Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological Chemistry With Masteringchemistry 7th Edition Mcmurry Test Bank

Fundamentals of General Organic and
Biological Chemistry with

MasteringChemistry 7th Edition
McMurry Test Bank
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-organic-and-biological-chemistry-with-masteringchemistry-7th-edition-mcmurry-test-b
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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 7e (McMurry)
Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry
1) All of the statements about nuclear reactions are true except

A) nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom.
B) the rate of a nuclear reaction is increased by the addition of a catalyst.
C) a nuclear reaction is unaffected by the chemical state of the atoms involved.
D) nuclear reactions of the same element vary according to which isotope is involved.
E) energy changes in nuclear reactions are much greater than in ordinary chemical reactions.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.1
2) List and describe four differences between nuclear reactions and ordinary chemical reactions.
Answer:
1. A nuclear change involves the nucleus, almost always producing a different element; a chemical
change involves the valence electrons.
2. Isotopes of a particular atom differ in their nuclear reactions, but are the same in their chemical
reactions.
3. The rate of nuclear reactions is not changed by temperature, pressure, or catalysts. These factors can
affect the rate of an ordinary chemical reaction.
4. Nuclear reactions are unaffected by the chemical environment of the element; chemical reactions are
greatly affected by the chemical state of the element.
5. The energy changes involved in nuclear reactions are much, much larger than those of ordinary
chemical reactions.
Diff: 2
Section: 11.1
3) The term nucleon refers to

A) electrons belonging to an atom that undergoes nuclear decay.
B) electrons that are emitted from a nucleus in a nuclear reaction.
C) the nucleus of a specific isotope.
D) both protons and neutrons.
E) none of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.1
4) Which is the best description of an alpha particle?

A) charge +2; mass of 4 amu; high penetrating power
B) charge +2; mass of 4 amu; low penetrating power
C) charge -1; mass of 0 amu; medium penetrating power
D) charge -1; mass of 0 amu; high penetrating power
E) charge 0; mass of 0 amu; high penetrating power
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.2
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Which is the best description of a beta particle?
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 11.2
6) Which is the best description of gamma radiation?

Answer: E
Diff: 1
Section: 11.2
7) Which type of radiation is attracted toward a positive plate?

A) α
B) β
C) γ
D) α and β
E) none of these
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.2
8) Which type of radiation is attracted toward a negative plate?

A) α
B) β
C) γ
D) α and β
E) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.2
2
9) The emission of a particle from an unstable nucleus is called
A) mutation.
B) nuclear decay.
C) fission.
D) fusion.
E) translocation.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.3
10) Which form of radiation is generally considered the most dangerous?

A) γ
B) β
C) α
D) positron
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 11.2
11) Radioactivity is generally associated with which part of the atom?

A) nucleus
B) electrons
C) protons
D) neutrons
E) the entire atom
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 11.2
12) This question has three parts:

a. Explain the difference between natural radioactive isotopes and artificial radioactive isotopes.
b. How are these two types of isotopes related to the terms spontaneous decay and artificial
transmutation?
c. Give an example of an element that has natural radioactive isotopes and one that has artificial
radioactive isotopes.
Answer:
a. Natural isotopes are nuclei that are unstable due to an unfavorable neutron to proton ratio, and which
undergo nuclear decay without any external cause. Artificial isotopes are those produced by
bombardment of stable nuclei by smaller, highly accelerated particles.
b. The decay of natural isotopes is said to be spontaneous because it occurs without any apparent
external cause. Artificial transmutation is the production of different elements by the intentional
bombardment of nuclei by small, fast-moving particles.
c. Almost any element of low atomic number and listed in simple nuclear reactions on this test has
natural isotopes; exceptions to this may have been mentioned in class. Elements with artificial isotopes
are those whose atomic weights are listed in parentheses on the Periodic Table.
Diff: 2
Section: 11.3
3
13) Which of these can be considered as the combination of a proton and an electron?
A) alpha particle
B) neutron
C) beta particle
D) gamma ray
E) positron
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 11.4
14) When an atom loses an alpha particle,

A) its atomic number decreases by 2 units and its mass number decreases by 4 units
B) its atomic number increases by 1 unit but its mass number remains unchanged
C) its mass number decreases by 1 unit but its atomic number remains unchanged
D) neither its atomic number nor its mass number changes
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.4
15) Which product is formed by alpha emission from uranium-235? The atomic number of uranium is
92.
A) Th
B) Th
C) Np
D) U
E) U
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
4
16) Which product is formed by alpha emission from polonium-208? The atomic number of polonium is
84.
A) At
B) Rn
C) Pb
D) Bi
E) Po
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
17) Which product is formed by beta emission from phosphorus-32? The atomic number of phosphorus
is 15.
A) Al
B) Al
C) S
D) P
E) P
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
5
18) Which product is formed by beta emission from arsenic-75? The atomic number of arsenic is 33.
A) Ga
B) Ge
C) Cu
D) Se
E) As
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
19) Which product is formed by gamma emission from technetium-99? The atomic number of
technetium is 43.
A) Nb
B) Nb
C) Ru
D) Tc
E) Tc
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
6
20) Which product is formed by gamma emission from niobium-94? The atomic number of niobium is
41.
A) Y
B) Nb
C) Tc
D) Mo
E) Zr
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
21) Which nuclear reaction is an example of alpha emission?

A) U → He + Th
B) Se → e + Br
C) I → I + energy
D) U + n → Ba + Kr + 3 n
E) N + He → O + H
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
7
22) Which nuclear reaction is an example of alpha emission?
A) Pu + He → Cm
B) Na → Ne + β
C) Cm → Pu + He
D) Ar + e → Cl
E) Ni → Cu + β
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
23) Which nuclear reaction is an example of beta emission?

A) U → He + Th
B) Se → e + Br
C) I → I + energy
D) U + n → Ba + Kr + 3 n
E) N + He → O + H
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
8
24) Which nuclear reaction is an example of beta emission?
A) Pu + He → Cm
B) Na → Ne + β
C) Cm → Pu + He
D) Ar + e → Cl
E) Ni → Cu + β
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
25) Which nuclear reaction is an example of positron emission?

A) Pu + He → Cm
B) Na → Ne + β
C) Cm → Pu + He
D) Ar + e → Cl
E) Ni → Cu + β
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
9
26) Which nuclear reaction is not balanced?
A) B + He → N + n
B) U + He → Am + n
C) Ar + H → K + n
D) N + He → O + H
E) none of the above

Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
27) Which product is formed by alpha emission from gold-185? The atomic number of gold is 79.
A) Tl
B) Au
C) Ir
D) Ir
E) Hg
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
10
28) Which product is formed by beta decay of krypton-87? The atomic number of krypton is 36.
A) Se
B) Br
C) Kr
D) Rb
E) Sr
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
29) Which reaction is an example of a gamma emission?

A) Cm → Pu + He
B) B + n → Li + He
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 2 n
D) Ti → V + e
E) Sc → Sc + energy
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
11
30) Which reaction is an example of a beta emission?
A) Cm → Pu + He
B) B + n → Li + He
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 2 n
D) Ti → V + e
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
31) Which reaction is an example of an alpha emission?

A) Cm → Pu + He
B) B + n → Li + He
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 2 n
D) Ti → V + e
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
12
32) What is the missing reactant in the reaction shown?
Al + ________ → P + n
A) He
B) H
C) H
D) n
E) e
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
33) What is the missing reactant in the reaction shown?
Cl + ________ → P + He
A) He
B) H
C) H
D) n
E) e
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.4
13
34) How many neutrons will be produced in the reaction shown?
Cm + C → No + ________ n
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) cannot be determined
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Section: 11.4
35) What other product is formed when one neutron interacts with uranium-235 to form bromine-87 and
3 neutrons?
A) La
B) La
C) La
D) Xe
E) Xe
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 11.4
36) What percentage of a radioactive sample remains after four half-lives have passed?
A) 0%
B) 6.25%
C) 12.5%
D) 25%
E) 50%
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.5
14
37) List and discuss two criteria used to choose appropriate radioisotopes for use as tracers in medical
imaging procedures.
Answer: One criterion is that they have a relatively short half-life, so the patient does not have an
unnecessarily long exposure to radiation. The other is that the radioisotope should not produce any other
radioisotopes, as this would expose the patient to unnecessary risk. An alternative criterion would be the
radioisotope having chemical properties appropriate for the application.
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
38) When a radioactive isotope decays into a nucleus which is also unstable and undergoes decay, and
this process is repeated several times, the succession of reactions is called a
A) decay series.
B) fission reaction.
C) fusion reaction.
D) half-life.
E) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.5
39) If the half-life of vanadium-48 is 16 days, it is true that

A) vanadium-48 is a beta emitter.
B) the decay rate would be different if the chemical environment of vanadium-48 is changed.
C) after 32 days a sample of vanadium-48 would have completely decayed.
D) after 16 days 50% of a sample of vanadium-48 would have decayed.
E) vanadium-48 would decay faster in its first half-life than in later half-lives.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.5
40) Which of the properties of radioisotopes make them useful as tracers in medical or agricultural
applications?
i. Their chemical behavior is the same as nonradioactive isotopes.
ii. They emit various types of radiation.
iii. The nuclear reaction is unaffected by the chemical state of the isotope.
A) i only
B) i and ii
C) i and iii
D) none of these
E) all of these
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Section: 11.5
15
41) The half-life of sodium-24 is 15.0 hours. What percentage of a sample of sodium-24 remains after
75.0 hours?
A) 0.00%
B) 3.13%
C) 6.25%
D) 12.5%
E) 25.0%
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
42) The half-life of nickel-65 is 2.50 days. How much of a 100.-g sample remains after 7.50 days?
A) 100. g
B) 50.0 g
C) 25.0 g
D) 12.5 g
E) 6.25 g
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
43) If 75.0 mg of potassium-42 was administered to a patient at 10 AM on Monday, how many mg will
remain at 10 AM on Thursday of that same week? The half life of K-42 is 12 hours.
A) 37.5 mg
B) 1.17 mg
C) 18.8 mg
D) 9.38 mg
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
44) You obtain a new sample of cobalt-60, half-life 5.25 years, with a mass of 400. mg. How much
cobalt-60 remains after 15.75 years?
Answer: 50 mg
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
45) Approximately how old is a fossil that contains 3.13% of its original carbon-14? The half-life of
carbon-14 is 5730 years.
A) 2870 years
B) 5730 years
C) 11,500 years
D) 22,900 years
E) 28,700 years
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Section: 11.5
16
46) Approximately how old is a fossil that has a little more than 6% of its original radioactivity? The
half-life of carbon-14 used in dating artifacts is 5700 years.
A) 57,000 years
B) 34,200 years
C) 20,000 years
D) 11,400 years
E) 5,700 years
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Section: 11.5
47) Which of the following isotopes can be used to monitor spleen function?
A) 99Tc
B) 14C
C) 3H
D) 131I
E) 60Co
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 11.5
48) Which of the following isotopes can be used to monitor thyroid function?
A) 131I
B) 14C
C) 3H
D) 99Tc
E) 60Co
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 11.5
49) Radioisotopes which emit alpha rays make the best diagnostic tracers.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 11.5
50) Diagnostic tracers form hot spots when they are prevented from entering diseased tissue.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 11.5
17
51) Three applications of nuclear chemistry are medical imaging, energy production, and archaeological
dating. Describe each of these applications and explain what properties of radioactive elements are used
in each one.
Answer: Medical imaging makes use of all three major characteristics of radioisotopes: they have
identical chemical behavior to other atoms of that element; they give off energy that can be easily
detected; and their nuclear behavior is the same regardless of the chemical state.
Energy production takes advantage of the fact that nuclear reactions involve very large amounts of
energy, producing a lot of energy for a relatively small mass of fuel (especially as compared to fossil
fuels!)
Archaeological dating takes advantage of the fact that the nuclear behavior of radioisotopes is
predictable regardless of the chemical environment.
Diff: 3
Section: 11.5
52) Which reaction is an example of a chain reaction?

A) U → He + Th
B) Se → e + Br
C) I → I + energy
D) U + n → Ba + Kr + 3 n
E) N + He → O + H
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 11.6
53) In a radioactive decay series, a radioisotope decays into another radioisotope successively until a
stable nucleus is produced. Th begins a decay series that consists of six alpha decays and four beta
decays. What is the final stable isotope produced in this series?

A) plutonium-256
B) thorium-232
C) radon-220
D) lead-208
E) uranium-238
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Section: 11.6
18
54) Which of the following is not an example of ionizing radiation?
A) X-rays
B) gamma rays
C) beta particles
D) alpha particles
E) infrared rays
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Section: 11.7
55) Ionizing radiation is

A) radiation that only interacts with ions.
B) the same as a proton.
C) a neutron that has acquired a charge, thus forming an ion.
D) high-energy radiation that removes electrons from atoms or molecules.
E) given off by ions and reacts with nuclei.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.7
56) Ionizing radiation is dangerous to living things because

A) it causes nuclear reactions.
B) it causes thermal burns.
C) it alters the chemical structure of atoms or molecules.
D) it causes electrons to be captured by the nucleus.
E) its penetrating power varies with its source.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.7
57) Which of the following has the highest ionizing power?

A) alpha
B) gamma
C) beta
D) proton
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.7
19
58) Discuss the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the human body, including the factors affecting
the degree of harm and the protective measures that can be used to minimize exposure.
Answer: The harmful effects of ionizing radiation include disrupting interrelated systems of chemical
reactions by converting biomolecules into ions. The degree of harm caused by ionizing radiation
depends on the type of radiation, its intensity, and the degree of exposure. Different types of radiation
vary in their penetrating power and the amount of energy associated with them. These factors in turn
determine the intensity and degree of exposure. In addition, the distance from the body, the amount of
time exposed, and the location of the source (whether internal or external) all affect the intensity of the
exposure.
Exposure to radiation can be minimized by increasing the distance from the source, using
shielding appropriate to the penetrating power of the radiation, limiting the time of exposure, and
avoiding ingestion of anything radioactive.
Diff: 2
Section: 11.7
59) The amount of a radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second is
known as a
A) curie.
B) roentgen.
C) rem.
D) rad.
E) sievert.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
60) A curie is
A) the amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 109 units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B) a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C) a unit that allows both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D) the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E) the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
61) The amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 109 units of charge in 1 cm3 of air is the
A) curie.
B) roentgen.
C) rem.
D) rad.
E) sievert.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
20
62) A roentgen is
A) the amount of radiation dosage that produces 2.1 × 109 units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
C) a unit that allows both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
63) A unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue is the
A) curie.
B) roentgen.
C) rem.
D) rad.
E) sievert.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
64) A rem is
C) a unit that that measures both the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
65) The unit of radiation exposure which allows for the energy and penetrating power of different types
of radiation is the
A) curie.
B) roentgen.
C) rem.
D) rad.
E) sievert.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
21
66) A sievert is
C) a unit that measures both the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
67) A rad is
C) a unit that measures both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
68) The most important unit for measure biological doses of radiation is the
A) rem.
B) rad.
C) curie.
D) bozon.
E) roentgen.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 11.9
69) A REM is a biological radiation measurement which is independent of the type of radiation
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
22
70) Which reaction illustrates artificial transmutation by alpha bombardment?
A) U → He + Th
B) Se → e + Br
C) I → I + energy
D) U + n → Ba + Kr + 3 n
E) N + He → O + H
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 11.10
71) Which reaction illustrates artificial transmutation by alpha bombardment?

A) Cm → Pu + He
B) Cm + He → Cf + n
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 3 n
D) Ti → V + e
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 11.10
72) In nuclear fusion

A) an atomic nucleus splits into two fragments, each forming an atom of an element with a smaller
atomic number than the original.
B) an atomic nucleus loses two or more alpha particles.
C) positrons and electrons combine to form gamma rays.
D) several small nuclei combine to form an atom of greater atomic number.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
23
73) The fission of an atom of uranium (or an atom of greater atomic number) can be induced by
bombarding it with
A) neutrons.
B) protons.
C) electrons.
D) positrons.
E) gamma rays.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
74) The fusion reaction that supplies the energy of the sun is:
A) H + H → He + n
B) U + n → Ba + Kr + 3 n
C) n + N → C + H
D) C → N + e
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 11.11
75) When a nucleus is bombarded with particles and breaks into two similarly sized nuclei plus one or
more small particles, the process is called
A) fission.
B) fusion.
C) spontaneous decay.
D) induced decay.
E) mutation.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
76) Which reaction is an example of a neutron bombardment?

A) Cm → Pu + He
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 2 n
D) Ti → V + e
24
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.11
77) Which reaction is an example of a chain reaction?

A) Cm → Pu + He
C) U + n → Te + Zr + 3 n
D) Ti → V + e
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 11.11
25
Match the following.
A) a unit of measurement of radiation based on the amount of tissue damage; this unit accounts for the
different energies of each type of radiation
B) a unit of measurement of radiation based on the number of radioactive events per unit time
C) a unit of measurement of radiation based on the amount of ionization caused by the radiation
D) the joining of small nuclei into a larger nucleus
E) atoms which undergo spontaneous nuclear decay
F) a succession of spontaneous nuclear decays, often resulting in an atom of lead as the final product
G) a nuclear reaction that continues on its own after initiation because the number of neutrons produced
is greater than the number of neutrons consumed
H) a nuclear reaction in which a large nucleus is split into two fragments similar in size with additional
small particles released
I) atoms which do not undergo spontaneous nuclear decay
J) a general term which refers to particles found in the nucleus
K) a unit of measurement of radiation based on the amount of energy absorbed by a specific mass of
sample
78) nucleon
Diff: 1
Section: 11.1
79) stable isotopes

Diff: 1
Section: 11.2
80) unstable isotopes

Diff: 1
Section: 11.2
81) decay series

Diff: 1
Section: 11.6
82) curie
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
83) rem
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
84) rad
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
26
85) roentgen
Diff: 1
Section: 11.9
86) chain reaction

Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
87) fission
Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
88) fusion
Diff: 1
Section: 11.11
Answers: 78) J 79) I 80) E 81) F 82) B 83) A 84) K 85) C 86) G 87) H 88) D
27

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Fundamentals of General Organic and

Biological Chemistry with

1) All of the statements about nuclear reactions are true except

3) The term nucleon refers to

4) Which is the best description of an alpha particle?

6) Which is the best description of gamma radiation?

7) Which type of radiation is attracted toward a positive plate?

8) Which type of radiation is attracted toward a negative plate?

10) Which form of radiation is generally considered the most dangerous?

11) Radioactivity is generally associated with which part of the atom?

12) This question has three parts:

14) When an atom loses an alpha particle,

21) Which nuclear reaction is an example of alpha emission?

23) Which nuclear reaction is an example of beta emission?

25) Which nuclear reaction is an example of positron emission?

E) none of the above

29) Which reaction is an example of a gamma emission?

31) Which reaction is an example of an alpha emission?

33) What is the missing reactant in the reaction shown?

39) If the half-life of vanadium-48 is 16 days, it is true that

52) Which reaction is an example of a chain reaction?

decays. What is the final stable isotope produced in this series?

55) Ionizing radiation is

56) Ionizing radiation is dangerous to living things because

57) Which of the following has the highest ionizing power?

71) Which reaction illustrates artificial transmutation by alpha bombardment?

72) In nuclear fusion

76) Which reaction is an example of a neutron bombardment?

77) Which reaction is an example of a chain reaction?

79) stable isotopes

80) unstable isotopes

81) decay series

86) chain reaction

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