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Preintermediate Key Book
D@NIJL
>
JLI@W EDNUUSMMB DNLAPNA@
>N > im`s 3 im 5 nr` 9 tm 0 ymu 6 sny
>C > c) 3 ) 5 e) 9 `) 0 n) 6 i)
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3N > wmudi 3 wgjeg 5 rj`li 9 olmw 0 p`mpd`
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PLJY 3 0 [NSYU
[NSYU MF U[@@EG
5 3 nrtjed` 5 lmul 9 pr`pmsjtjml m pdne` 0 nuxjdjnry
6 nih`etjv` 1 niv`rc
PLJY 5 1 Y@LU@U NLI UYSPEYPS@U
9 > pr`s`lt sjbpd`8 By lnb` js …
3 pr`s`lt emltjlumus8 J‚b djvjla …
PLJY 9 : 5 pr`s`lt p`rf`et8 J‚v` c``l g`r` mr …
9 pnst sjbpd`8 J wns cmrl jl …
0 amjla tm fmr futur` pdnls8 J‚b amjla tm vjsjt by uled` …
PLJY
PL JY 0 >> ^P@UYJML QMSIU
0 > Qgnt 3 Qgm 5 Qg`r` 9 Qg`l 0 Gmw 6 Qgy
PLJY : 3>
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PLJY >; 39
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PLJY >> 31 Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> am mut/tm tg` ejl`bn/tm wmro/rulljla
3 sp`li £0;/tg` bmrljla jl c`i/n w``o jl tg` bmultnjls
PLJY >3 3: 5
9 `nt
gnv`n nb`nd/n gnbcura`r/n
pnrty/rj`lis rmuli dmt/nt gmb`/ndml`
0 pdny mmtcndd/t`lljs/jl
mmtcndd/t`lljs/jl n t`nb
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> c`mr` 3 c`mr`
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >.> p>37―>3:
N > Gmw bnly 3 Qgm 5 Qgnt/Qgjeg 9 Qgnt 0 Qg`l
6 Qg`r` 1 Qgjeg 7 Gmw
C > `) 3 c) 5 g) 9 ) 0 e) 6 i) 1 n) 7 a)
E > Gmw bueg im`s tgjs emst=
3 Im ymu gnv`/Gnv` ymu amt nly crmtg`rs mr sjst`rs=
5
9 Qgntmf`l
Gmw `l im`s
tjb`
mf im ymutg`pdny
dbmmtcndd=
stnrt=
0 Qgm js ymur l`w t`neg`r=
6 Im ymu wnlt
wnlt tm emb` nli gnv` n pjzzn=
1 Qgy iml‚t ymu djo` arnbbnr=
7 Qg`r` iji ymu am ml gmdjiny dnst y`nr=
0C C
> Gmw bnly p`mpd` nr` jl ymur nbjdy= r`audnr8 djo`i, i`eji`i, trj`i
3 Gmw mf`l im ymu s`` ymur pnr`lts= jrr`audnr8 w`lt, `dd, amt, snji
5 Im ymu `lhmy sp`lijla tjb` wjtg ymur nbjdy= l`antjv`8 ijil‚t
9 Qg`l wns ymur dnst nbjdy e`d`crntjml= qu`stjml8 Iji
0 Qgm im ymu djv` wjtg= sgmrt nlsw`r8 ijil‚t
6 Gmw mf`l im ymu `nt mut wjtg rj`lis=
1 Qg`r` im`s ymur c`st rj`li djv`= 0C
/i/8 sbjd`i, stuij`i
E /t/8 wmro`i, stmpp`i, wndo`i, tndo`i, g`dp`i
U`` @x 0C ncmv`. /ɨi/8 wnlt`i, l``i`i, i`eji`i
U[@NOJLA DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >.3 p>37―>3:
6N
N 3 snw 5 amt 9 ol`w 0 `bnjd`i 6 `dd 1 i`eji`i
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
7 nso`i : nrrjv`i >; snji >> amt
Gmdjinys
C > tnuagt 3 iji, armw up 5 b`t 9 ijil‚t a`t ml
Gmw dmla im ymu usunddy am ml gmdjiny mr=
0 d`f, amt 6 djv`i, ijil‚t s`` 1 Iji, `lhmy 7 ijil‚t gnv`
Qgm im ymu usunddy am wjtg=/Qgm im ymu djo` amjla wjtg=
: ljsg`i >; stuij`i
Qgnt im ymu djo` imjla=
Qg`r` im ymu djo` amjla=
Qg`r` im ymu wnlt tm am ml ymur l`xt gmdjiny= 6N
Q``o`li > snw 3 w`lt 5 stny`i 9 w`lt 0 emmo`i 6 sp`lt
Qgnt im ymu usunddy im/djo` imjla nt tg` w``o`li=
Qg`r` im ymu (djo` tm) am= C
Im ymu `v`r/usunddy/mf`l (gnv` tm) wmro mr stuiy= > Qg`l iji ymu dnst s`` ymur c`st rj`li=
Qgnt tjb` im ymu usunddy a`t up= 3 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am tm n w`iijla=
5 Qg`l iji ymu dnst stny up ndd ljagt=
9 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am ml gmdjiny=
0 Qg`l iji ymu dnst emmo n b`nd (mr (smb`) rj`lis/smb`ml`)=
>.3 YSP@ DMV@ 6 Qg`l iji ymu dnst sp`li tg` iny wjtg ymur sjst`r/crm
sjst`r/crmtg`r/
tg`r/
cmyrj`li/`te.=
U[@NOJLA
QSJYJLA DJLOJLA QMSIU
>
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 7N
3 nt wmro/emdd`a`, jl educs/smej`tj`s, pdnyjla spmrts, nt pnrtj`s, nt > e) nli 3 i) c`enus` 5 c) sm 9 n) cut
rj`lis‚ gmus`s
C
VMENCPDNSZ S@DNYJMLUGJ[U > c`enus` 3 nli 5 cut 9 sm
3N
> c) 3 ) 5 g) 9 n) 0 a) 6 `) 1 i) 7 e)
>.5 LJE@ INZ, JUL‚Y JY=
C
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 VMENCPDNSZ EMLV@SUNYJML YM[JEU
1, 0, 3, 7, >, 6, 9, 5 3N
> emlv`rsntjml 3 t`dds 5 jlt`rrupt 9 snyjla 0 amssjp 6 hmo`
DJUY@LJLA 1 tndo
5N
Utmry >8 Yg` bnl put tg` `lana`b`lt rjla jl tg` wmbnl‚s sndni cut C
Yg` nrtjed` tndos ncmut tg` ojlis m prmcd`bs ymu enl gnv` wg`l
sg` ijil‚t s`` jt nli put jt jl g`r bmutg. tryjla tm gnv` n emlv`rsntjm
emlv`rsntjml
l wjtg smb`ml`.
Utmry 38 Yg`y w`lt ml n ijv` nli tg` bnl prmpms`i tm tg` wmbnl
uli`rwnt`r. FPLEYJML BNOJLA EMLV@SUNYJML
Utmry 58 Yg` bnl bni` n vji`m m gjb prmpmsjla tm gjs ajrdrj`li nli
put jt ml ZmuYuc`. 5N
Emlv`rsntjml
Emlv`rsntjml 3 js c`tt`r c`enus` jt ffimws bmr` `nsjdy nli cmtg
C sp`no`rs smuli jlt`r`st`i.
> jl n r`stnurnlt
3 Ug` put tg` rjla jl g`r bmutg nli l`nrdy swnddmw`i jt. C
5 @aypt > [d`ns`i 3 dmv` 5 rmb 9 dmv`dy 0 MO 6 t`rrjcd` 1 smml
9 Ug` snji y`s.
0 G` bni` n twm-bjlut` ZmuYuc` vji`m m gjb prmpmsjla nli s`lt 9
g`r n djlo. Utui`lt N qu`stjmls/Utui`lt C nlsw`rs
6 Ug` bni` n vji`m m g`rs`d snyjla y`s. > N8 Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo=
C8 J‚i dmv` nl mrnla` huje`, pd`ns`.
E 3 N8 Iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt=
> Utmry > 3 Utmry 3 5 Utmry 5 9 Utmry 3 0 Utmry 5 6 Utmry > C8 Z`s, jt wns crjddjnlt.
5 N8 Lje` iny, jsl‚t jt=
ASNBBNS [NUY UJB[D@ C8 Z`s, jt‚s dmv`dy.
dmv` dy.
9 N8 Im ymu wmro g`r`=
9N C8 Lm, J‚b n stui`lt.
> w`r` (J) 3 ijil‚t sny (J), anv` (J) 5 b`t (J)
9 sbjd`i (S) 0 nee`pt`i (S), ijil‚t t`dd (J) 6 trj`i (J)
Ug` enl‚t sny ‗J dmv` ymu‚ tm Bjo` c`enus` sg`‚s jl dmv` wjtg Anry. Ug` S@DNYJMLUGJ[U
l``is tm wmro mut gmw tm `li g`r r`dntjmlsgjp wjtg Bjo`.
C 9C
3 n) 5 `) 9 c) 0 i) 6 ) J b`t Dnydn nt n bnro`t. Ug` wns s`ddjla cr`ni. Q` stnrt`i egnttjla
egnttjla
nli amt ml w`dd. Nt tg` tjb` J ijil‚t gnv` n ajrdrj`li, sm J nso`i g`r ml
5C n int`. Q` w`lt tm n dmend cno`ry! Q` smml `dd jl dmv` nli J prmpms`i
> Bjo` ― tm Bjrnlin tm g`r nf`r n bmltg. J gji tg` rjla jl n pj`e` m eno`. Fmrtulnt`dy,
3 tg` bnl ― tm Bjrnlin sg` nee`pt`i, nli sg` ijil‚t `nt tg` rjla! Jt wns n ammi wny tm a`t
5 Ut`vj` ― tm Bjrnlin `lana`i. N w``o dnt`r w` amt bnrrj`i.
9 Bjrnlin ― tm g`r rj`lis (Ut`vj` nli tg` bnl)
0 Anry ― tm Bjrnlin [NUY UJB[D@
6 Bjrnlin ― tm Ut`vj`
0N
sp`nomu
sp`nomutt n sp`ejnd p`rsml > Qg`r` iji
iji ymu
ymu am=
3 Qgy iji ymu am tg`r`=
5 Iji ymu stny jl n gmt`d=
6N
9 Qgnt iji ymu im iurjla tg` iny=
> Yg`y b`t nt segmmd.
0 Iji ymu am mut jl tg` `v`ljlas=
3 Yg`y a`t ml r`nddy w`dd? tg`y‚v` amt dmts m tgjlas jl embbml? tg`
sp`no`r tgjlos sg` enl r`dy ml Bjeg`dd` nli tgnt Bjeg`dd` js n ar`nt 6 Qgnt
1 Qns tg` w`ntg`riji
dnlauna` gmt=
ymu sp`no=
p`rsml? tg`y gnv` n r`nd dnuag tma`tg`r.
7 Iji ymu bno` nly l`w rj`lis=
5 Ug`‚s n cjt embp`tjtjv`.
VMENCPDNSZ QMSO
3N
> embpnly 3 eustmb`r 5 cmlus 9 m
6 tnso 1 cmss 7 stn
e` 0 `bpdmy``
me`
stn : sndnry >; `bpdmy`r
:N
Fmrbnd8 I`nr Ujr, I`nr Ir Crye`, J nb wrjtjla ncmut, S`anrijla,
C`st wjsg`s, J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu, C`st r`anris,
Zmurs sjle`r`dy
Jlfmrbnd8 Gj, G`ddm, I`nr Ndd, Gj `v`ryml`, Jt‚s ncmut, U`` ymu smml,
3
Cy` mr lmw, Up`no smml, Yno` enr`, Eg``rs, Dmv`
DJUY@LJLA C
wm
Ug` i`sjals npps.
9N
N Zngmm `bpdmy``s gnv` n r`` cus rji` tm wmro.
ro
E
C Zngmm `bpdmy``s wnteg dbs tma`tg`r mle` n bmltg. Bmi`d nlsw`r8
E [mltjffi`x prmvji`s n lnp rmmb mr jts `bpdmy``s.
I`nr Br Cndjo,
I Nt ml` embpnly, tg` cmss wrjt`s tgnlo-ymu lmt`s tm `bpdmy``s.
By lnb` js [ntrjejn Amlznd`z. J nb rmb V`l`zu`dn, cut J nb djvjla
C jl Dmliml nt tg` bmb`lt.
Nt Zngmm tg`r`‚s n i`ltjst nli n gnjrir`ss`r nt tg` mſte`. Nt J nb wrjtjla ncmut ymur niv`rtjs`b`lt mr wmro `xp`rj`le`.
Ammad` duleg js r`` nli ymu enl a`t n eg`np bnssna` nt tg` J nb tw`lty y`nrs mdi nli J nb stuiyjla jliustrjnd i`sjal nt tg`
mſte`. Nt nlmtg`r embpnly tg` stn im`s n hmc swnp twm inys n Smynd Emdd`a` m Nrt jl Dmliml.
y`nr. Emudi ymu s`li b` smb` jlmrbntjml ncmut ymur wmro `xp`rj`le`
prmarnbb`=
0N
> egmmsjla n EI 3 stuiyjla 5 eg`eojla `bnjds J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu.
Zmurs sjle`r`dy,
C [ntrjejn Amlznd`z
> Yg` `bpdmy``s nt tg` busje sgmp a`t r`` em`` nt Ojlom‚s.
Yg` `bpdmy``s nt Ojlom‚s a`t ml` r`` EI n w``o rmb tg`
busje sgmp.
3 Jt pnys mr `bpdmy``s tm im emurs`s. 3.3 N SJUOZ CPUJL@UU
5 C`enus` tg` embpnly gns ffi`xjcd` gmurs.
HMCU
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY UJB[D@ NLI EMLYJLPMPU VMENCPDNSZ
>C
6N N nsgjml i`sjal`r C r`seu` wmro`r E bmtmreyed` emurj`r
> n) 3 c) 5 n) 9 c) I snd`s r`p @ JY emlsudtnlt F mr`jal emrr`spmli`lt
A p`rsmlnd trnjl`r
C
> n) nli c) 3 e) nli i)
YJ[
snd`s r`p, nsgjml i`sjal`r
i`sjal`r,, JY emlsudtnlt, mr`jal emrr`spmli`lt,
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 3.> p>5;―>5> p`rsmlnd trnjl`r, r`seu` wmro`r, bmtmreyed` emurj`r
N > jsl‚t 3 ‚s wmrojla 5 ‚b pdnyjla 9 im, olmw
0 nr`, w`nrjla 6 iml‚t `nt 1 ‚b wnjtjla
[GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>03
C > Hmgl wmros jl snd`s nli g` js amjla am`s tm tg` mſte`
`v`ry iny nt 7n.b. > > [ 3 J 5 @ 9 A 0 H 6 C 1 G 7 M : B >; I
3 Yg` l`w `bpdmy`` snys sg`‚s `jagt``l, cut J‚b lmt >> O >3 L >5 D >9 E >0 F >6 N
c`dj`vjla J iml‚t c`dj`v` jt.
9 Iml‚t cuy n cmttd` m wjl` mr g`r. Ug` jsl‚t irjlojla 3N
im`sl‚t irjlo ndemgmd. > a`t 3 wmro 5 rjso 9 i`nd wjtg
0 J enl‚t sp`no Egjl`s`, cut by rj`li t`neg`s ‚s t`negjla 5N
b`.
7 G`y! Qgnt im ymu im nr` ymu imjla wjtg tgnt olj`= > a`t 3 uli`r 5 gmdjinys 9 rjso 0 t`nb 6 i`nd
S@NIJLA
1
3 J‚b dmmojla mr n hmc nt tg` bmb`lt. J dmmo nt by `bnjds wg`l J 9E
a`t tm wmro. hmc8 N bmultnjl r`seu` wmro`r C bmtmrcjo` emurj`r E hmeo`y
5 J iml‚t us` @ladjsg mr by hmc. J‚b lmt usjla tg` pgmtmempj`r nt emultry8 N Nustrjn C Crnzjd E Frnle`
tg` bmb`lt. p`mpd` jlt`rvj`w`i8
9 Im ymu wnteg tg` l`ws ml YV `v`ry iny= Nr` ymu wntegjla YV N Bnrtjl Uegbjit, `b`ra`ley
`b`ra`ley imetmr? Bnrjus Nid`r,
Nid`r, pnrnb`ije?
rjagt lmw= Odnus Gnrtbnll, g`djempt`r pjdmt
0 J‚b lmt r`nijla nly ammi cmmos nt tg` bmb`lt. J iml‚t r`ni n C Smc`rtm Em`dgm,
Em`dgm, bmtmrcjo`
bmtmrcjo` emurj`r? enr irjv`rs
l`wspnp`r `v`ry bmrljla. E Vjle`lt Inx, hmeo`y
6 Nr` ymu gnvjla n ammi tjb` nt tgjs pnrty= Im ymu gnv` n wgy tg` hmc js inla`rmus
inla`rmus88
embpnly enr= N cni w`ntg`r emlijtjmls?
emlijtjmls? p`mpd` mf`l pnlje,
pnlje, wgjeg bno`s tg`
1 J‚b s`ddjla by gmus`. J s`dd JY prmiuets tm embpnlj`s jl Nsjn. t`nb‚s hmc bmr` ijſteudt/inla`rmus
C neeji`lts nli rmcc`rj`s
rmcc`rj`s
7N
E crmo`l cml`s
cml`s nli meensjmlnd
meensjmlnd i`ntgs
3 Im ymu sp`no nly mtg`r dnlauna`s=
5 Qgy nr` ymu d`nrljla @ladjsg= sp`ejnd b`bmrj`s/st
b`bmrj`s/stmrj`s8
mrj`s8
9 Nr` ymu stuiyjla mr nl `xnb lmw= N Yg`y mle` r`seu`i n wmbnl nf`r n sojjla
sojjla neeji`lt. G`r
0 Nr` ymu wmrojla ml n sp`ejnd prmh`et nt tg` bmb`lt= guscnli crmuagt tg`b n cmx m egmemdnt`s tm sny tgnlo ymu.
6 Im ymu gnv` ymur mwl mſte`= C G` wns rmcc`i
rmcc`i nli dmst `v`rytgjla.
`v`rytgjla.
1 Im ymu djo` ymur cmss= E G` mle` `dd m gjs gmrs` nli wns olmeo`i
olmeo`i ulemlsejmus.
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 3.3 p>5;―>5>
IVI VJ@Q
N 3 Mle` jl n wgjd`, J am swjbbjla./J
swjbbjla./J am swjbbjla mle` jl n wgjd`.
5 J l`v`r wnst` by bml`y.
bml`y. 5N
9 Lnhjb im`sl‚t mf`l pdny t`lljs. Hustjl‚s dj` js c`tt`r
c`tt`r lmw c`enus` g` nli gjs
gjs nbjdy nr` gnppj`r
gnppj`r..
0 Nojom nli Ymsgj usunddy stny nt gmb` jl tg` `v`ljla.
C
6 Qgy nr` ymu ndwnys
ndwnys dnt`=
>Y 3Y 5F 9F 0Y
1 J rnr`dy wmro dnt` ml Frjinys.
7 Bnry gnridy `v`r
`v`r i`nds wjtg
wjtg eustmb`rs.
eustmb`rs. 9
: Meensjmlnddy,, J wmro jl n t`nb./J meensjmlnddy
Meensjmlnddy meensjmlnddy wmro jl n t`nb./
t`nb./ > tg` trnſte 3 embbut`rs 5 bueg eg`np`r 9 t`rrne` 0 dj`styd`
J wmro jl n t`nb meensjmlnddy.
C > Psunddy 3 `v`ry iny 5 smb`tjb`s 9 rnr`dy
6 Mle` jl n wgjd` 1 `v`ry y`nr 7 meensjmlnddy
0 ndwnys sp`nomu
sp`nomutt wmro/djf
wmro/djf`` cndnle`
6N 1
> J ndwnys wmro nt ljagt. ^u`stjml8
3 Mle` jl n wgjd` J stuiy nt w``o`lis. Z`s, sg` gns n ammi wmro/dj` cndnle`.
5 J gnridy `v`r stuiy ndml`. O`y pgrns`s8
9 J wmro nt gmb` meensjmlnddy. Gmw bueg tjb` im ymu sp`li … (sd``pjla/r`dnxjla/embbutjla)=
(sd``pjla/r`dnxjla/embbutjla)=
0 Jt js smb`tjb`s ijſteudt tm stuiy nli wmro nt tg` snb` tjb`. Im ymu `v`r … (gnv` n gmdjiny)=
6 J iml‚t usunddy bjss ednss`s c`enus` m wmro. Qgnt ncmut ymur … (smejnd dj`/w``o`lis)=
wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
3.5 J DJO@ QMSOJLA MPYUJI@
:N
VMENCPDNSZ YZ[@U MF QMSO Uuaa`st`i nlsw`r8
> Ygjs js lmt n str`ssud hmc c`enus` tg` wmro/dj` cndnle` js ammi.
>N
G`/Ug` enl bnlna` tg`jr mwl tjb` tm sujt gjs/g`r l``is.
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> tg` mmi jliustry
3 tg` nsgjml jliustry
5 netmr, sjla`r, pr`s`lt`r, enb`rnbnl, bno`-up nrtjst, r`s`nreg`r 3.0 DMMOCNEO
9 i`sjal`r
i`sjal`r,, snd`s nssjstnlt, sgmp bnlna`r
[S@U@LY UJB[D@ NLI EMLYJLPMPU
C
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 N tg` mmi jliustry C `iuentjml >
E tg` tmurjst jliustry I snd`s nli bnro`tjla 3 n) ‚b imjla c) im
5 n) pdny c) ‚s pdnyjla
FPLEYJML @W[S@UUJLA DJO@U/IJUDJO@U 9 n) wrjt` c) ‚s wrjtjla
0 n) ‚s wmrojla c) wmros
3N 6 n) bno`s c) ‚b bnojla
G`‚ss n bnrjl` cjmdmajst. G` djo`s wmrojla mutsji`, trnv`ddjla, wmrojla
G`‚ 1 n) gns c) ‚s gnvjla
ndml` nli d`nrljla l`w tgjlas, c`jla gjs mwl cmss. 7 n) ‚r` a`ttjla c) a`t
: n) r`nis c) ‚b r`nijla
C
>; n) ‚b vjsjtjla c) vjsjt
> wmrojla 3 sjttjla 5 trnv`ddjla 9 wmrojla 0 a`ttjla
6 d`nrljla 1 wmrojla 7 wmrojla
NIV@SCU MF FS@^P@LEZ
E
>+ 3―― 5++ 9― 0* 6+ 1―― 7― 5N
> i) 3 n) 5 ) 9 `) 0 c) 6 a) 1 e)
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 3.5 p>5;―>5>
N > djst`ljla 3 iml‚t 5 ml 9 im`sl‚t 0 dmv`s 6 stnli
jb
t
> > @ 3 M 5 D 9 C 0 I 6 E 1 L 7 F : B >; A
>> G >3 N >5 O >9 H >0 J Qgnt nr` ymu imjla nt tg`/tgjs w``o`li= Qmudi ymu djo` tm am
inlejla ml Unturiny ljagt=
`
Frnlo
DJUY@LJLA J‚b smrry, cut J‚b cusy ml Unturiny `v`ljla. Im ymu wnlt tm am tm
3C tg` ejl`bn ml Uuliny=
m
Y
> y`s 3 y`s 5 $3; (`neg) 9 Yg`y gnv` tm mranljs` n ar`nt iny
mut wjtgmut amjla mv`r tg`jr cuia`t. Ygnt‚s n ar`nt ji`n. J‚i dmv` tm. Qgnt im ymu wnlt tm s``=
u
Frnlo
5N
> E`ltrnd [nro 3 Bus`ub 5 vj`ws 9 djv` 0 seudptur`/nrt
t
6 Uqunr` 1 Jtndjnl 7 inle`/gjp-gmp 5.3 S@DNW!
C
VMENCPDNSZ [DNE@U YM VJUJY
E`ltrnd [nro (busjejnls), Gjag Djl` (crjia`), Utnt`l Jsdnli F`rry,
Yjb`s Uqunr` >N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY EMLYJLPMPU/ > U`` @x. >C c`dmw.
C@ AMJLA YM FMS FPYPS@ 3 emle`rt gndd8 djst`l tm djv` busje
9N emultrysji`8 am mr wndos, am cjriwntegjla
> tg` utur` spmrts `di8 wnteg mr pdny ndd ojlis m spmrts
3 y`s ljagteduc8 inle`
5 pr`s`lt emltjlumus8
emltjlumus8 c) nli i)? c` amjla tm8 n) nli e) str``t bnro`t8 am sgmppjla
sgmppjla bndd8 am sgmppjla
lntur` trnjd8 am gjojla
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 5.> p>53―>55
wnt`rfrmlt8 am mr wndos, am tm r`stnurnlts/cnrs, dmmo nt cmnts
N >E 3C 5I 9N C
C (Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs) Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
N J‚b gnvjla n b``tjla wjtg by cmss l`xt w``o. jlimmrs8 emle`rt gndd, ljagteduc, sgmppjla bndd? mtg`r pdne`s8
C J‚b stnyjla nt gmb` tmtm wnteg YV wjtg by wj` tgjs
tgjs `v`ljla. ejl`bn, bus`ub, nrt andd`ry
E Hmgl‚s pdnyjla mmtcndd mr gjs segmmd t`nb ml Unturiny. mutimmrs8 emultrysji`, spmrts `di, str``t bnro`t, lntur` trnjd,
I J‚b amjla tm tg` ejl`bn
ejl`bn wjtg Hnl` l`xt w``o`li. wnt`rrmlt?? mtg`r pdne`s8 pnro, tg` str``t
wnt`rrmlt
E > nr`, imjla 3N
3 ‚b amjla tmtm emultrysji`, spmrts `di, ljagteduc, str``t bnro`t, sgmppjla bndd,
bndd ,
5 ‚r` amjla tm c` lntur` trnjd, wnt`rrmlt
9 nr`, amjla
amjla tm tno`/nr`, tnojla
tnojla
Yg` rst wmri js usunddy str`ss`i jl embpmuli lmuls.
0 ‚r` amjla tm crjla/‚r` crjlajla
6 ‚ r` lmt amjla tm crjla/‚r` lmt crjlajla S@NIJLA
1 js, amjla tm gnv`
7 ‚s amjla tm pdny 5C
: nr`, amjla
amjla tm a`t/nr`, a`ttjla
a`ttjla > p`mpd` rmb Enlnin 3 mmtcndd 5 L`w X`ndnli`rs 9 Upnjl
>; ‚r` amjla tm irjv`/‚r` irjvjla 0 tg` PO 6 Ygnjdnli 1 Jt‚s jbpmssjcd` tm sny.
7 p`mpd` rmb Ar``e` nli @stmljn
0N
> Q`‚r` amjla tm tg` ejl`bn ml Frjiny.
ASNBBNS ^P@UYJMLU QJYGMPY NPWJDJNSJ@U
3 Nr` ymu amjla tm stny nt gmb` tgjs `v`ljla= 9
5 Ug` jsl‚t wmrojla tgjs w``o`li. > n) 3 c) 5 mch`et qu`stjmls
9 Qgnt tjb` nr` w` b``tjla tmbmrrmw=
0 J‚b amjla tm wnteg n/tg` mmtcndd bnteg dnt`r. DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 5.3 p>53―>55
6 Yg`y‚r` amjla mut mr n pjzzn ml Unturiny.
N 3 Qgm im`s r`ni r`nis tg` bmst jl ymur nbjdy=
QSJYJLA JLVJYNYJMLU 5 Qgm c` js/wns ymur nvmurjt` wrjt`r=
0 Qgnt iji c` wns ymur nvmurjt` cmmo wg`l ymu w`r` n egjdi=
1N 6 Qgm iji wrjt` wrmt` jt=
> Gj Umljn ― J‚b amjla tm c` jl … 1 Gmw mf`l im ymu r`ni ml tg` jlt`rl`t=
3 Ar`nt tm g`nr rmb ymu. J‚b smrry, cut … C > Qgnt emdmur wns
wns Yg` C`ntd`s‚ sucbnrjl`= (y`ddmw)
(y`ddmw)
5 Q`‚r` amjla
amjla mut mr n b`nd. Im ymu … 3 Qgm wrmt` Utnjrwny tm G`nv`l = (Hjbby
( Hjbby [na` rmb D`i
9 J‚i dmv` tm. Umulis ar`nt! … X`pp`djl)
5 Qgms` gmb` wns Arne`dnli=
Arne`dnli= (@dvjs [r`sd`y‚s
[r`sd`y‚s))
C 9 Qgjeg emultry iji Ij`am
Ij`am Sjv`rn emb` rmb= (B`xjem)
(B`xjem)
jlvjtjla8 Qmudi ymu djo` tm emb`= Im ymu wnlt tm b``t us mr 0 Qgm pnjlt`i tg` Bmln Djsn= (D`mlnrim in Vjlej)
ijll`r= 6 Qgjeg pnjlt`r jlv`lt`i
jlv`lt`i Eucjsb= ([ncdm
([ncdm [jenssm/A`mra`s
r`spmls`s8 J‚b smrry, cut J‚b cusy. J‚i dmv` tm. Crnqu`)
C
> tgjs 3 cusy 5 d`nv` 9 b`ssna` 0 endd
9.> GJI
GJII@L
I@L YND@LY
YND@LY 9.3
9.3 UEGMM
UEGMMDDU MF YGMPAGY
VMENCPDNSZ
>N
BNO@ NLI IM
t
pr`s`lt sjbpd`) 9
lmt pmssjcd`/lmt nddmw`i8 enl‚t, bustl‚t?
C l`e`ssnry8 gnv` tm, bust?
b
> ^u`stjmls8 Gnv` ymu `v`r bni` n sp``eg jl pucdje= Gnv` ymu lmt l`e`ssnry8 iml‚t gnv` tm
`v`r bni` rj`lis wjtg smb`ml` rmb nlmtg`r emultry=
Fmrb8 gnv` ymu (`v`r) + pnst pnrtjejpd`
3 U`lt`le`s8 G` b`t n wmbnl rmb Egjd` jl 3;>9. Jl net, tg`y DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.3 p>59―>50
jl
amt bnrrj`i n w``o nam! N > gnv` tm 3 enl 5 enl‚t 9 gnv` tm 0 enl 6 bustl‚t
V`rc t`ls`8 pnst sjbpd` 1 enl‚t 7 iml‚t gnv` tm
5 Lm, l`v`r. Z`s, J gnv`. Lm, J gnv`l‚t. C > enl 3 iml‚t gnv` tm 5 bust/gnv` tm 9 enl
i
0 im`sl‚t gnv` tm 6 enl‚t/bustl‚t 1 gns tm/bust
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.> p>59―>50 7 enl‚t/bustl‚
enl‚t/bustl‚tt
s
3 Ywm inys nam sg`‚s c``l w`lt tm n bus`ub.
5 Plmrtulnt`dy,
Plmrtul nt`dy, w` gnv` `v`r
`v`r l`v`r wml tg` dmtt`ry. > iml‚t gnv` tm
9 Gns sg` `v`r vjsjt`i ymu= 3 iml‚t gnv` tm
0 J gnv`l‚t b``t b`t ymur crmtg`r. 5 enl
6 Jl 3;>>, tg`y‚v` trnv`dd`i tm A`l`vn. 9 gnv` tm/bust
1 Gnv` ymu s``l Iji ymu s`` tgnt YV prmarnbb` dnst 0 enl
Q`il`siny= 6 gnv` tm/bust
7 G` gns l`v`r pdny`i n busjend jlstrub`lt. 1 bustl‚t/enl‚t
7 bustl‚t/enl‚t
C > Gnv` ymu `v`r iml` 3 ‚s wmro`i 5 vjsjt`i
: enl‚t
9 Gns g` bni` 0 gnv`l‚t g`nri 6 nt`
>; enl
6
5N Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> wns 3 Gnv` ymu `v`r wrjtt`l 5 ‚v` l`v`r `nt`l 9 ljsg`i
Ujbjdnrjtj`s8 Utui`lts gnv` tm stuiy. Yg`y enl tno` `xnbs/a`t
0 Gnv` ymu `v`r c``l 6 ljsg`i
qundjentjmls.
9N Ij`r`le`s8 Gmb`-segmmdjla8 Utui`lts enl stuiy wg`l tg`y
o``p ― o`pt, bno` ― bni`, irjv` ― irjv`l, im ― iml`, ffiy ― ffimwl, wnlt tm. Nt lmrbnd segmmd tg`y gnv` tm stuiy wg`l tg` segmmd
emb` ― emb`, ermss ― ermss`i, ajv` ― ajv`l, swjb ― swub, sd``p ― i`eji`s tg`y sgmudi. Nt gmb` tg`y iml‚t gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb.
sd`pt, dms` ― dmst, wjl ― wml, pny ― pnji, armw ― armwl Nt segmmd tg`y gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb. Nt gmb` tg`y enl us` tg`jr
bmcjd` pgml`s. Nt segmmd tg`y enl‚t us` tg`jr bmcjd` pgml`s. Nt
C segmmd tg`y gnv` n vnrj`ty m t`neg`rs. Nt gmb` tg`y prmcncdy
o`pt, sd`pt /`/? bni`, pnji /`ɨ/? irjv`l, ajv`l /ɨ/? iml`, wml /ʄ/? mldy gnv` ml` t`neg`r (n pnr`lt).
ffimwl, armwl /ɚʈ/? emb`, swub /ʄ/? ermss`i, dmst /ɓ/
DJUY@LJLA 9.5
9.5 QGNY UGMPDI J IM=
0N
> emmojla VMENCPDNSZ DNLAPNA@ D@NSLJLA
3 Jl gjs tw`ltj`s? g` stnrt`i tm bno` b`nds mr gjs rj`lis.
3N
5 G` stnrt`i s`ddjla mmi tm gjs emdd`nau`s nli tg`l mp`l`i n
> c) 3 n) 5 `) 9 a) 0 e) 6 ) 1 i)
enê jl tg` mſte`.
C FPLEYJML AJVJLA NIVJE@
> `lhmy`i 3 bno` 5 s`dd 9 im 0 Gnv` 6 bni`
0N
> tgjlo 3 Fjli n cusjl`ss w`csjt`/Qrjt` tg`b jl n lmt`cmmo
QSJYJLA EMSS@EYJLA BJUYNO@U 5 dmmo tg`b up 9 wmrry 0 iml‚t, us` 6 ji`n
1N
By tnd`lt js tgnt J enl sjla r`nddy w`dd. J‚v` ndwnys djo` djo`i (ar) C
busje_.RR (p) J sjla ndd ojlis m smlas, jleduijla rmeo, pmp nli
busje_. >, 5, 0 nli 9, 6 gnv` tg` snb` b`nljla.
ednssjend busje_.R (p) J rst ijsemv`r`i tgjs ncjddjty ncjdjty (sp) wg`l E
J wns ymula. J mf`l djst`l`i tm busje nli snla nt tg` snb` tjb`.
Yg` d`tt`r d js sjd`lt jl sgmudi.
J‚v` imjla iml` (ar) jt bnly tjb`s nt pnrtj`s, jl rmlt m by r`jlis
frj`lis (sp), nli jl onrnmo` cnrs. Yg`r` js lm bnaje s`er`t_.R (p) J
hust djst`l enr`udy
enr`udy enr`fuddy (sp) nli nb prnetjsjla prnetjs` (ar) ml
by mwl.
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.5 p>59―>50
N n) Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 9.0 DMMOCNEO
c) J tgjlo w` sgmudi am mut nf`r tg` d`ssml.
e) J‚b lmt sur` c`enus` J gnv`l‚t amt bueg bml`y. BNO@ NLI IM
i) Qgy iml‚t w` am mut mr n b`nd=
>N
`) MO, d`t‚s am tm Cutd`r‚s enê mr n em``.
3 bno`s 5 im`s 9 bno`s 0 im`s 6 bno`s
C c), n), i), e), `)
rt
n
S@NIJLA
3 0.3 YSNV@D YJ[U
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> N rnf C cus, wndojla, enr (p`mpd` anv` gjb rji`s)
VMENCPDNSZ YSNV@D JY@BU
v
`
E lml` (wndojla) 3N
3 N nermss nl me`nl C jltm tg` wjdi E nermss n i`s`rt Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
9
> Oml-Yjoj8 Ygmr G`y`ringd nli v` snjdmrs/`xpdmr`rs?
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 n ymula bnl endd`i
e ndd`i Egrjs BeEnlid`ss?
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 tgr`` Ncmrjajl` ajrds (Bmddy, Injsy, Arnej`)
> sujtens`, ijajtnd enb`rn, sulgnt, smuv`ljrs
3 lmt`cmmo, wnt`rprmm
c`dt
wnt`rprmm edmtg`s, wndojla cmmts, rueosneo, bml`y
C
Yg`l, nf`r n wgjd`, Nf`r tgnt, Fjlnddy
0.9 FPDD EJSED@
IVI [S@VJ@Q
0.5 ZMP ENL‚Y BJUU JY >C
VMENCPDNSZ YMPSJUB > Bjegn`d [ndjl js nl netmr nli trnv`d wrjt`r.
3 tg` s`v`lt``l emultrj`s ml tg` [neje emnst
> 5 cy trnjl
cmnt trjp, tmurjsts, sjagts``jla, lnturnd wmli`r
IVI VJ@Q
3C
Yg` bnl js n tmur auji`. G` djv`s jl Crnzjd, tno`s tmurjsts tm tg` Jaunáu 3
Fndds ml cmtg tg` Crnzjdjnl nli Nra`ltjljnl sji`s nli tg`l tno`s tg`b tg` njr js tgjl nli jt‚s ijſteudt tm cr`ntg`? tg` trnjl stmps n dmt c`enus`
sgmppjla jl [nrnauny. m nljbnds/enrs ml tg` trneo? tg` trnjl js v`ry sdmw
YSNV@D JY@BU
9N
3 cneopneo 5 wnt`rprmm edmtg`s 9 wndojla cmmts 0 sul gnt
6 smuv`ljrs 1 cjlmeudnrs 7 lmt`cmmo : ijajtnd enb`rn
>; bml`y c`dt
6
VMENCPDNSZ G@NDYG
>N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 hulo mmi (―), (―), `x`rejs` ednss`s (+),
zzy irjlos (―), r`sg rujt/v`a`tncd`s (+), str`ss/wmrryjla (―),
1N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
gmccj`s/spmrt8 Im ymu im (Y‚nj
(Y ‚nj Egj)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu iml` jt=
pmss`ssjmls8 Im ymu gnv` (n wnteg)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
wmro/stuiy/segmmd8 Im ymu (wmro jl nl mſte`)= Gmw dmla gnv`
6
ndemgmd (―), vjtnbjls (+), rulljla (+), en`jl` (―), r`dnxjla (+) ymu (wmro`i tg`r`)=
C
fmmi/irjlo8 hulo mmi, zzy irjlos, r`sg rujt/v`a`tncd`s, ndemgmd,
vjtnbjls, en`jl` (niijtjmlnd8 mjdy sg, `aas, huje`)
`x`rejs`8 `x`rejs` ednss`s, rulljla (niijtjmlnd8 pdnyjla mmtcndd,
6.3
6.3 YG@ FPYPS@ MF FMMI
DJUY@LJLA
t
l
`
pdnyjla t`lljs, swjbbjla)
a`l`rnd gncjts8 str`ss/wmrryjla, r`dnxjla (niijtjmlnd8 wntegjla YV,
Y V, 3C
s
djst`ljla tm busje, sd``pjla w`dd) >Y 3Y 5Y
s
E
[GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>06 > armups 3 nrb 5 dnc 9 s`nw``i 0 olj` 6 jlmrbntjml
>C N rmdd`rcdnijla C cnibjltml E eyedjla I cnso`tcndd
@ erjeo`t F ruacy A squnsg G yman J t`lljs ASNBBNS Z, BJAGY, QJDD
BNZ
BN
H wjlisurla O surla D rulljla B gmrs`rjijla
5N
> i) 3 n), c) 5 e)
S@NIJLA
3N DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 6.3 p>57―>5:
Ymw`rrulljla, [JDMWJLA®, pniid` cmnrijla
N > `) 3 i) 5 n) 9 ) 0 c) 6 e)
E C > J iml‚t wjdd wml‚t olmw by `xnb r`sudts ultjd Nuaust.
> Jt enl g`dp tm bno` ymu ``d gnppj`r nli bmr` r`dnx`i. 3 Qjdd ymu tm am tm uljv`rsjty l`xt y`nr=
3 C`enus` tg`r` nr` dmts m soysernp`rs. 5 Nlln js v`ry cusy sm sg` bny lmt emb`s
emb`s tmljagt.
5 Jt us`s busje nli inle` djo` Xubcn, pmw`r nli sp``i djo` 9 Yg` trnſte js g`nvy sm tg`y bny tmtm c` dnt`.
cmxjla, nli cujdis str`latg djo` pjdnt`s. 0 @isml bjagts c`c` tg` c`st pdny`r
pdny`r w` gnv` `v`r
`v`r s``l.
9 Nt tg` `li m tg` iny ( hust c`mr` suls`t) c`enus` tg` wnt`r js 6 J bjagt am lmt lmt am tm tg` `x`rejs` ednss tminy.
endb nli jt‚s c`nutjud. 1 Q`‚dd tm c` cneo nt 6p.b.
E 9N
fmr8 n dmla tjb`, twm w``os/bmltgs/y`nrs, nl gmur mr twm Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
sjle`8 Hudy, Unturiny, J d`f uljv`rsjty, 3p.b., dnst ljagt, J wns n 3 Zmu bjagt dms` w`jagt.
egjdi/t``lna`r 5 Jt bjagt c` `xp`lsjv`.
9 Zmu‚dd ``d g`ndtgj`r.
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 6.> p>57―>5: 0
6 Jt
Zmubjagt
bjagtlmt c`djo`
lmt mp`l.
jt.
N > gnv`l‚t iml`, sjle` 3 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 5 wns, mr 1 Zmu‚dd `lhmy jt.
9 gnv`l‚t s``l, mr 0 d`f, mr
6 ijil‚t s``, gnv`l‚t s``l, sjle` 1 sjle` QSJYJLA U@LY@LE@ UYSPEYPS@
7 gnsl‚t irjv`l, sjle` 6N
C > sjle`, enb` 3 cmuagt, gnv` djv`i, mr > Jl g`r dnt` tw`ltj`s, tm emltjlu` g`r stuij`s.
5 gnv` olmwl, mr, b`t 9 bmv`i, gnv` c``l, mr 3 Ug` bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi. Yg`r` nr` dmts m sp`ejnd ijsg`s.
0 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 6 gnsl‚t s``l, sjle` Jl Emdmbcjn, p`mpd` tno` tg`jr tjb` pr`pnrjla mmi. [`mpd` sny
1 sjle`, stnrt`i 7 gns gni, mr Emdmbcjnls emmo wjtg dmv`.
5 Ug` trj`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s (Djcyn, [mdnli, Yuljsjn,
9N [`ru nli Hnpnl). Mtg`r jlt`rlntjmlnd stui`lts bni` jt.
> ‚v` iml`, sjle` C
3 ‚v` gni, mr Yg` rst `xnbpd` gns tgr`` sgmrt s`lt`le`s tgnt iml‚t emll`et
5 ‚v` olmwl, sjle` tma`tg`r v`ry w`dd. Jl tg` s`emli `xnbpd`, tg` tgr`` sgmrt
9 ‚v` djv`i, mr s`lt`le`s nr` djlo`i wjtg wg`l. Ygjs bno`s jt ffimw bmr` sbmmtgdy,
0 ‚v` wnlt`i, mr nli `nsj`r mr tg` r`ni`r tm uli`rstnli.
6
3 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu olmwl gjb= E
J bjss`i by nbjdy nli rj`lis. J ndsm bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi.
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
Jt wns wmli`rud nli J tnst`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s8 Djcyn,
9 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu stuij`i=
[mdnli, Yuljsjn, [`ru, nli Hnpnl. J ndsm bni` bnly ammi rj`lis.
0 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu wmro`i tg`r`=
C 3 G`‚s
wnltsg`nri jt‚sml
nivje` n ammi
wgnt ji`n
tm im.tm bmljtmr gjs mmi nli `x`rejs`, cut g`
3 prmcd`b 5 pjdds 9 dmmo 0 gurt 6 wmrry
E
> sjeo 3 sd``p 5 wmrrj`i 9 gurts 0 pnjlud 6.0
6.0 DMMOCNEO
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 6.5 p>57―>5: G@NDYG
> Qgnt‚s tg` bntt`r/prmcd`b >N
3 J ``d t`rrjcd` Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni tgjs prmcd`b > Im ymu am tm `x`rejs` ednss`s=
9 Enl J gnv` n dmmo 3 Im ymu `nt n dmt m hulo mmi mr irjlo zzy irjlos=
0 v`ry pnjlud 5 Im ymu sp`li n dmt m tjb` r`dnxjla=
6 Jt gurts 9 Im ymu tno` vjtnbjls=
1 J‚dd ajv` ymu 0 Im ymu mf`l am rulljla=
6 Im ymu mf`l ``d str`ss`i/sp`l
str`ss`i/sp`li i tjb` wmrryjla ncmut wmro=
1 Im ymu irjlo en`jl`=
e n`jl`=
9 7 Im ymu `nt n dmt m r`sg rujt nli v`a`tncd`s=
> gurts 3 emdi 5 sjeo 9 crmo`l 0 gurt 6 wmrry 1 ajv`
7 prmcd`b FMMI
D@NSL YM [S@IJEY JLFMSBNYJML 5
mljml, er`nb, pjl`nppd`, d`bml, enrrmt, wg`nt, egjeo`l, eno`, mnts,
0C h`ddy, eg``s`,
eg``s`, buss`ds
> bntt`r 3 emuag 5 t`rrjcd` 9 prmcd`b 0 w``o 6 dmmo
1 pnjlud 7 b`ijejl` 9N
i`ss`rts8 eno`, h`ddy
injry8 er`nb, eg``s`
6.9 BMLJYMS B@ frujt8 pjl`nppd`, d`bml
v`a`tncd`s8 mljml, enrrmt
arnjls8 wg`nt, mnts
IVI [S@VJ@Q b`nt/s`nfmmi8 egjeo`l, buss`ds
>N
ncmut l`w npps nli t`eglmdmay tgnt b`nsur`s `x`rejs`, sd``p, ij`t, BNZ, BJAGY, QJDD
BNZ
`te., nli gmw bmljtmrjla murs`dv`s enl jbprmv` mur g`ndtg
0N
C > ) 3 `) 5 n) 9 e) 0 c) 6 i)
g
e
> n) 5 c) 9 e) 0 c) 6 e)
5C
Ug` bmv`i c`enus` sg` `dt g`r dj` wns bjssjla smb`tgjla, sm VMENCPDNSZ EMDDMENYJMLU
n
l
sg` vjsjt`i Uemtdnli nli `dd jl dmv` wjtg tg` emultry nli tg`
mwl`r m n s`emli-gnli cmmosgmp. 5N
> ) 3 e) 5 `) 9 n) 0 i) 6 a) 1 c)
a
9N
> Z`s, sg` gni n ir`nb hmc, nl `xtrnmrijlnry l`twmro m rj`lis, ASNBBNS [PS[MU@, ENPU@ NLI S@UPDY
`
nli dmv`i tg` pdne` wg`r` sg` wns djvjla.
3 Ug` ir`nb`i ncmut wmrojla jl n us`i cmmosgmp cy tg` s`n/jl 9C
> tm 3 c`enus` 5 sm
s
Uemtdnli.
5 Ug` typ`i ‗us`i cmmosgmp, Uemtdnli‚ jltm Ammad` nli
E
ijsemv`r`i Qjatmwl, n tmwl cy tg` s`n wjtg dmts m us`i
cmmosgmps.
[nrt 98 Jlst`ni tg` pmdje` r`d`ns`i gjb nli anv` gjb `xtrn bml`y
tm sny ‗tgnlo ymu‚ mr gjs ar`nt wmro!
9 Lm, sg` s`lt ml` `bnjd tm n cmmosgmp sg` djo`i tg` dmmo m.
0 Ug` `dt sni tgnt sg` wnsl‚t jl Uemtdnli. Ug` bjss`i dmts m [nrt 08 I`bnrn c`enb` nbmus c`enus` m gjs ar`nt wmro ns tg`
tgjlas ncmut Uemtdnli nli sg` wns jl dmv` wjtg tg` cmmosgmp sgjp‚s imetmr …
mwl`r.
6 Ug` dmv`s tg` tmwl, tg` p`mpd`, tg` cmmosgmp nli c`jla wjtg DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 1.3 p>9;―>9>
tg` dmv` m g`r dj`.
N > tm 3 c`enus` 5 tm 9 sm 0 sm 6 tm 1 c`enus` 7 sm
PU@I YM C J usunddy a`t n l`wspnp`r c`enus` J wnlt tm olmw wgnt‚s
ASNBBNS ml YV, cut tminy J r`ni n strnla` stmry. Nl @ladjsgbnl
0N wns ``djla t`rrjcd` c`enus` g` wns uli`r pr`ssur` nt
> y`s 3 lm 5 lm 9 y`s 0 tg` pnst wmro, sm g` i`eji`i tm ijsnpp`nr. G` w`lt tm n c`neg tm
am swjbbjla (g` snji). Yg`l g` d`f gjs edmtg`s tg`r` sm
C tgnt smb`ml` emudi li tg`b. G` ndsm d`f gjs wndd`t wjtg
> pnst sjbpd` 3 mr nl `xt`li`i tjb` n pgmtm nli JI sm tg` pmdje` ol`w wgm jt wns. Yg` pmdje`
w`lt tm gjs gmb` tm sp`no tm gjb cut g` wnsl‚t tg`r`. G`
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 1.> p>9;―>9> wns jl Nustrndjn nli gni n ij`r`lt lnb`! Ygr`` y`nrs dnt`r,
g` wns enuagt wg`l gjs emusjl, wgm wns jl Nustrndjn tm
N > us`i tm stuiy 3 us`i tm sbmo` 5 l`v`r us`i tm nrau` ntt`li n eml`r`le`, r`emaljs`i gjb. Qg`r` w`r` tg`y= Ml
9 us`i tm djv` 0 ijil‚t us` tm djo` 6 Iji, us` tm `lhmy n c`neg!
1 us`i tm am mut 7 us`i tm im
C > us`i tm 3 ijil‚t us` tm 5 us`i tm 9 us`i tm
0C
0 us`i tm 6 ijil‚t us` tm 1 us`i tm 7 iji, us` tm
> tm 3 c`enus` 5 sm 9 tm 0 c`enus` 6 tm 1 sm
7 c`enus`
6C
> Qg`l J wns n egjdi, J us`i tm eyed` tm segmmd y`st`riny. 6
3 By crmtg`r ndwnys us`i tm djst`l tm g`nvy b`tnd busje. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
0 Q` ijil‚t us`i us` tm gnv` nly p`ts. J wnlt`i tm g`dp p`mpd` sm J c`enb` n lurs`.
6 Q` us`i tm am sojjla jl tg` gmdjinys dnst y`nr. J w`lt tm tg` imetmr c`enus` J `dt sjeo.
J djo`i trnv`ddjla sm J c`enb` n pjdmt.
QSJYJLA [NSNASN[GU J w`lt tm uljv`rsjty tm a`t n Bnst`r‚s i`ar``.
J pgml`i by rj`li tm jlvjt` g`r tm n pnrty.
7N J eyed`i tm wmro c`enus` J emudil‚t irjv`.
[nrnarnpg > J cmuagt nl j[mi c`enus` J dmv` djst`ljla tm busje.
3 C`mr` tgnt, J wns wmrojla mr n embpnly, cut J ijil‚t `lhmy by
hmc.
5 J‚v` ndwnys tgmuagt tgnt c`jla n t`neg`r wmudi c` r`nddy
jlt`r`stjla.
1.5 ENL ZMP Y@DD B@=
9 Um J w`lt cneo tm emdd`a` nli iji n t`neg`r trnjljla emurs`.
[nrnarnpg 3
U[@NOJLA
3 Fmr `xnbpd`, J gni tm wmro tm `nrl bml`y, nli li tjb` tm im 3
emurs`wmro. Egjl`s` stui`lts li stuiyjla ncrmni gnri nt rst, cut tg`l jt
5 Um J us`i tm stuiy jl tg` `v`ljlas. a`ts `nsj`r nli tg`y tgjlo jt‚s n ar`nt `xp`rj`le`.
9 Lmw, J gnv` n t`negjla qundjentjml,
qundjentjml, nli J‚b imjla tg` hmc J‚v`
J‚v`
ndwnys wnlt`i tm im. VMENCPDNSZ FNEJDJYJ@U
C 5N
Jl `neg pnrnarnpg8 > djcrnry 3 stntjml`ry sgmp 5 r`ajstrntjml i`so 9 en`t`rjn
> U`lt`le` > emltnjls tg` bnjl ji`n. 0 neembbmintjml/w`dnr` mſte`
3 U`lt`le`s 3 nli 5 suppmrt tg` ji`n.
5 U`lt`le` 9 ljsg`s/emledui`s tg` pnrnarnpg.
9N
> ) 3 a) 5 g) 9 n) 0 `) 6 i) 1 c) 7 e)
b
>> bml`y wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm stnrt n cusjl`ss nli bno`
bno` bmr`
m
ensg /oæʅ/ lmt`s /lɚʈts/ emjls /oəɨlz/ bml`y
jlv`st`i /ɨlˇv`stɨi/ cjdds /cɨdz/ pmss`ssjmls /pɚˇz`ʅlz/ >3 n p`rsml wgm/tgnt nets jl
jl dbs mr tg`ntr`
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l
tr`nsur` /ˇtr`ʓɚ/ Utui`lt C
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`
b`nsur` /ˇb`ʓɚ/ `nrls /ɔ˛lz/ tjps /tɨps/ 5 bnt`rjnd wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm bno` enr tyr`s nli eg`wjla
prm`ssjml /prɚˇf`ʅl/ er`ijt enris /ˇor`iɨt oɞ˛iz/ aub
y
d`lis /d`liz/ jbpmst`r /ɨbˇpɓstɚ/ smuv`ljr /˄su˛vɚˇlɨɚ/ 1 n pdne` wg`r` ymu stny wg`l ymu nr` trnv`ddjla
7 n p`rsml wgm/tgnt agts mr gjs emultry jl wnrs
: n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt armws jl tg` `nrtg nli js usunddy ar``l
[GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>07 Nermss
> >F 3A 5E 9@ 0C 6N 1G 7I > n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt w`
w` us` tm pny mr
mr smb`tgjla (lmt n er`ijt
enri)
0 n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt ymu
ymu us` tm imwldmni
imwldmni nli djst`l tmtm busje
S@NIJLA
3N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 7.3 [NZ B@ BMS@!
> Snji`rs mf tg` Dmst Nro , [jrnt`s mf tg` Enrjcc`nl, Yg` Yr`nsur` mf
tg` Uj`rrn Bnir`, Ygr`` Ojlas DJUY@LJLA
3 Yg` bnl `xp`et`i tm ij` nli wnlt`i tm d`nv` smb`tgjla
>C
c`gjli mr tg` pucdje tm s`nreg mr, sm g` gji tg` tr`nsur` eg`st. > egjdir`l enl c` ijſteudt,
ijſteudt, dmla gmurs, im `xtrn wmro
C 3 wmrojla wjtg egjdir`l
egjdir`l js jbpmrtnlt
jbpmrtnlt nli (djo` t`negjla)
t`negjla) jt n`ets
3 Yg` pm`b emltnjl`i edu`s tm g`dp r`ni`rs li tg` tr`nsur` tg` utur`
eg`st. 5 r`agt`r
5 Qg`l g` r`d`ns`s l`w edu`s
e du`s (`v`ry `w bmltgs), bmr` p`mpd` 9 inla`rmus
emb` tm dmmo mr tg` tr`nsur`, sm tgjs jler`ns`s tmurjsb jl tg` 0 r`s`nreg cjmdmajst
nr`n. 6 tg` wgmd`
wgmd` wmrdi c`l`ts
9 G` gns r`e`jv`i mv`r >5,;;; `bnjds rmb p`mpd` wgm wnlt
bmr` edu`s, nli >7 bnrrjna` prmpmsnds. E
0 G` wns jl tg` Njr Fmre` c`mr` g` mp`l`i nl nrt andd`ry. > n) Up`no`r 5, tg` r`s`nreg cjmdmajst. G` wnlts bmr` bml`y mr
tg` dnc.
ASNBBNS S@DNYJV@ EDNPU@U c) Up`no`r 3, tg` r`agt`r. Fjr`agt`rs snv` smb` (stupji)
p`mpd` wgm ‗`dd nsd``p wjtg n ejanr`tt` jl tg`jr bmutg mr
5 mramt tm swjteg m tg` mv`l‚.
3 tgnt 5 wgm 9 tgnt 0 wg`r` e) Up`no`r >, tg` lnlly. Ed`nljla nli emmojla.
VMENCPDNSZ LNYPS@
>C
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
1N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 Im ymu pdnlt tr``s/turl
QSJYJLA
tr``s/turl m djagts nli
ln
rjv`rs8 Ljd`, Nbnzml, Znlatz`, Bjssjssjppj
C
t
i`s`rts8 Ungnrn, Ondngnrj, Amcj
me`nls8 Ntdnltje, [neje, Nretje, Jlijnl, Nltnretje J tgjlo `v`ryml` sgmudi r`eyed`. J‚v` iml` tgjs sjle` J wns n egjdi
u
rnjlfmr`sts8 Nbnzml, tg` Emlam Cnsjl Fmr`st m E`ltrnd Nrjen nli jt‚s lmt ijſteudt. Egjdir`l l``i tm c` `iuent`i ncmut tg` wrjt`
rjagt wny tm dmmo nf`r tg` wmrdi w` djv` jl. J us` n cjeyed` tm a`t tm
DJUY@LJLA
r`
wmro `v`ry iny, nli J a`t v`ry nlary wg`l J s`n s`` p`mpd` us` n
enr tm irjv` rmuli tg` emrl`r tm tg` sgmps. Yg`jr Yg`r` nr` dmts m
3C sbndd tgjlas w` enl im tm g`dp tg` `lvjrmlb`lt djo` turljla m
> Jl pgmtm N p`mpd` nr` cujdijla n segmmd mut m pdnstje cmttd`s. tg` t`d`vjsjml wg`l ymur ymu‚r` lmt wntegjla jt, usjla pdnstje cnas
3 Jl pgmtm C p`mpd` nr` a`l`rntjla `l`ray mr tg` ljagteduc cy mr ymu‚r` ymur ruccjsg, nli r`eyedjla, twm tmm.
inlejla ml n sp`ejnd inle` ffimmr.
5 [gmtm E sgmws p`mpd` jl tg` U`mud
U`mud Sjv`r [nro, wgjeg us`i tm c`
5C
n bmtmrwny.
:.3 JLYM YG@ QJDI
Yg` Gua jt Fmrwnri prmh`et us`s pdnstje cmttd`s tm cujdi segmmds. VMENCPDNSZ YG@ MPYIMMSU
Educ Uuryn js jl Dmliml. Yg` inle`rs prmiue` 6; p`re`lt m tg`
`l`ray tg` ljagteduc us`s. 3N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
Ir O`` Gwnla‚s ji`n wns tm tno` imwl tg` bnjl gjagwny tm r`v`nd
tg` rjv`r c`dmw. > n pdne` jl tg` emultrysji`
3 n pdne` jl tg` emultrysji` wgjeg js v`ry pr`tty
5 lnturnd `ntur`s tgnt ymu enl s`` tgnt nr` v`ry pr`tty
ASNBBNS EMB[NSNYJV@U/UP[@SDNYJV@U 9 dnli wgjeg js prmt`et`i cy tg` amv`rlb`lt c`enus` jt js v`ry
9N pr`tty nli p`mpd` enl vjsjt jt
sgmrt nih`etjv`s8 -`r, -j`r 0 n cujdijla/pdne` us`i mr tg` stuiy nli prmt`etjml m nljbnds
dmla`r nih`etjv`s8 bmr`, bmr`, d`ss nli pdnlts tgnt p`mpd` enl vjsjt
6 n gmt, w`t nr`n m v`ry tndd tr``s
C 1 lnturnd pnrts m tg` dnli sueg ns bmultnjls mr dno`s
sgmrt nih`etjv`s8 -`st 7 ed`nl njr muli jl nr`ns wgjeg nr` lmt pmddut`i
dmla`r nih`etjv`s8 bmst
E
3 lnturnd c`nuty 5 c`nutjud se`l`ry 9 lntjmlnd pnro
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO :.> p>99―>90 0 wjdidj` e`ltr` 6 trmpjend rnjlmr`st 1 a`marnpgjend `ntur`s
7 r`sg njr
N 3 dmla`r, tgnl 5 lmjsj`r 9 bmr` jlt`r`stjla tgnl
0 bmr` `xp`lsjv` tgnl 6 bmr` inla`rmus tgnl
1 gmtt`r tgnl 7 bmr` `xejtjla tgnl : d`ss emdi S@NIJLA
C 3 Zmu‚r` tg` c`st rj`li J‚v` `v`r gni. 5C
5 Ygnt‚s tg` bmst cmrjla db J‚v` `v`r s``l. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 Qg`l Bnrjsn wns vjsjtjla
vjsjtjla n trjc` jl
jl tg`
9 Ygjs js tg` sgmrt`st iny m tg` y`nr. Nbnzml, sg` wns t`st`i cy tg` b`ijejl` bnl. Ug` wns tno`l tm
0 Ygnt‚s tg` dmla`st rul J‚v` `v`r iml`. n ed`nrjla jl tg` mr`st nli nso`i tm edms` g`r `y`s. Yg`l n dnra`
6 Ygjs js tg` mdi`st
mdi`st cujdijla J‚v` `v`r s``l. nlnemlin slno` wns pdne`i ml g`r sgmudi`rs. Ug` wns t`rrj`i,
1 Ygnt‚s tg` gnri`st hmc J‚v` `v`r iml`. cut sg` trj`i tm cr`ntg` tm stmp g`r `nr. Yg` nlnemlin r`dnx`i
nli sg` pnss`i tg` t`st.
0C
9
gjag`r, tg` gjag`st? g`ndtgj`r, tg` g`ndtgj`st?
> Jl tg` Nbnzml, jl [`ru.
bmr` ijſteudt, tg` bmst ijſteudt
3 Ug` pdnll`i tm stny wjtg n trjc` mr n sgmrt wgjd`.
E 5 Ug` `lhmy`i g`dpjla tg` wmb`l pr`pnr` mmi, pdnyjla wjtg tg`
3 Jt‚s gmtt`r tgnl J `xp`et`i. egjdir`l nli d`nrljla ncmut tg` pdnlts tg`y us` mr b`ijejl`.
5 Yg` mmi js eg`np`r tgnl nt gmb`. 9 Ym sny tgnlo ymu tm Bnrjsn mr embjla nli tm w`demb` g`r jltm
9 Jt‚s bmr` inla`rmus tgnl J tgmuagt. tg` trjc`.
0 Ug` wns t`rrj`i.
6N 6 Yg` bnl tmdi g`r tm cr`ntg`, sm sg` iji, nli tg` slno` r`dnx`i
> tg` ar``l`st nli r`st`i jts g`ni ml g`r nrb. Ug` pnss`i tg` t`st.
3 wnrb`r tgnl
5 tg` lje`st 0N
9 g`ndtgj`r tgnl Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
0 tg` urtg`st > bnojla n dmla, dmui eryjla smuli
6 cjaa`r tgnl 3 wnrb nli w`t
1 d`ss rj`lidy/rj`lidj`r
rj`lidy/rj`lidj`r tgnl 5 n spne` wjtg lm tr``s
7 tg` bmst/d`nst
bmst/d`nst pmddut`i 9 dmmojla nt smb`tgjla mr n dmla tjb` wjtgmut bmvjla ymur `y`s
0 stmpp`i bmvjla nli stny`i v`ry stjdd c`enus` ymu w`r` nrnji
6 am imwl jltm tg` armuli
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO :.3 p>99―>90
N > ― 3 tg` 5 ― 9 tg` 0 n 6 ― 1 nl 7 tg` : nl
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO :.5 p>99―>90
>; tg` > `) 3 a) 5 g) 9 n) 0 c) 6 ) 1 e) 7 i)
C J wns ``djla cmr`i sm J w`lt mr n wndo. Yg` tr``s w`r` ar``l
nli tg` soy wns cdu`. Jt wns n c`nutjud iny. Uuii`ldy J g`nri n
6C
strnla` lmjs`, djo` nl nljbnd. Cut J ol`w jt wnsl‚t n ent c`enus`
> enl‚t c` 3 js i`ljt`dy lmt 5 Bnyc` jt‚s 9 Jt enl‚t c`
ents iml‚t smuli djo` tgnt. Yg` smuli emltjlu`i mr n bjlut` mr
0 Bnyc` jt‚s 6 Jt‚s i`ljt`dy lmt 1 [`rgnps jt‚s 7 bjagt c`
bmr`. J w`lt gmb` nli swjteg`i ml tg` YV tm wnteg tg` dmend
l`ws. Yg` l`wsr`ni`r snji, ‗Umb` nljbnds gnv` `senp`i rmb
tg` ejty zmm.‚ D@NSL YM AJV@ ZMPSU@DF YJB@ YM YGJLO
1
1C > sur` 3 tgjlo 5 sny 9 Ygnt‚s
3 J wns ml` m bnly tmurjsts jl tg` Umutg Nb`rjen.
7N
5 N auji` b`t us nt tg` njrpmrt. Yg` l`xt iny, tg` snb` auji` tmmo us
> N8 @r, d`t b` tm tgjlo.
gultjla.
C8 Q`dd, J‚b lmt bueg sur`, cut J tgjlo jt‚s tg` eg``tng.
9 Ml tg` s`emli iny, tg` auji` tmmo us tm n rjv`r.
3 N8 Pb, tgnt‚s n ammi qu`stjml.
0 J smb`tjb`s bno` n prmarnbb`s jl Crjtnjl.
C8 Jt‚s gnri tm sny, cut …
6 Jl by hmc, J enl `xpdnjl tg` lnturnd wmrdi tm bjddjmls m p`mpd`.
1 J gnt` tg` jls`ets jl a`l`rnd, cut `sp`ejnddy bmsqujtm`s.
bmsqujtm`s.
7 J gni n enb`rn jl by cna.
E
:.9 YG@ LMSYG@SL DJAGYU
> J b`t wmli`rud p`mpd` jl tg` Nbnzml. IVI [S@VJ@Q
3 Yg` cjris w` snw w`r` nbnzjla.
5 J‚v` amt n crjddjnlt ji`n. >C
9 Q` l``i tm put up n t`lt. Qg`l sg` wns ymula, sg` ir`nb`i m c`jla smb`wg`r` emdi nli
0 Q` tmmo pgmtms m tg` c`nutjud se`l`ry. s``jla tg` Lmrtg`rl Djagts.
7
>― 3 ― 5 ― 9 n 0 tg` 6 tg` 1 ― 7 n IVI VJ@Q
3C
> slmw 3 p`mpd` 5 cmmos 9 imas 0 djagts
:.5 JY EMPDI C@ C@ENPU@ … 5N
c) lmt i`ljt`dy ammi mr cni
VMENCPDNSZ NLJBNDU e) ijſteudt tm li
>N i) nbnzjla
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 `) l`e`ssnry
wjdi8 bmlo`y, djml, eg``tng f) gnppy tm wnjt (bnyc` mr n dmla tjb`)
jls`et8 bmsqujtm, ffiy, cutt`rffiy C
imb`stje /fnrb8 ent, aujl`n pja, gnbst`r, emw, pja, sg``p, egjeo`l 3 e) 5 `) 9 c) 0 ) 6 i)
r`ptjd`8 ermemijd`, djznri, nddjantmr
sp`nomu
sp`nomutt nl nbnzjla pdne`
[GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>0:
0N
> C imdpgjl E wgnd` @ djml F tja`r A d`mpnri J ermemijd`
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
H slno` D spji`r B ffiy L cutt`rffiy M pja`ml [ p`laujl
^ `nad` S mstrjeg U egjbpnlz`` Y bmlo`y P amrjddn > Fjsg Sjv`r Enlyml js jl Lnbjcjn, Nrjen.
Q `d`pgnlt W emw Z enb`d X c`nr 3 Jt js tg` s`emli cjaa`st enlyml jl tg` wmrdi. Jt js sjd`lt.
C
DJUY@LJLA Qgnt iji ymu tgjlo m jt=
Jt wns _nbnzjla/rjagt`ljla/wmli`rudR … !
9C Yg` rst tgjla ymu lmtje` js _gmw cja jt js/gmw quj`t tg` pdne` jsR …
> Snts nr` us`i tm r`seu` p`mpd`. Yg`y enl bmv` jl sbndd spne`s nli Yg` c`st tgjla ncmut jt wns … _tg` sjd`le`/gmw c`nutjud tg`
tg`y gnv` n ammi s`ls` m sb`dd, sm tg`y enl li p`mpd`. pdne` wnsR …
3 Ncnliml`i imas nr` tno`l tm prjsmls nli tg`l tg` prjsml jlbnt`s Qmudi ymu djo` tm am cneo=
tno` enr` m tg`b ultjd tg` imas nr` nimpt`i.
5 Imdpgjls nr` us`i tm prmt`et nr`ns m wnt`r. Yg`y enl i`t`et wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n trnv
trnv`d
`d cdma
swjbb`rs wgm sgmudil‚t c` tg`r`.
9 A`rcjds enl sb`dd p`mpd`‚s nir`lndjl` wg`l p`mpd` nr` `xejt`i,
7N
senr`i mr nlary. Yg` njrpmrt s`eurjty cmss`s gmp`i tg` a`rcjds
Ug` vjsjt`i Egjln. Ug` `lhmy`i wndojla ndmla tg` Ar`nt Qndd m Egjln.
wmudi sb`dd t`rrmrjsts mr mtg`r erjbjlnds jl njrpmrts.
Ndtgmuag jt wns gmt, gubji nli gnri tm wndo nli edjbc tg` st`ps, tg`
0 U`nds enl ijv` i``p imwl jltm r``zjla wnt`r. Uej`ltjsts enl nttneg
vj`ws w`r` sp`etneudnr nli sg` wns prmui m wgnt sg` gni negj`v`i.
r`s`nreg `qujpb`lt tm tg` s`nds‚ cmij`s.
3N NLJBNDU
gmt, gmtt`r, tg` gmtt`st? ammi, c`tt`r, tg` c`st? dmv`dy, bmr` dmv`dy, tg`
bmst dmv`dy? eg`np, eg`np`r, tg` eg`np`st? gjag, gjag`r, tg` gjag`st? 6C
cmrjla, bmr` cmrjla, tg` bmst cmrjla? g`ndtgy, bmr` g`ndtgy,
g`ndtgy, tg` E S M E M I J D @ @
bmst g`ndtgy? dmla, dmla`r
dmla`r,, tg` dmla`st? `xejtjla, bmr` `xejtjla, tg`
bmst `xejtjla? nst, nst`r, tg` nst`st? mdi, mdi`r, tg` mdi`st? emdi, G M N M C M E I Y F
emdi`r, tg` emdi`st J Y A Q G D D H P O
5N B C D B L [ J A S M
> tg` bmst
bmst mranljs`i
mranljs`i [ J [ ^ S G U Y Y P
3 tg` gnri`st
N Y V Q Q J W Z D X
5 tg` dmla`st
9 tg` ymula`st L N C G U L N O @ E
0 tg` tndd`st X I @ N F F G J H N
6 tg` bmst
1 tg` nst`st @ N A D @ I J M @ L
7 tg` urtg`st/nrtg`st @ @ Z @ D J [ B U ;
NSYJED@U
9
> @xeus` b`, wg`r`‚s tg` l`nr`st cnlo=
3 Ygjs ejty js cja, cut jt im`sl‚t gnv` nl njrpmrt.
9 Gj. Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo=
0 Qg`r`‚s tg` bml`y J d`lt ymu=
1 Ug` am`s tm n sbndd segmmd jl tg` e`ltr` m Dmliml.
7 Q` bjss`i tg` cus nli wnjt`i nl gmur mr tg` l`xt ml`.
: By sjst`r js wmrojla jl tg` Pljt`i Utnt`s nt tg` bmb`lt.
>; Js tg`r` nl jlt`rl`t enê l`nr g`r`=
m
s
5 Yg`r`‚s n dmt m trnje. tgjla js tg` tnxjs tgmuag. Yg`r` nr` dmts mf tg`b nli tg`y‚r`
9 Jt gns c`nutjud cujdijlas. eg`np, sm ymu iml‚t gnv` tm irjv`.
0 Yg` p`mpd` nr` rj`lidy nli pmdjt`. Emlv`rsntjml 5
e
j`
6 Yg`r`‚s n dmt m erjb`. J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r B 2 Bntt
1 Jt‚s v`ry pmddut`i.
7 Yg`r` nr` lje` pnros nli ar``l spne`s. J8 Qgnt ncmut [rnau`= Qgnt‚s [rnau` djo`, Bntt=
: Jt gns ammi sgmppjla nli ljagtdj`. B8 J‚v` ndwnys dmv`i [rnau`. J tgjlo jt‚s i`ljt`dy ml` m tg` c`st
t
>; Yg`r` nr` dmts m tgjlas tm s`` nli im. ejtj`s jl tg` wmrdi.
J8 Qgnt im ymu djo` c`st ncmut djvjla jl [rnau`=
y
>> Jt‚s `xp`lsjv` tm djv` tg`r`.
>3 Jt‚s v`ry ermwi`i. B8 J tgjlo jt gns tm c` tg` ejty jts`d. Jt‚s sm c`nutjud. Jt‚s djo` tg`
ejty m ymur ir`nbs, wjtg c`nutjfud cujdijlas nli squnr`s.
Yg` mdi str``ts nr` wmli`rud tm wndo ndmla. Jt js udd m eudtur`,
DJUY@LJLA busje, cnrs, r`stnurnlts …
5N J8 Qgnt ncmut tg` w`ntg`r= Qgnt‚s tg` w`ntg`r djo` jl [rnau`=
Up`no`r >8 B`dcmurl` ― ar`nt ejty, rj`lidy nli ul? dmts m tgjlas B8 Z`ng. MO, wg`l J nrrjv`i
nrrjv`i jl [rnau`, jt wns bjlus s`v`l
tm s`` nli im? v`ry nrty? dmts m enês nli str``t nrt, busje? ammi i`ar``s. Um, mcvjmusdy, jt a`ts v`ry emdi jl tg` wjlt`r
wjlt`r,, nli tg`r`
ljagtdj`? ammi pucdje trnlspmrt? ammi ntbmspg`r`
ntbmspg`r`?? ar`nt dmentjml? js n dmt m slmw. Cut, jl tg` subb`r, tg` sul sgjl`s nli ymu
nltnstje c`neg`s enl sjt mutsji` jl tg` enês mr wndo up tm tg` enstd`. Jt‚s n v`ry
Up`no`r 38 Iucnj ― ml` m tg` wmrdi‚s nst`st armwjla ejtj`s? dmts sp`ejnd ejty nli tg` p`mpd` nr` sm rj`lidy.
m p`mpd`, v`ry ermwi`i? ar`nt sgmppjla? ammi ljagtdj`? dmts m
cnrs nli educs? lmt n dmt m erjb`? str``ts nr` v`ry sn`? trnſte
js t`rrjcd`? `v`rycmiy irjv`s n enr? p`trmd js eg`np? dmts m eg`np ASNBBNS PU@U MF DJO@
tnxjs, sm ymu iml‚t gnv` tm irjv` 0N
Up`no`r 58 [rnau` ― ml` m tg` c`st ejtj`s jl tg` wmrdi? sm > c) 3 e) 5 n) 9 `) 0 i)
c`nutjud, djo` tg` ejty m ymur ir`nbs? c`nutjud cujdijlas nli
squnr`s? mdi str``ts wmli`rud tm wndo ndmla? udd m eudtur`, C
busje, r`stnurnlts nli cnrs? v`ry emdi jl wjlt`r ― n dmt m slmw? > 5, 0 3 >, 3, 9
sully jl tg` subb`r,
subb`r, sm ymu enl sjt mutsji` jl tg` enês mr wndo
up tm tg` enstd`? v`ry sp`ejnd ejty? p`mpd` nr` v`ry rj`lidy
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.> p>96―>91
C N > Qgnt‚s ymur l`w hmc djo`=
3 [rnau` 5 Iucnj 9 B`dcmurl` 0 Iucnj 6 [rnau` 3 Im ymu djo` by l`w ir`ss=ir`ss=
5 Qgnt js tnpns djo`=
djo`=
9
9 Qgnt‚s tg` w`ntg`r djo` tg`r`=
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 U`` tg` uli`rdjl`i
uli`rdjl`i pgrns`s jl tg`
tg` nuijm
0 Im ymu djo` djvjla jl tg`tg` emultry=
serjpt c`dmw.
C > i) 3 c) 5 e) 9 `) 0 n)
Pljt >; S`emrijla 3 E > J djo` djst`l
djst`l djst`ljla tm busje.
3 Gmw Qgnt js tg` ffint djo`=
Emlv`rsntjml > 5 Iji ymu djo` jt=
J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r I 2 Inlj`dn 9 Qgnt‚s g` djo` g`=
J8 Inlj`dn, sm ymu djv` jl B`dcmurl`, rjagt= 0 Qgnt‚s djo` tg` w`ntg`r djo`=
I8 Z`ng, tgnt‚s
tgnt‚s rjagt. 6 Nr` Im ymu djo` sp`nojla @ladjsg=
J8 Q`dd, B`dcmurl` gns c``lc``l vmt`i ml` m tg` c`st ejtj`s tm djv` jl
mr ymula p`mpd`. Um wgnt im ymu tgjlo= Im ymu djo` djvjla jl
B`dcmurl`= 6C
I8 J dmv` jt! B`dcmurl` js n r`nddy ar`nt ejty. Jt‚s
Jt‚s v`ry rj`lidy nli > jt djo` 3 ymu djo` 5 Qgnt‚s, djo` 9 im ymu djo`
ul. Pbb … tg`r`‚r` dmts m tgjlas tm s`` nli im.
J8 MO, sm ymu enl am mut n dmt= QSJYJLA PUJLA FMSBND @W[S@UUJMLU
I8 Z`ng, jt‚s v`ry nrty, tg`r`
tg`r` nr` dmts mf enfês nli str``t nrt ,
busje … nli tg` ljagtdj` js r`nddy ammi. [`mpd` djo` tm `lhmy 7N
tg`bs`dv`s jl B`dcmurl`. Ug`‚s wrjtjla tm nso mr bmr` jlmrbntjml ncmut tg` C`i nli
J8 Ygnt‚s ar`nt. Nli wgnt ncmut a`ttjla
a`ttjla nrmuli= Qgnt‚s
Qgnt‚s tg` Cr`nonst. Ug` wnlts tm olmw8
pucdje trnlspmrt djo`= >) j jt js pmssjcd` tm trnv`d `nsjdy jltm tg` tmwl e`ltr` cy pucdje
I8 [ucdje trnlspmrt js r`nddy ammi, netunddy. Jt‚s qujt` eg`np nli jt‚s trnlspmrt nli gmw bueg jt emsts.
`ſtej`lt. Zmu enl am `v`rywg`r` cy trnb nli smb`tjb`s jt‚s 3) j jt‚s sn` tm wndo gmb` jl tg` `v`ljla.
`v`l fr``. 5) j sg` enl a`t n ijsemult j sg` stnys mr tg` wgmd` bmltg.
J8 Um, wgnt im ymu djo` c`st ncmut djvjla jl B`dcmurl`=
I8 J tgjlo jt‚s prmcncdy
prmcncdy tg` ntbmspg`r`. Ndsm, jt‚s n ar`nt dmentjml. C
Yg` dnlauna` js mrbnd. Zmu enl lmtje` `xpr`ssjmls djo` I`nr
Jt‚s r`nddy edms` tm smb`
r`nddy.nltnstje
c`neg`s,
Jt‚s amt `v`rytgjla, Jt‚s n ar`nt ejty. sm tg`r`‚s surla. Ujr/Bninb, Zmurs fnjtgfuddy, `te.
Emlv`rsntjml 3 E
J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r S 2 Sjeo J nb wrjtjla tm nso mr … ? J wmudi djo` tm … , J wmudi djo` tm olmw
J8 Sjeo, ymu‚v` djv`i jl Iucnj mr … wgnt, mur y`nrs, rjagt= j … , … j jt js pmssjcd` tm … ? J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu.?
S8 Z`ng, mur y`nrs. Zmurs njtguddy
C FPLEYJML EMB[DNJLJLA
erjbjlnd8 sgmpdjf`r
3N
erjb`8 wrjtjla arnttj, tg`f, rnui, sgmpdjfjla
puljsgb`lt8 prjsml s`lt`le`, embbuljty s`rvje`, l` > Emlv`rs
Emlv`rsntjml
ntjml >8 jl n gmt`d
Emlv`rsntjml 38 jl n r`stnurnlt
Emlv`rsntjml 58 nt n trnjl stntjml
[GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>0: 3 Emlv`rsntjml >8 njr emlijtjmljla im`sl‚t wmro
> [`mpd`8 > C, I, @, F, A 3 N, @, (E) 5 C 9 N Emlv`rsntjml 38 sdmw s`rvje` nli nl `xtrn egnra` ml tg` cjdd
V`rcs8 0 I 6 F 1 A 7 @ : E Emlv`rsntjml 58 trnjl i`dnys
3 (Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs) Erjbjlnds cr`no jl nli sgmmt p`mpd`. C
[mdje` mſte`rs nrr`st erjbjlnds, g`dp vjetjbs nli jlv`stjant`
erjb`s. >
3 dmmo
pmdjt`jltm jt rjagt
rjagt nwny nli s`li
s`li smb`ml` up
5 (ncmut) tw`lty bjlut`s
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY/[NUY [NUUJV@ 9 nlmtg`r gmur
0 jt‚s n v`ry cusy tjb` m y`nr
9N 6 mr mv`r nl gmur
pr`s`lt pnssjv`8 N bnl js enuagt st`ndjla cmmos rmb n cmmosgmp. 1 c`enus` tg` enus` m tg` i`dny js tg` wrmla
wrmla typ` m slmw
slmw
pnst pnssjv`8 Yg` bnl wns s`lt tm r`ni stmrj`s.
5N
C > prmcd`b 3 wmro 5 dmmo 9 smrry 0 lmtgjla 6 mv`r
Yg` netjv` s`lt`le`s sny wgm im`s tg` netjmls.
C
Sud`s8 tm c`
3E 5S 9S 0S 6E
E
Ywm cmys w`r` enuagt wrjtjla arnſttj … DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.5 p>96―>91
… tg` cmys w`r` tmdi tm im embbuljty s`rvje`.
N sgmpdjf`r wns enuagt sgmpdjfjla … Emlv`rsntjml >
Ug` wns s`lt tm sp`no tm sgmp mwl`rs. N8 @xeus` b`. J‚b nrnji J gnv` n embpdnjlt.
… g` wns tmdi tm sp`li s`v`rnd w``os pnjltjla dmend segmmds … C8 Qgnt‚s tg` prmcd`b=
N8 Yg` sgmw`r im`sl‚t wmro.
0N C8 Q`‚dd dmmo jltm jt rjagt nwny.
Qnss nli w`r` nr` prmlmule`i ns w`no mrbs jl tg` pnssjv`.
Qn Emlv`rsntjml 3
N8 @xeus` b`. Emudi ymu g`dp b`=
C8 Z`s.
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.3 p>96―>91
N8 Yg`r`‚s n prmcd`b wjtg tg` jlt`rl`t emll`etjml.
N > js s`rv`i 3 wns ajv`l 5 nr`l‚t enuagt 9 wns wrjtt`l C8 J‚b smrry cut tg`r`‚s lmtgjla w` enl im nt tg` bmb`lt.
0 nr` sgmwl 6 nr` nrr`st`i 1 wnsl‚t tmdi 7 w`r` s`lt Emlv`rsntjml 5
C > Ulnjds nr` `nt`l
`nt`l cy tg` Fr`leg. N8 @xeus` b`. Emudi J sp`no tm tg` bnlna`r=
3 Erjb` nli [uljsgb`lt wns wrjtt`l cy Imstmy`vsoy. C8 Z`s.
5 J wns nso`i smb` qu`stjmls cy n hmurlndjst. N8 J‚v` c``l g`r` mr mv`r nl gmur.
9 Ndd m mur prmarnbb`s nr` prmiue`i
prmiue`i cy Nd`hnlirm
Nd`hnlirm D`i`sbn. C8 J‚b r`nddy smrry ncmut tgnt.
0 Bmst m tg` rmd`s jl tgnt db w`r` pdny`i cy Nd`e Aujll`ss.
6 Yg` c`st egmemdnt`
egmemdnt` js bni` cy Uwjss
Uwjss embpnlj`s. 9
> i) 3 n) 5 c) 9 e)
6N
3 By r`nd lnb` js Hnb`s, cut J‚b endd`i Hjb cy by rj`lis. D@NSL YM UMPLI FJSB, CPY [MDJY@
5 Ml by t`ltg cjrtginy, J wns tno`l tm Ijsl`ydnli.
9 Yg`s` inys, p`mpd` jl by embpnly nr` pnji n cmlus `v`ry 0N
I`e`bc`r. Q` us` tg` `xpr`ssjmls tm jltrmiue` n embpdnjlt.
0 Qg`l J wns ymula`r, J wns g`dp`i cy bnly t`neg`rs.
6 Ml mur rst iny, ndd tg` l`w stui`lts nr` sgmwl nrmuli tg` segmmd. C
1 @v`l lmw, J‚b tmdi tgnt J dmmo djo` by bmtg`r. > Emudi ymu g`dp b`=
7 Qg`l w` w`r` ymula, ndd tg` egjdir`l jl by nbjdy w`r` `xp`et`i 3 J‚b nrnji J gnv` n embpdnjlt.
tm c`emb` imetmrs. 5 @xeus` b`, emudi J sp`no tm tg` bnlna`r=
E
Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s.
wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
1N
> ruccjsg/djtt`
ruccjsg/djtt`rr d`f ml tg` str``ts nli c`neg`s
3 Ug` ``ds nlary nli tgjlos tgnt p`mpd` sgmudi c` l`i j tg`y
djtt`r tg` str``ts/c`neg
str``ts/c`neg`s.
`s.
DJUY@LJLA
3N
Up`no`r >8 t`xt b`ssna`s
Up`no`r 38 Uoyp`
7N
Jt‚s cja ― Jzbjr Bmst m tg`b ― by l`w rj`lis
tg`y‚r` l`w ― by l`w rj`lis
Mur emurs` ― by l`w rj`lis nli by (emurs`)
dmmojla mrwnri tm jt ― tg` emurs` gnv`l‚t b`t gjb ― Ngb`i
>>
g` smulis lje` ― Ngb`i l`nr tg`r` ― tg` ejty e`ltr`
Up`no`r 58 n cdma
Up`no`r 98 smejnd l`twmrojla sjt`s C
`
t
tm nvmji r`p`tjtjml m wmris
e
C
C`l`ts E
g
Up`no`r >8 qujeo nli eg`np? t`xts nr` quj`t Nd`ejn nli J gnv` lnddy nrrjv`i jl Cuegnr`st, nli Nd`ejn nli J w`
Up`no`r 38 enl s`` gjs arnliegjdir`l? jt‚s r`` dmv` Cuegnr`st jt. Q` tgmuagt w` sgmudi upint` ymu ml Nd`ejn‚s
l
Up`no`r 58 n ar`nt wny tm t`dd p`mpd` ncmut ymur trnv`d nli by mur tmur. Dnst bmltg w` w`r` jl Gulanry. Q` gni n r`nddy
`xp`rj`le`s?? ymu enl put up pgmtms m tg` p`mpd` ymu b``t nli
`xp`rj`le`s ammi tjb` jl Gulanry tg`r`. Q` b`t n bnl endd`i A`mra`, wgm
tg` pdne`s ymu vjsjt? ns smml ns ymu wrjt` tg` cdma, p`mpd` ndd mv`r wns v`ry rj`lidy. A`mra` G` tmmo us tm smb` wmli`rud dno`s
m
tg` wmrdi enl r`ni jt nli enstd`s, nli w` r`nddy `lhmy`i tg` dno`s nli enstd`s tg`b.
Up`no`r 98 muli rj`lis sg` gnil‚t s``l mr y`nrs nli jt wns Yg` mtg`r l`ws js tgnt w` gnv` i`eji`i tm stny jl Cuegnr`st g`r`
dm
ar`nt tm a`t jl tmueg nanjl mr nt d`nst twm y`nrs. Q` tgjlo djvjla jl Cuegnr`st jt wjdd c` n
L`antjv` pmjlts wmli`rud `xp`rj`le` mr Nd`ejn nli J us.
Up`no`r >8 a`ts nllmy`i wg`l ymu‚r` tndojla tm smb`ml` nli
a
tg`y‚r` t`xtjla smb`ml` `ds`
Up`no`r 38 jlt`rl`t smb`tjb`s ernsg`s iurjla tg` pgml` endd mr >>.3 BNO@ N IJFF@S@LE@
g` enl‚t s`` tg` pjetur` prmp`rdy
Up`no`r 58 enl‚t im jt j tg`y enl‚t li nl jlt`rl`t enê VMENCPDNSZ F@@DJLAU
Up`no`r 98 o``ps eg`eojla jt wg`l sg` sgmudi c` wmrojla >E
y
3 emlus`i 5 dml`dy 9 `xejt`i 0 ulembmrtncd` 6 nbnz`i
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY 1 wmrrj`i 7 l`rvmus
5N
> e) 3 n) 5 c)
S@NIJLA
3E
C > Yg`y enl us` smejnd b`ijn tm qujeody mranljs` i`bmlstrntj
i`bmlstrntjmls
mls
> y`t 3 hust 5 ndr`niy nli prmt`sts nanjlst amv`rlb`lt i`ejsjmls.
i`ejsjmls. Yg`y enl ndsm us`
b`ijn tm sgmw tg` wmrdi wgnt js gnpp`ljla.
3 Ug` wnlt`i tm a`t tg` embpnly tm s`dd tmy mv`ls i`sjal`i
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.> p>97―>9: lmt hust mr ajrds, cut mr cmys tmm. Jl d`ss tgnl n bmltg, tg`
N > ndr`niy 3 y`t 5 hust 9 ndr`niy 0 y`t 6 ndr`niy embpnly egnla`i tg` pneonajla m tg` mv`ls.
1 hust 7 ndr`niy/hust 5 N Enlnijnl bnl wnlt`i tm rnjs` smb` bml`y tm ajv` tg` cus
C > Z`s, J‚v` hust ljsg`i jt hust. irjv`r n gmdjiny, cut g` rnjs`i sm bueg bml`y tgnt Onr`l Od`jl
3 Lm, Jb`din gnsl‚t
gnsl‚t endd`i y`t us y`t. i`eji`i tm stnrt n mulintjml tm g`dp mtg`rs.
5 Q`‚v` (ndr`niy) c``l ndr`niy tg`r` (ndr`niy).
9 Q`dd, hust sg`‚s hust rul v` bjd`s. ASNBBNS S@ND EMLIJYJMLNDU + QG@L
0 J‚i dmv` tm
tm emb` mut, cut J gnv`l‚t ljsg`i y`t by wmro 5N
y`t. > tg` utur`
6 Z`s, cut ndr`niy J‚v` (ndr`niy) s``l jt tgr`` tjb`s 3 Yg` pr`s`lt sjbpd` js us`i nf`r tg` jf/wg`l ednus`, nli
(ndr`niy)! wjdd/wml‚t js us`i jl tg` bnjl ednus`.
9N C
3 J gnv`l‚t iml` nly spmrt y`t tgjs w``o. > utur`
5 By c`st rj`li gns hust gni n cncy. 3 djo`dy
9 J‚v` (ndr`niy) gni n gmdjiny tgjs y`nr ( ndr`niy). 5 e`rtnjl
0 J gnv`l‚t ljsg`i by stuij`s y`t. 9 enl c` nt tg` c`ajlljla
c`ajlljla mr tg` `li m
m tg` s`lt`le`
6 J‚v` (ndr`niy) s``l tg` l`w Hnb`s Cmli db ( ndr`niy).
1 J‚v` hust bmv`i gmus`.
7 J‚v` (ndr`niy) pnji mr by l`xt @ladjsg emurs` (ndr`niy). DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.3 p>97―>9:
N > ‚dd d`nv`, ljsg 3 bjss, ‚dd tno` 5 s``, ‚dd nso
0 9 wml‚t gnv`, d`nv`s 0 nso, wml‚t ajv` 6 ‚dd emmo, im
Ug`‚s ndr`niy endd`i g`r bmtg`r. 1 js, ‚dd am 7 ‚dd am, a`ts
Ug`‚ss ndr`niy eg`eo`i g`r `bnjd.
Ug`‚
C > J ymu wjdd c`
c` nr` jl tg` mſte` tmbmrrmw, w`‚dd tndo ncmut jt
Ug` gnsl‚t wrjtt`l tg`/g`r cdma pmst y`t.
tg`l.
Ug` gnsl‚t updmni`i tg`/g`r pgmtms y`t.
9 Q`‚dd nso tg` imetmr wg`l w` wjdd a`t tm tg` gmspjtnd.
Ug`‚s ndr`niy t`xt`i Hjb.
0 J Yg`m c`gnv`s cnidycnidy jl ednss, tg` t`neg`r
t`neg`r wjdd sp`no tm
Ug` gnsl‚t upint`i g`r w`cpna` y`t.
gjs pnr`lts.
6N 6 Yg`y‚dd bmv` jltm tg` gmus` ns smml ns Bnro wjdd ljsg
> J‚v` c``l tg`r` ndr`niy. ljsg`s cujdijla jt.
3 J gnv`l‚t b`t g`r y`t.
5 Q`‚v` hust s``l n db. 9C
9 Yg`y‚v` ndr`niy aml`. > ajv`, ‚dd s`li 3 sjal, ‚dd gnv` tm 5 s``, wml‚t c`
0 Q` gnv`l‚t ljsg`i y`t. 9 a`ts, wjdd, d`nv` 0 nr`l‚t, wjdd stnrt 6 s``, ‚dd c` 1 js, wml‚t wrjt`
6 G`‚s hust spmo`l tm g`r. 7 egnla`, wjdd, cuy
6N wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
nar``jla8 Ygnt‚s rjagt, Ygnt‚s tru`
ijsnar``jla8 J tmtnddy ijsnar``, J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt 7N
ajvjla nl mpjljml8 J tgjlo, J iml‚t tgjlo Ugnltnlu tgjlos t`eglmdmay js cni c`enus` jt bno`s p`mpd` dml`dy.
C Hno` tgjlos t`eglmdmay
t`eglmdmay js ammi c`enus` jt nddmws us tm li
li mut wgnt
nar``jla8 I`ljt`dy. js gnpp`ljla jl tg` wmrdi.
ijsnar``jla8 J iml‚t tgjlo sm./J‚b smrry cut J (r`nddy) iml‚t s`` …
ajvjla nl mpjljml8 Jl by mpjljml, …
>>.0 DMMOCNEO
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.5 p>97―>9:
EMBBPLJENYJML
N > J‚b smrry, cut J iml‚t tgjlo tg`r` js `lmuag bml`y mr tgnt.
3 J iml‚t tgjlo w` sgmudi sp`li tmm bueg tjb` ijseussjla tgjs. >N
5 J gnv` tm sny J tgjlo tgnt‚s/ymu‚r
ymu‚r`` rjagt. > bmcjd` pgml` 3 w`c pna` 5 UBU, t`xt b`ssna` 9 djlos
9 J‚b nrnji J tmtnddy ijsnar``. 0 cdmas 6 egnt
0 Bno` tg`b pny pny l`s= J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt.
6 Jl by mpjljml, w` sgmudi stnrt rmb tg` c`ajlljla. S@ND EMLIJYJMLNDU + QG@L
C > J tgjlo 3 lmt sur` ncmut 5 J‚b nrnji 9 tmtnddy ijsnar``
0 by mpjljml 6 I`ljt`dy 9N
> `) 3 e) 5 ) 9 n) 0 i) 6 c)
1N
> J tgjlo sm tmm.
AJVJLA M[JLJMLU
3 Ygnt‚s tru`. 6N
5 J‚b lmt sur` cy ncmut tgnt. > J‚b nrnji J tmtnddy ijsnar``.
9 Um i`ljt`dy. 3 J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt.
0 J nb tmtnddy ijsnar``. 5 Jl by mpjljml, ndd iruas sgmudi c` d`and.
6 J iml‚t tgjlo sm. 9 Ygnt‚s rjagt. J tgjlo sm, tmm.
0 Im ymu tgjlo tg` l`xt amv`rlb`lt wjdd c` c`tt`r=
D@NSL YM IJUNAS@@ [MDJY@DZ 6 J iml‚t tgjlo sm.
1 Ygnt‚s tru`. J nar``.
7C
7 J tmtnddy ijsnar``.
>N 3C 5N 9N 0C
IVI VJ@Q
9
> Yg` egjdir`l wnteg`i d`ss YV cut s``b`i tm `lhmy pdnyjla anb`s
nli sp`lijla bmr` tjb` wjtg tg`jr pnr`lts.
3 Yg` pnr`lts muli tg` `xp`rjb`lt v`ry pmsjtjv`. Yg`r` wns n dmt
bmr` dnuagt`r jl tg` gmus`. Yg`y dnuag`i n dmt nli w`r` bmr` m n
nbjdy.
fb
n
S@NIJLA pmdjtjejnls tm try nli egnla` tg` wmrdi
l`antjv`8 pgmtmarnpg`rs/tg` pnpnrnzzj mddmw ymu nli tno`
3C
Cdmeocust`rs gnv` n ‗mrbudn‚8 tg`y us` bytgs, nbnzjla s`ttjlas, ymur
lm pgmtmarnpg
prjvney? wg`r`v`r ymu
c`jla r`emaljs`i cyam? ymu nlijlymur
`v`ryml` nbjdyenl
tg` str``t gnv`
c`
strmla g`rm`s nli mppml`lts, n tgr``-pnrt struetur` nli cja s`t
`
nllmyjla? p`mpd` emlstnltdy huia` e`d`crjtj`s
pj`e`s.
3N
5 nl mrijlnry p`rsml wgm c`emb`s nbmus c`enus` m tg` jlt`rl`t
> bytg 3 s`ttjla 5 mppml`lt 9 struetur` 0 se`l`
6 stuijm C
> Jl tg` pnst ymu mf`l l``i`i tm c` n suee`ssud netmr
ne tmr,, mmtcndd`r
ASNBBNS S@[MSY@I U[@@EG mr busjejnl tm c` nbmus. Lmwninys ymu enl c`emb` nbmus
tgrmuag tg` jlt`rl`t, lmt hust cy usjla ymur tnd`lt.
0 3 Zmu enl c`emb` nbmus cy pmstjla n pgmtm, n vji`m mr n cdma.
> Yg` v`rc t`ls`s egnla` rmb tg` pr`s`lt tm tg` pnst jl
r`pmrt`i sp``eg. 5N
3 sny, t`dd -mus8 nbmus -jml8 jlv`ltjml -jty8 e`d`crjty
-`r/-mr/-jnl8 mmtcndd`r, netmr, busjejnl
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >3.> p>0;―>0> C
-fud8 g`dpud, wmli`rud
N > Ug` tmdi b` (tgnt)
(tgnt) g`r nvmurjt`
nvmurjt` db wns ncmut nl -mus8 niv`lturmus, inla`rmus
3 jlvjsjcd` bnl. g` ijil‚t djo` w`st`rls.
G` snji (tgnt) -jml8 e`d`crntjml
-jty8 pmpudnrjty
5 Ug` tmdi us (tgnt)
(tgnt) tg`y w`r` netmrs.
netmrs. -`r/-mr/-jnl8 pgmtmarnpg`r, pmdjtjejnl
9 G` snji (tgnt) tg`
tg` db wnsl‚t r`nddy ncmut nsgjml.
nsgjml.
0 G` tmdi b` (tgnt) g` wmro`i mr n db stuijm. I
6 Q` tmdi g`r (tgnt) tgnt ijr`etmr wns nbmus. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 -fud8 pnjlud -mus8 rjijeudmus
1 Ug` snji (tgnt)
(tgnt) sg` wrmt`
wrmt` tgrjdd`rs.
tgrjdd`rs. -jml8 `iuentjml -jty8 nbjdjnrjty -`r8 t`neg`r -mr8 jlstruetmr
7 G` snji (tgnt) tg`
tg` se`l` r`bjli`i
r`bjli`i gjb m nlmtg`r
nlmtg`r db. -jnl8 `d`etrjejnl
C 3 J‚b gmb` cy 6.;;p.b. `v`ry iny.
iny.
5 J iml‚t wnlt tm im by gmb`wmro. DJUY@LJLA
9 Q` nr` cusy.
cusy.
0 J iml‚t uli`rstnli tg` d`etur`. 9C
6 J iml‚t
iml‚t djo` ffiyjla. 3 n pmdjtjejnl/pr
pmdjtjejnl/pr`sji`lt
`sji`lt
1 J am cneo tm Egjln `v`ry subb`r. 5 n mmtcndd`r/spm
mmtcndd`r/spmrtsp`rsml
rtsp`rsml
9 n sjla`r/inle`r
0 n wrjt`r
6N
6 nl netr`ss
G` snji/tmdi b` (tgnt) g` dmv`i gjs hmc, cut g` ijil‚t djo` pdnyjla
1 n sej`ltjst/jlv
sej`ltjst/jlv`ltmr
`ltmr
erjbjlnds. G` snji/tmdi b` (tgnt) g` djv`i jl Gmddywmmi, wg`r` g`
7 ―
wmro`i ns n wnjt`r.
0N
C > tjb` 3 egnla` 5 Qmrdi 9 sjla 0 wrjt`r 6 rjeg 1 djv`s
Yg` sp`no`r us`s str`ss tm `bpgnsjs` e`rtnjl wmris nli tg`r`cy 7 gnppy
egnla`s tg` b`nljla.
C
N a`t tjeo`ts
tjeo`ts mr n emle`rt
C mranljs` n prjvnt` tmur/r`lt n enr mr tg` iny
>3.9 CJDDJML IMDDNS BNL
E cmmo n tncd` mr twm
IVI [S@VJ@Q
S@NIJLA 3
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`r8 Yg` prmarnbb` js js ncmut D`wjs Gnbjdtml.
Gnbjdtml.
3C Zmu bjagt d`nrl ncmut D`wjs Gnbjdtml‚s
Gnbjdtml‚s egjdigmmi/`nrdy dj` nli gjs
cmmo n tncd` nt tg` wmrdi‚s tmp r`stnurnlts, a`t tg` c`st s`nts mr n i`v`dmpb`lt ns n rnejla irjv`r.
pmpudnr busjend, li ymu n prjvnt` pdnl`, mranljs` n r`i enrp`t nt
tg` Msenrs, a`t tw`lty tjeo`ts mr n Smddjla Utml`s emle`rt, ffiy ymur IVI VJ@Q
nvmurjt` t`n rmb ml` emultry tm nlmtg`r, li rnr` cjris, mranljs`
ijll`r wjtg nl `x-PU [r`sji`lt 5
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
FPLEYJML S@^P@UYU NLI MFF@SU wgm g` js lmw8 Gnbjdtml js n wmrdi nbmus F> irjv`r, bmi`d, e`d`crjty
nli wjll`r, dmv`i cy bnly.
5N
F> fnets8 F> js n adnbmrmus spmrt tgnt tno`s pdne` jl smb` m tg`
> tm am tm n r`stnurnlt, pmssjcdy
pmssjcdy wjtg trnijtjmlnd
trnijtjmlnd mmi
wmrdi‚s rjeg`st dmentjmls. Jt jlvmdv`s nb`, bml`y nli admry.
3 tm am tm n dmend mmi bnro`t? tm tno` n tnxj
5 tm cmrrmw nl ninptmr pdua `nrdy inys ns n rne`r8 Gnbjdtml stnrt`i rnejla `d`etrje enrs ns n
9 tm a`t twm tjeo`ts mr n sgmw ( Ents) sjx-y`nr-mdi?
sjx-y`nr-mdi? tg`l g` prmar`ss`i tm am-onrts. G` wml mur Crjtjsg am-
onrtjla egnbpjmlsgjps
egnbpjmlsgjps..
C t``lna` nbcjtjmls8 Ns n t``lna`r, g` wnlt`i tm c` F> egnbpjml cy
> djo` 3 Emudi 5 Qmudi 9 pmssjcd` 0 wnlt 6 ncd` 1 Ugndd tg` na` m tw`lty.
rmut` tm F>8 G` hmjl`i F5, wns tg` c`st irjv`r, bmv`i up n d`v`d
E
(wg`r` g` stny`i mr twm y`nrs) nli tg`l hmjl`i F>.
n) r`qu`sts8 >, 3, 9, 6? m`rs8 5, 0, 1
c) > 9C
e) 9, 6 > wjll`r 3 enrs 5 F>/Fmrbudn Ml` 9 mur 0 dmts m bml`y
i) 3 6 F5/Fmrbudn Ygr`` 1 bnlna`rs 7 twm
DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >3.5 p>0;―>0> sp`nomu
sp`nomutt ir`nbs nli nbcjtjmls
Emlv`rsntjml >
Emlv`rsntjml
N8 Emudi ymu r`embb`li … = 6N
C8 Qmudi ymu djo` b` tm sgmw ymu … = >, 3, 0
Emlv`rsntjml
Emlv`rs ntjml 3
C
N8 J‚i djo` tm `nt mut tmljagt.
> Ug` ar`w up cy tg` s`n.
C8 MO. Im ymu wnlt b` tm egmms` tg` r`stnurnlt=
3 Ug` wnlt`i tm wmro ml n cmnt.
C8 MO. Nli sgndd J cmmo n tncd` mr twm=
0 Z`s. Ug` amt n hmc ns n ed`nl`r ml n cja erujs` sgjp.
Emlv`rsntjml
Emlv`rs ntjml 5
N8 Qmudi ymu c` c` ncd` tm a`t b` n ammi pdubc`r=
C8 Lm prmcd`b.
N8 Qmudi jt c` pmssjcd` tm im jt tminy=
wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
C8 Z`s, mf emurs`. 1
> G` wnlt`i tm c` n t`neg`r.
3 G` wnlts tm am cneo tm emdd`a`, im smb` bnlna`b`lt emurs`s nli
mp`l gjs mwl segmmd.
UPFFJW@U
5N
> inla`rmus 3 wmli`rud 5 e`d`crntjml 9 nbmus
0 pmdjtjejnl, busjejnl 6 suee`ssud