Microbiology 1st Edition Wessner Test Bank

Microbiology 1st Edition Wessner Test
Bank
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Package Title: Wessner Testbank
Course Title: Microbiology WileyPLUS
Chapter Number 8
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) Most likely, “host specificity” of a virus is determined by
a) the type of nucleic acid it contains.

b) the presence or absence of an envelope.
c) viral enzymes.
d) interactions between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors.
e) viral nucleic acid replication strategies.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how viruses recognize and attach to host cells, and how this
system determines the host range.
Section Reference: Sec 8.1 Recognition of Host Cells
2) The viral attachment protein specifically binds to a host cell receptor. All of the following are
examples of known host cell receptors except
a) DNA.
b) proteins.
c) glycoproteins.
d) lipopolysaccharides.
e) sialic acids.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
3) The ability of a virus or bacteriophage to specifically attach to a host cell occurs through the
interactions of the viral attachment protein with the host cell receptor. This binding determines
a) the rate of viral replication.

b) the host range.
c) the mechanism of viral entry.
d) whether or not the virus will contain an envelope.
e) the rate of viral RNA replication.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
4) E. coli strain K12 is susceptible to infection by phage T2. T2 binds to K12 via two attachment
proteins. These two proteins specifically bind to the following two host cell receptor proteins
found on the surface of strain K12.
a) lipopolysaccharide and cytochrome c

b) flagellin and cytochrome c
c) OmpF and lipopolysaccharide
d) OmpF and flagellin
e) flagellin and lipopolysaccharide
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
5) Antibody produced in response to a viral infection is able to neutralize viral attachment by
a) binding nucleic acid polymerases and preventing viral nucleic acid replication.
b) binding ribosomes and preventing viral protein translation.
c) activating macrophages to phagocytize the virus.
d) binding to the viral attachment proteins to prevent attachment to the host cell receptor.
e) binding to the host cell receptor molecule to prevent the attachment of the virus.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
6) Antiviral drugs that act at the level of host recognition are designed to
a) prevent endocytotic vesicle formation.

b) prevent virus binding to the host cell receptor.
c) enhance antibody production.
d) inactivate viral nucleic acid polymerases.
e) bind to viral metabolic enzymes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
7) The second step in viral replication is entry. For bacteriophage, entry usually involves
a) phagocytosis.
b) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
c) direct entry of the nucleic acid into the cell.
d) membrane fusion mechanism of entry.
e) digestion of the peptidoglycan.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the processes by which enveloped or non-enveloped
viruses may enter a cell.
Section Reference: Sec 8.2 Viral Entry and Uncoating
8) HIV enters the cell through a/an _________ mechanism.
a) phagocytic
b) receptor-mediated endocytotic
c) membrane fusion
d) acid-dependent endosomal
e) receptor-independent endocytotic
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
9) The influenza virus gains entry into a host cell by
a) direct injection of its nucleic acid.

b) receptor-independent endocytosis.
c) lysis of the cell membrane.
d) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
e) pinocytosis.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
10) The influenza virus gains entry into a host cell by an endocytotic process. The viral
nucleocapsid leaves the endosome and enters the cytoplasm through a membrane fusion
mechanism. Fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane is facilitated by
a) a conformation change in the hemagglutinin to expose a fusion protein.

b) the production of a lipase by the influenza virus.
c) sialic acid residues of the receptor proteins.
d) specific viral protein recognition of pores in the endosome vesicle.
e) the production of proteases by the influenza virus.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
11) Most non-enveloped animal viruses enter the host cell by
a) membrane fusion.
b) pinocytosis.
c) injection of nucleic acid into host cell.
d) lysis of host cell membrane.
e) receptor mediated endocytosis.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
12) Most non-enveloped viruses enter the host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The virus
or its nucleic acid is able to leave the endosome and enter the cytoplasm
a) through the production of a lipase to lyse the endosome membrane.

b) as a result of digestive enzymes found in the endosome.
c) through the fusion of the capsid proteins with endosome proteins by digesting the endosomal
membrane.
d) through pores formed from viral capsid proteins.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
13) Plant viruses often gain entry into host cells by
a) receptor mediated endocytosis.

b) injury caused by insects to host cell.
c) membrane fusion mechanism.
d) pinocytosis.
e) direct injection of nucleic acid into the host cell.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
14) Fuzeon is an antiviral drug that prevents membrane fusion for entry into the cell by HIV. The
mode of action for this drug is
a) to prevent formation of a viral lipase that lyses the cell membrane.

b) to prevent attachment of the virus to the host cell receptor.
c) to interrupt receptor mediated endocytosis.
d) to bind to gp41 membrane fusion protein of HIV.
e) to digest the envelope of HIV, thereby preventing membrane fusion.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
15) The Baltimore classification scheme for viruses divides all viruses into seven groups based
on
a) their shape and host.

b) host and presence or absence of an envelope.
c) how they produce mRNA and replicate their genome.
d) their shape and presence or absence of an envelope.
e) their shape, host, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Identify the seven classes of virus, explaining how the classification
system is based on their replication system.
Section Reference: Sec 8.3 Viral Replication Strategies
16) The Baltimore classification scheme classifies viruses based on their mechanism of mRNA
synthesis. Using this classification scheme, all viruses are placed into ______ classes.
a) seven
b) five
c) four
d) ten
e) twenty five
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
17) Class I viruses, double-stranded DNA viruses, usually utilize the following polymerases for
mRNA synthesis and DNA replication
a) host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and host cell DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
b) viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
c) viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and host cell DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
d) host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and host cell DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
e) viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
18) Class III viruses, double-stranded RNA viruses, utilize the following polymerase for genome
synthesis
a) host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

b) host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
c) viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
d) viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
e) viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
19) Class V viruses, negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses, utilize the following
polymerase for mRNA synthesis
a) viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

b) host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
c) host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
d) viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
e) don’t need polymerase, nucleic acid can act directly as mRNA.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
20) Class VII viruses, double-stranded DNA viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase, replicate
their genome using the following polymerase
a) host cell DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

b) viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
c) viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
d) viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
e) host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
21) For most double-stranded DNA eukaryal viruses, DNA replication occurs in the _________
and translation occurs in the __________.
a) cytoplasm, cytoplasm
b) cytoplasm, nucleus
c) nucleus, nucleus
d) nucleus, cytoplasm
e) mitochondria, cytoplasm
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
22) Most RNA viruses utilize
a) an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

b) a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
c) an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
d) a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
e) reverse transcriptase.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
23) A bacteriophage genome that is integrated into the bacterial chromosome is called
a) a prophage.
b) a virulent phage.
c) a transforming phage.
d) a genome phage.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
24) Phage lambda (λ) is referred to as a temperate phage. What is a temperate phage?
a) A phage that always causes a lytic infection.

b) The same thing as a lysogen.
c) A phage that only lyses a cell at a specific temperature.
d) A phage that can undergo either a lytic or lysogenic phase of replication.
e) A bacteriophage that contains single-stranded RNA for its genome.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
25) Protease inhibitors are routinely used in the treatment of an HIV infection to slow down the
progression of the disease. How do these inhibitors work?
a) They inhibit the process of translation for the production of viral proteins.
b) They inhibit the process of entry by interacting with the fusion peptide.
c) They block the attachment process by interacting with the viral attachment protein.
d) They inhibit the proteolytic modification of the viral capsid to form an infectious virion.
e) They inhibit the activity of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain how new viral particles assemble within the infected host
cell, describing the different processes involved in the egress of these newly created viruses from
the cell.
Section Reference: Sec 8.4 Viral Assembly and Egress
26) Most enveloped viruses exit the cell by the following process
a) exocytosis.
b) budding.
c) Golgi transport.
d) cell lysis.
e) cytokinesis.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
27) Most non-enveloped viruses exit the cell by the following process
a) exocytosis.
b) budding.
c) Golgi transport.
d) cell lysis.
e) cytokinesis.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
28) The intact virion of the tobacco mosaic virus is assembled by this method
a) the capsid is first assembled and the nucleic acid is packaged into the capsid.
b) part of the capsid is assembled and the nucleic acid is packaged into the capsid.
c) the capsid proteins assemble around the viral nucleic acid.
d) the nucleic acid is inserted into the cell membrane and the capsid acquires the nucleic acid as
it buds through the membrane,
e) the capsid is assembled in the cytoplasm and the nucleic acid is packaged in the nucleus.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
the cell.
29) Bacteriophage T4 lyses the bacterial host cell for release of newly formed virions. The cell
wall of the bacterium is broken down by this virally encoded enzyme
a) lysozyme.
b) protease.
c) β-lactamase.
d) nuclease.
e) peptidase.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
30) Which of the following viral replication processes would not be a good target for an antiviral
drug?
a) Attachment
b) Viral entry
c) Translation of viral proteins
d) Uncoating of viral capsid
e) Assembly of virus capsid
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Identify several antiviral drugs and the virus-specific processes that
they target.
Section Reference: Sec 8.5 Antiviral Agents
31) Many antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs. The nucleoside analogs primarily target these
enzymes
a) host cell DNA polymerases.

b) host cell RNA polymerases.
c) host cell nucleases.
d) viral nucleic acid polymerases.
e) viral nucleases.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
32) The reason nucleoside analogs are effective against viral nucleic acid polymerases is because
a) viral polymerases have a very high rates of polymerization.

b) viral polymerases have a low rate of polymerization.
c) viral polymerases have a high affinity for incorporation of the analogs.
d) viral polymerase activity is inhibited by the analogs.
e) viral polymerase activity is enhanced by the analogs.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
33) AZT is a nucleotide analog used to treat people infected with
a) herpes virus.
b) HIV.
c) papilloma virus.
d) influenza virus.
e) polio virus.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
34) The enzyme _______ has a high affinity for AZT and will incorporate it into a newly
synthesized DNA strand. This will effectively terminate DNA replication because the incoming
nucleotide cannot be bound to AZT.
a) host cell DNA polymerase

b) viral reverse transcriptase
c) host cell RNA polymerase
d) viral RNA polymerase
e) viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
35) An HIV mutant has been identified that is resistant to the drug AZT. Most likely the
mutation occurred in the viral gene that encodes for
a) the DNA integrase.

b) the viral attachment protein.
c) reverse transcriptase.
d) gp41 membrane fusion protein.
e) viral mRNA polymerase.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
they target.
Question Type: True/False
36) The main function of a host cell receptor is to specifically bind to the viral attachment
protein.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
37) The second step in viral replication, “entry”, is prevented by some antiviral drugs.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
38) Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
39) The single-stranded RNA of positive-sense RNA viruses can act directly as mRNA for
translation in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
40) Translation of mRNA for the production of viral proteins always takes place in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
41) Most enveloped viruses exit the host cell through cell lysis.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
42) A nucleoside analog is a short nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a viral promoter
sequence.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
Question Type: Short Answer
43) Host __________ is determined through the specific binding of the viral attachment protein
to the host cell receptor.
Answer: range or specificity
Difficulty: Easy
44) Antibodies produced in response to a viral infection may specifically bind to the virus
particle to effectively block _______________ to the host cell.
Answer: attachment
Difficulty: Easy
45) _________ __________ _________ is initiated by the binding of a virus to a host cell
receptor for the entry of the virus into the host cell via an endosome.
Answer: Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Difficulty: Easy
46) A viral fusion peptide contains a short hydrophobic amino acid sequence that helps facilitate
membrane fusion of the viral envelope to the cell membrane for entry into the host cell. The
protein _____________ functions as a fusion peptide for HIV entry into the host cell.
Answer: gp41
Difficulty: Medium
47) A bacterial cell that contains the integrated genome of a temperate bacteriophage is called a
______.
Answer: lysogen
Difficulty: Easy
48) Most enveloped viruses exit their host cell through a process called __________.
Answer: budding
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
49. A chemical that is structurally similar to a normal nucleoside is called a nucleoside _______.
Answer: analog
Difficulty: Easy
they target.
Question Type: Essay
50) Several antiviral drugs that are produced today prevent attachment of the virus to the host
cell. What information do you need to know to design the drugs? Briefly describe possible
mechanisms of the drugs.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: In order to design these drugs, scientists need to have a thorough knowledge of the
viral attachment protein and host cell receptor molecule and how these molecules interact with
one another. The antiviral drug would be designed to interfere with the attachment process either
by binding to the viral attachment protein or the host cell receptor molecule. The binding of the
drug to one of these two molecules will prevent them from interacting with one another and thus
prevent attachment.
51) The capsid for many mammalian viruses must be removed after it enters the cytoplasm. Why
is this important? Give an example of a virus where capsid removal occurs in the cell membrane.
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
Solution: After the viral nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm the capsid must be removed to expose
the viral nucleic acid. Viral nucleic acid exposure is required for nucleic acid replication and
transcription/translation of the viral genome. An example of a virus that uses this strategy is the
poliovirus.
52) Drugs that inhibit the acidification of the endosome block the replication of many viruses
that enter the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Why are these drugs effective?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Viruses that enter into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis need to escape from
the endosome. The acidification of the endosome causes a conformational change in some viral
capsid proteins. Some of these altered proteins function to aid in the release of the virus by
forming pores in the endosome membrane. This will facilitate the release of the capsid or the
viral nucleic acids. If the acidification did not occur, these pore-forming capsid proteins would
not assume the correct configuration for pore formation in the endosome membrane.
53) What are the functions of the retrovirus enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase for the
replication of the virus?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: Sec 8.3. Viral replication strategies
Solution: The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
When the viral nucleic acid enters the cytoplasm, RT uses the single-stranded RNA as a template
and synthesizes a complementary DNA molecule. The enzyme also possesses RNase H activity
and it will degrade the RNA of the DNA/RNA heteroduplex and synthesize the complementary
DNA strand. Thus, RT forms a double-stranded DNA molecule from a single-stranded RNA
template. The DNA molecule enters into the nucleus and is integrated into the chromosome
using the viral integrase enzyme. Once the viral DNA is integrated into the chromosome it is
referred to as a prophage. The genes on the prophage can be transcribed into mRNA for
translation into viral proteins and the genome can be transcribed into genomic RNA using the
host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. The viral proteins and genome can assemble into
new virus particles.
54) Describe the series of events that usually occur for an enveloped virus to exit the cell with an
intact envelope containing the outer envelope viral proteins.
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
the cell.
Solution: All enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from a host cell membrane (usually the
plasma membrane). The membrane that makes up the envelope contains viral envelope proteins.
These proteins are first synthesized in the cell and a signal sequence will direct the protein for
insertion into the cell membrane. Next the assembled nucleocapsid must migrate to the area of
the membrane that contains the viral envelope proteins. The nucleocapsid buds through the
membrane in this area, acquiring its intact envelope.

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Microbiology 1st Edition Wessner Test

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1) Most likely, “host specificity” of a virus is determined by

a) the type of nucleic acid it contains.

a) the rate of viral replication.

a) lipopolysaccharide and cytochrome c

5) Antibody produced in response to a viral infection is able to neutralize viral attachment by

a) prevent endocytotic vesicle formation.

8) HIV enters the cell through a/an _________ mechanism.

a) direct injection of its nucleic acid.

a) a conformation change in the hemagglutinin to expose a fusion protein.

11) Most non-enveloped animal viruses enter the host cell by

a) through the production of a lipase to lyse the endosome membrane.

13) Plant viruses often gain entry into host cells by

a) receptor mediated endocytosis.

a) to prevent formation of a viral lipase that lyses the cell membrane.

a) their shape and host.

a) host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

a) viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

a) host cell DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

22) Most RNA viruses utilize

a) an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

a) A phage that always causes a lytic infection.

a) host cell DNA polymerases.

a) viral polymerases have a very high rates of polymerization.

33) AZT is a nucleotide analog used to treat people infected with

a) host cell DNA polymerase

a) the DNA integrase.

Question Type: True/False

38) Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

Question Type: Short Answer

Answer: range or specificity

Answer: Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question Type: Essay

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