gradient for x < −1 , a -1 2.5 6
positive gradient for −1 < x < 6 and a negative gradient
for x > 6 .

y
So f must be a negative cubic (ie comes down possible graph of
from the left or alternatively goes down to the right). y = f ( x)

A possible graph of f is shown. Note that we don’t

know exactly what the graph of f looks like because x
-1 2.5 6
we don’t have the rule for f. We do know however that
it will have a local minimum at x = −1 (and a local
maximum at x = 6 ).
The answer is B.

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Question 17

Draw a horizontal line through the y

average value, i.e. y =1 .
3
The area above and below this line,
between the boundaries x = −3, x = 3 2
and the function, must be equal. y=1
1
3 x
The only function where you can achieve -3 -2 -1 O 1
this is option E. -1
-2
The answer is E.
-3

Question 18

1
We're told that ∫ h ( x) dx = 10,
−2
1
so,
= ∫
4h ( x) dx 40
−2
(note that h( x) > 3 for x ∈ [−2,1])

∫ −2 dx =
1
Also, [−2 x]
−2
−2
=−2 − 4
= −6

1
So ∫ (4h ( x) − 2) dx =40 − 6
−2

= 34 units 2
The answer is A.

Question 19

f (log e (ax)) is a composite function.

We use the chain rule to differentiate it.
d 1
( f=
(log e (ax))) f '(log e (ax)) ×
dx x
1
= f '(log e (ax))
x
The answer is E.

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Question 20

The graphs below show the graph of y = k − e x for values of k which are less than 1, equal to
1 and greater than 1.

y y y

y = k − ex , k <1 y = k − ex , k = 1 y = k − ex , k >1
x x x

∫
For option A in the question, a > 0 . If (k − f ( x)) dx > 0, ie if the area enclosed by the graph
0
x
of y = k − e , the x-axis and the =
lines x 0= and x a is above the x-axis, then we would need
k > 1 . Option A offers just k > 0 so reject option A.
Similarly for option B which offers a > 0 and k <1 . Reject option B.

Consider option C which has a = 0 .

0
When a = 0 , we have ∫ (k − f ( x)) dx =
0
0. (a property of the definite integral)

Reject option C.

Options D and E offer a < 0 .

Consider a < 0 .
a

∫ (k − f ( x)) dx
0
0

∫
− (k − f ( x)) dx
=
a
(a property of the definite integral)

0
= ∫ ( f ( x) − k ) dx
a
a 0

∫ ∫
We require (k − f ( x)) dx > 0 ie ( f ( x) − k ) dx > 0.
0 a
Looking at the graphs below, we see that the area enclosed by the graph of y = f ( x) − k and
the x-axis is above the x-axis for x < 0 if k < 1 .
So when a < 0 and k < 1 the inequality will be true.

y y y
y = ex − k , k = 0 y = ex − k, k = 1 y = ex − k, k >1
1 1
x x x

Option D gives a < 0 and k < 1 and is therefore correct.

The answer is D.

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SECTION B
Question 1 (10 marks)

a. Stationary points occur when f '( x) = 0 .

Solve f '( x) = 0 for x
x =1 (1 mark)
f (1) = 5e −1
 5
Stationary point is 1,  . (1 mark)
 e

b. Sketch the graph of f . y

 5
Using part a., we see that 1, e 
 
the function is strictly
decreasing for x ∈ [1,∞) .
y = f ( x)
(1 mark)

x
O 1

5
1
c. average value =
5−0 0 ∫
f ( x) dx (1 mark)

= (e 5 − 6)e −5
= e 0 − 6e −5
6
=1− 5
e
So=
a 1,=
b 6 and= c 5. (1 mark)

d. i. Using CAS, t( x) = −15e −4 x + 80e −4 . (1 mark)

ii. Solve t ( x) = f ( x) for x, using CAS.

= x 0.40648...
= or x 4
The tangent intersects the graph at x = 0.40648...
The tangent touches the graph at x = 4 (point of tangency). Sketch the
graphs.
y

y = t ( x) y = f ( x)

point of tangency

x
O 0.40648... 4

t ( x) > f ( x) for x ∈ (−∞, 0.4065) where 0.4065 is correct to four decimal

places. (1 mark)

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e. The graph of f passes through the origin and has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 .
If we translate the graph of f to the right, we will have one positive solution.
So for f ( x + d ) =0 , we require d to be a negative number ie d ∈ (−∞,0) or d ∈ R − .
(1 mark)

f. From part a. we know that the stationary point, which is a maximum turning point, is
 5
located at the point 1,  .
 e
y
 5
1, e 
 

y = f ( x)

x
O 1

The graph currently has one x-intercept and hence the equation f ( x) − h = 0 has one
solution when h = 0 .
As x → ∞ , the graph approaches the x-axis from above; that is, there is a horizontal
asymptote at y = 0 .
If h > 0 , then the graph will be translated h units down.
5
When h = , only the turning point will be touching the x-axis and hence
e
f ( x) − h =0 will have one solution.
5  5
For two solutions, we require 0 < h < or h ∈  0,  .
e  e
(1 mark) – left endpoint
(1 mark) – right endpoint

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Question 2 (12 marks)

2π π
a.=
period = where n
n 3
=6
(1 mark)

b. Find the point of intersection using CAS.

= x 2= and l (2) 3 (alternatively
= u (2) 3)

P is the point (2, 3) .

(1 mark)

c.
The rules of the functions l and u are given respectively by
 πx   π ( x + 2) 
= y 2sin =  3  and y 2sin  +2 3.
   3 
In the transformation of l to u, we see that x is replaced by x + 2 so there is a
translation of 2 to the left.
We see that y is replaced by y − 2 3 so there is a translation of 2 3 upwards.
So c = −2 and d = 2 3 .
(1 mark)
There are no dilations and no reflections.
So a =1, b =1 .
(1 mark)

d. The distance D is a function of x, i.e. D( x) =u ( x) − l ( x), x ∈ [0, 4] .

dD
Solve = 0 for x. (1 mark)
dx
x=2
So min value occurs at x = 2 .
Since D(2) = 0 , this is the point where the graph of u and of l touch, i.e. at the point
P (2, 3) .
(1 mark)

dD
e. From part d. we saw that the only value of x for which = 0 occurred at x = 2 .
dx
From the graph, the maximum vertical distance between the two graphs could occur
at x = 0 or at x = 4 so check both.

At
= x 0, ( x) u (0) − l (0)
D=
=3 3
At
= x 4, ( x) u (4) − l (4)
D=
=3 3
(1 mark)
So the maximum value of D is 3 3 and this occurs
= at x 0=
and at x 4 .
(1 mark)

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4
f. area
= ∫ (u ( x) − l ( x)) dx
0
(1 mark)

18
=8 3− cm2
π
(1 mark)

3
2
g. The shaded area to the left in the diagram below, is represented by ∫ u ( x) dx .
0
Note that from part a., the period of function l is 6 and so its maximum value occurs
at x =1.5 .
4
The shaded area to the right in the diagram below, is represented by ∫ (k − l ( x)) dx .
m
From part c., because there are no dilations, the shaded areas to the left and right of
point P are equal.
The minimum value of function u is located at x = 2.5 and u (4) = 2 3 .
y

y = u ( x)

y=k
(4, 2 3)

O x
1.5 2 m 4

y = l ( x)

So because of symmetry, m = 2.5 and k = 2 3 .

(1 mark) for m
(1 mark) for k.

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Question 3 (14 marks)

a.
Define f on your CAS.
Solve f ( x) = 0 for x. (1 mark)
= x 1.22229...
= or x 23.77770...
distance=required 23.77779... − 1.22220...
= 22.55540...

Length of footpath is 22.56 m (correct to 2 decimal places) .

(1 mark)

b.
Solve f '( x) = 0 for x. (1 mark)
= x 5=or x 12.5= or x 20
= f (5) 25.16,
= f (12.5) 9.3396...
= and f (20) 25.16
The furthest distance north is 25.16 metres and this occurs when
=x 5= and when x 20 . (1 mark)

c. i. To model this change we replace x with x − 5 in the rule for f.

1
y =− (( x − 5) − 5) 2 (( x − 5) − 20) 2 + 25.16
200
1
y= − ( x − 10) 2 ( x − 25) 2 + 25.16 (1 mark)
200
−x 4 7x 3 69x 2 175x
Alternatively, using CAS, f ( x − 5) = + − + − 287.34
200 20 8 2

ii. d original plan =[1.2222... + 5, 23.7777 + 5] (using part a.)

= [6.2, 28.8] (where endpoints are correct to 1 decimal place)
(1 mark)

d. Since the point C ( p, q ) lies on the graph of y = f ( x) , then

q = f ( p)
1
q= − ( p − 5) 2 ( p − 20) 2 + 25.16
200
(1 mark)

e. −0.02 p 3 + 0.75 p 2 − 8.25 p + 25

f '( p ) =
(1 mark)

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f. The equation of the line representing the shunting track is

q
y= x
p
f ( p)
= x
p
f ( p)
The gradient of the line representing the shunting track is . (1 mark)
p
The gradient of the existing curved track at point C ( p, q ) is f '( p ) .
At C ( p, q ) these gradients are equal.
f ( p)
Solve = f '( p ) for p using CAS. (1 mark)
p
p= −2.1689... or p = 3 or p = 13.1522... but 0 < p < 5 so p = 3.
So q = f (3)
= 19.38
length of shunting track
= 32 + 19.382
= 19.6108...
= 19.61 m (correct to two decimal places)
(1 mark)

g. Since the shunting track is tangential to the curved line represented by y = f ( x) at the
point C ( p, q ) , then
19.38
tan(θ) =
3
 19.38 
θ = tan −1  
 3 
= 81.2005...°
= 81° (to the nearest degree)
(1 mark)

3 1.2222...
 19.38  19.38
h. area
= ∫  3 x − f ( x)  dx +
1.2222...   ∫
0
3
x dx (1 mark)

= 9.33462...
= 9.3346 square metres
(1 mark)

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Question 4 (11 marks)

a. T  N(30, 22 )
= Pr(T < 25) 0.00620... using normCdf (-∞, 25,30, 2)
= 0.0062 (correct to 4 decimal places) (1 mark)

Pr(T < 25 ∩ T < 30)

b. Pr(T < 25 | T < 30) = (conditional probablity - formula sheet)
Pr(T < 30)
Pr(T < 25) (1 mark)
=
Pr(T < 30)
0.00620...
= (using the answer to part a.)
0.5
=0.01241...
=0.0124 (correct to 4 decimal places) (1 mark)

c. X  Bi(5, 0.00620...) (1 mark)

Pr( X < 2)
= 0.99961... using binomCdf (5,0.00620...,0,1)
= 0.9996 (correct to 4 decimal places)
(1 mark)
Note that if less than two of the workouts are completed in less than 25 minutes then
we want the probability of zero or one of the workouts being completed in less than
25 minutes.

5
d. W
= C1 p1 (1 − p ) 4 + 5C2 p 2 (1 − p )3 (1 mark)
4 2 3
= 5 p (1 − p ) + 10 p (1 − p )
= 5 p (1 − p )3 (1 − p + 2 p )
=5 p (1 − p )3 (1 + p ) as required (1 mark)

dW
e. Solve = 0 for p using CAS . (1 mark)
dp
p = 0.28989...
W (0.28989...) = 0.66947...
The maximum value of W is 0.6695 which occurs when p equals 0.2899 where both
values are expressed correct to 4 decimal places. (1 mark)

f. Pr(T < m) =p , where T  N(30, 22 )

When p = 0.28989... , we have Pr(T < m) = 0.28989... (1 mark)
So m = 28.892... using invNorm(0.28989…, 30,2)
So m = 28.89 minutes (correct to 2 decimal places) (1 mark)

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Question 5 (13 marks)

a. If f −1 exists, then f must be a 1:1 function.

If a is to be the least possible value, then a = 0 .
(1 mark)

1
b. f ( x=
) , d=f2
[0, ∞) from part a.
x +1
So
= f (0) 1=
and rf (0,1]
So d f −1 = (0,1] (1 mark)
1
Let y= 2
x +1
Swap x and y for inverse.
1
x= 2
y +1
x( y 2 + 1) =
1
1
y2 + 1 =
x
1
y 2= −1
x
1
y= ± −1 but rf −1 = [0, )
d f =∞
x
1
so=
y −1
x
1
So f −1 (=
x) −1
x
(1 mark)

c. Do a quick sketch of the graphs of y = f ( x) and y = f −1 ( x) .

y
The graph of f −1 is shown as a dotted
line. 1
f −1 ( x) = −1
x
The point of intersection of the graphs
occurs on the line y = x .
1 (0.6823..., 0.6823...)
−1 1
Solve f ( x) = f ( x) for x, to find this f ( x) = 2
x +1
point of intersection. x
It occurs at (0.6823..., 0.6823...) . O 1

1 0.6823...

∫ ∫
−1
=Area f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx (1 mark)
0.6823... 0

= 0.73196...
= 0.7320 units 2
(1 mark)

©THE HEFFERNAN GROUP 2020 Maths Methods 3 & 4 Trial Exam 2 solutions
 18

1 1
d. i. f ( x) = 2
so let y= 2
x +1 x +1
y 1
• after a dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis we have = 2
3 x +1
3
y= 2
x +1
1 3
• after a dilation by a factor of from the y-axis we have y =
2 (2x) 2 +1
3
• after a reflection in the y-axis we have y=
(2(− x)) 2 + 1
3
= 2
4x + 1
3
So h( x ) = 2 as required. (1 mark)
4x + 1

ii. We know that d =

f [0, ∞) .
After the two dilations, the domain of the resulting function is still x ∈ [0,∞) .
After the reflection in the y-axis, d h = (−∞,0] .
(1 mark)

e. y

(0,3)

2
y = h( x )
1
(3,0)
y=0 x
-3 -2 -1 O 1 2

-1 y = h −1 ( x )
-2

x=0

(1 mark) for y = h( x) including correct endpoint at (0,3) and correct asymptote of y = 0

(1 mark) for y = h −1 ( x) including correct endpoint at (3,0) and correct asymptote of x = 0

©THE HEFFERNAN GROUP 2020 Maths Methods 3 & 4 Trial Exam 2 solutions
 19

3
f. h( x ) = 2
4x + 1
−1
Since h(h ( x)) = x ,
3
=x
( )
2
4 h −1 ( x) + 1

=3 x 4 h −1 ( x) {( )
2
}
+1

3
( )
2
= 4 h −1 ( x) + 1 (1 mark)
x
3
( )
2
− 1 =4 h −1 ( x)
x
3− x
( )
2
= 4 h −1 ( x)
x
3− x
( )
2
= h −1 ( x)
4x
3− x (1 mark)
h −1 ( x) = −
4x
Note that d h = (−∞,0] so rh−1 = (−∞,0] . Therefore we choose the negative branch when
taking the square root.
y
g. The shaded region to the left of the
3
y-axis represents the area given by
0

∫ h ( x) dx . Note that h(−1) =0.6 .

−1 y = h( x)
The shaded region to the right of the
y-axis represents the area given by
3
(-1,0.6) 0.6

∫
−1 −1
− h ( x) dx − 0.6 × h (0.6) . 0.6
x
0.6 -1 O 3
Note that these two shaded regions
are equal in area. y = h −1 ( x )
-1 (0.6,-1)

So the two regions are equal when

k = 0.6 . (1 mark)
y
3
If 0.6 < k ≤ 3 , then the area of the
region to the right of the y-axis will
be less than that to the left of the
y-axis, as shown in the diagram. y = h( x)

(-1,0.6) 0.6
So, possible values of k are
k ∈ [0.6, 3] or 0.6 ≤ k ≤ 3 . 0.6 k
x
(1 mark) -1 O 3
(1 mark) – left endpoint
k , h−1 (k )
-1(1 mark) – right endpoint

y = h −1 ( x)

©THE HEFFERNAN GROUP 2020 Maths Methods 3 & 4 Trial Exam 2 solutions