8 Simplifying and Powers Prior Knowledge Calculating with Letters a+ 7 na (not applicable, cannot be simplified) (©) @ 3ab+7ab = 10ab b -3ab+ Tae na © ae~2ac=-ae 8.1 Simplifying Page 92 Go 6a+-20- 60-20-40 b 6a~-2a~6a+2a~ 8a © ~Ip+-p=-Ip-p=-8p a 8-7a=S6a b 5-2a=100 © 8: Ta+5+ 2a 56a + 10a = 66a 64 osm lOabe = 10abi ab + 3ab + Sab= Tab Bac —4ac + 2ac= ae “4+ 8a~6~8a=-10 -2a + ab + Sa—2ab=3a— ab aytT=-x=2ay +1 ays, 2pq=pa+ pa 2pq =—3pq + Spq 204 ~ 609 +409 2pq =-6p4 ~-809 ~Sp + Sq=~-3p—4q- 2p—-9q ~Sp = 5q=3p ~4q~ 8p + -g or ~Sp ~Sq=3p—4q~q +-8pBho 4x ay 45x--4 b 4rt3y+se—4 © 64:-2)-3y- d@ -4:3x-4x+3y [2xy + -20xy = Lay = 20ey = ~8xy 12x + 12y=0 16x-+3y Page 93 3+ 2b+ 10+ 36= 106+ 306 = 405 -S-2b+3+b Sa‘ 3b~2a+ c= 1Sab ~ 2ac -8a-3-5--3a a b c @ Sa-2b—2a- b= 10ab ~ 2al e f 24a --1Sa=-24a+ 1Sa=-9a Ga 3.20442 b 5-3y-8+2y=15y~ 16 © Sx 2y~ 15 y= 10x 153 3x + 22 ~ Sx 2y = 6xz ~ 10xy e@ -4-2v-8-6=-8x—48 £4. 2e— Be --3=-8v—-24 (ho 2 3e 45-20 60+ 10K= 16r a -3-2e+ Se —2¢=-6r 4 Se Dv = 38 bo243r+5+20=745¢ fe -34+20+5—20=2 © 23x tS+2em Ger 5+ 2m Bx +5 f -3-2e—-5 + 2e=-G6x— 10x =-16x ho 3-4a+5-20=12a+ 10a=20 b “30° 4b+2a--36=-12ab +~6ab=-12ab—6ab =-18ab © -3a+4b+2a+3b=-a+7b 4 3a 3+2a-3b=-9ab + bab =—3ab e@ -3a-3b+2a—3b=-a- 6b f -3a+-3b+2a + -3b =9ab +~6ab = 9ab — bab = 3ab a t60=40+ 120 @ &y=30+5y b t60=17a-a fe 18ty=2e- 3p + 3e-dy © l6a=8 2a f By=-2e--3ytx- dy ©) Forexample 6ab + 6ab = 12ab 30ab ~ 10ab + 2ab = 12ab 3a 4b Mab + ab = 12ab da- 6b 18ab ~ 6ab = 12ab 12a -b= 12ab 20ab ~ Bab = 12ab ~a+-12b= 12ab a Se. 3p 3042 DB 5+ 3y-3x--2y © 5x4 3y—3x—2y= 20-43 @ 6a --2b—2b--a+ Sa --2b=~-12ab —-2ab + ~10al ab + 2ab— 10ab =-20ab e@ 3a~-2b-2b--a+ Sa: -2b= 3a ~ 2b —-2ab +-10ab = 3a — 2b + 2ab — 10ab = 3a ~ 2b — Bab f 3a-2b-2b-a+tSa-2 Ja — 6b 8.2 Multiplying out the Brackets Page 94 © @ She calculates 6 -13=6- 10+ 6-3=60 + 18=78. Kyla gets € 78. b 8°13=8-10+8-3=80+24= 1045 5 0 product from part a is the same as the product of part b plus the product of part c, so 45-4=5-7, 7 3 4 e 3 5. 5 3. Th 5 4 xQy+3)= 2438 b 8Qa+d)= ear +2y)= 64+ 3y © a(Q3b+c)=3ab+ac ft 2p(gt 1)=2pqt 2p a. 6al36+$c)~ 18ab + 300 @ 'eGa+6)=hac+20 b 3p(dq+ 8) =2pq-+ 4ps e Table + jd) = Tabe + 1yabd € Sao + 1!) = 1010+ 7ha 1 pulse 1s) = 2ogr pgs a 4(a+3b)+2a=4a + 12b + 2a= 6a + 12d b 5(x+2y) +3y=Sx+ ly +3y=5Sx+ By © 5(a+2b)+3(3a+6)= Sa 10b+9a+3b= 14a + 136 A 42e-+5y) + 5¢e+ Sy) = B+ 2p Sx + 25p= 13+ SY a y=8(r +6) © y=Srt 1) +3Qx+ 6) ya Set 48 ya Sx+5+6x+ 18 b T=4(2a+3) ye llyt+23 T=8a+12 @ 4 =5(2b+3)+3(4b+2) A=10b+15+12b+6 A=22b+21 a -3a(2 + c)=~Gab~3ae b Sa(3h—c)=15ab—Sac © -2pq~ 1) =-6pq + 2p Page 97 a 3(a+ 2b) ~6a=3a + 6b—6a=-3a+ 6b b -S(a~25) + 6a=-Sa + 105 + 6a= a+ 105 © S(a~2b) + 3(2a ~ 6) = Sa ~ 100 + 6a ~36= La ~ 136 @ 8(a~b)~S(a—3)=8a—8b~Sa+15 © 2a~(5+2a)=2a~S~2a=-5 f -3a(h~1)~3a=-3ab+3a~3a @ Ax +y) ~ 23x —y) + Sx = Tx + Ty Gx + 2y + Sx = Gx + Oy b 3p—plg+3)+ 42 -p)= 39—py~3p + 2g ~ pq =-2pq + 2g c a =3(a~ 6b) ~ 2ab — a(b — 4) =~3a + 18b—2ab—ab+4a =a + 18b —3ab By — Dx(y +7) Y= 8) = By = Day = Ley + By = 16) — Bay = Lae -3r-2p+a(v-5) Splq + 3) ~ 2p --3q= Spq + ISp + 6pq= IIpq + 1Sp a 3x = 2y + xy = Sx= ay ~ 8x 2y b © 2Qe(Sy~2) = Sx 2y= 10xy = Av 10xy = 4x a e { 3a - 7b+2a(3 — 5b) + b(1 — a) =2lab + 6a— lab + b — ab = lab + 6a +b 2pq- 1) ~ 2p) = 2pq - 2p 1+ Ip=IpgqQ— 1 -3p--24-4(6p* 1) pq 6pq—4Bo aeanxy+3) apt Be perimeter=x+y+3+x+y+3=2e+2y+6 b area=1ip+5)= 1p +35 petimeter=p+5+7+p+5+7=2p +24 € area = 2p(q~ 6) = 2pq—2bp perimeter= 2p +q—b+2p+q-b=4p+2g-2b @ area=b(a + 2)=ab+ 2b perimeter=h+a+2+b+a+2=2a+2b+4 Db area = 2(ab + 2b) —b- b= 2ab + 4b— b? perimeter = 4(a + 2)=4a +8 € area=3(ab+2b)~ 26? = 3ab+ 66-26? perimeter = 6(a + 2)~2b=6a+ 12-25 Page 98 a Ayako gets 3a ~8. D_Joris gets 4(p + 5) =4p +20. © Jérdme was Sp —5 years old You get 3(x+2)= 3+ 6. You get (a+ 5) —4a= 4a +20 ~ 4a = 20. Jeroen’s mother will be 3(x + 7) +6 = 3x+ 21 +6=3x-+27 years old, 1 correct MW conrect ME incorrect: Take a= IW incorrect: Take a= that is not true. W incorrect: Take: and that is not rue, WI correct VIE correct VIN correct, Thea youbave Ly = t+} whichis . Then you have = (1+ 1) = and that = 141 which is ~ not true, 0, and 2and b 1 1 Then you have 2 x (1+ 1)= (2% 1)+(2 x 1) whieh is 2 Game a be © xox +6 Ale + 6) Al + 6) 3x > (e+ 6) — 3x -20= 4x+24—-3x—20= xed ‘You always get 4 more than whatever value you started with. ae 8.3 Powers Page 99 @ After tearing it | time there are 2 pieces, after 2 times 4 pieces, after 3 times 8 pieces, afier 4 times 16, after 5 times 32, after 6 times 64 pieces. He has 64 shreds. b* Page 100 a 59=5-5-5=125 B_ You say 57 as 5 to the third, © In, the base is 5 and 3 is the exponent,Bo e b 1 c 9 a h Ma b c a e b 169-13? b 1 yasw c g a h Ba 512 1024 2! = 2048, 212 = 4096 2 = 8192 24 = 16,384 32,768 b_ There is a pattern in the last dig © 23,27,211, 215... end with an 8. ‘The exponents are multiples of 4 +3. 443 gors24862486.. Its not possible to write 38 as a number - 4+ 3. So 2!°, 2° and 2S end with an 8. 4 Exponents that are multiples of 4 give powers that end with 6, So 218, 229, 224, 298, 232, end with a6. @ 94-23 442, so 94 isa multiple of 4 +2. From part a you can see that exponents that are multiples of 4 + 2 give powers that end with 4, f ol=-9 Even exponents give powers that end with 1; ‘odd exponents give powers that end with 9. 9559049 9° has an odd exponent, so 9° ends with 9, a 5'=5 ae Every power of S ends with 5. S125 545625 So 5°” also ends with 5. h 6-6 Every power of 6 ends with 6. 28-5?=32-25=7 (2 +3P=(8 +3" 12-6'= 12-36 @+37=36+9 5--2=5-1 5-3-2 5=40 125 = 250 8=125=-11796 = 2-2-2-2-2-3 = 28-3 BS =D3S 2-571 BSR 23156505 — 32S? 1 5-2'=5-16=-11 b 9 CIs-3 c hee =9 a -3=-27 i e SH C25 + 16-21 a (-4)°is positive C1)! positive (0.3)? is negative s positive C1) negative 12)! is negative (C1)!"is positive €10)!°is positive C5)" is negative b_ A negative base raised to an even exponent gives a positive answer. A negative base raised to an odd exponent gives a negative answer. © With ~7* the base is not really a negative number; the base in this case is just 7. a b 32=-25+32=7 c 0,000 a 3 e ' g h 6-2-3 = 216-2 B -S8=32-(-2) Page 103 a P+P=1+8=9 It works because the wall does have 9 blocks. b Both the length and width have | yellow block and 2 green blocks, so | + 2 blocks. ‘So the wall contains (1 + 2)? = 9 blocks. ¢ From parts a and b it follows that 13 + 23 = (1 +2). @ P+2+3=14+8+427=36 ‘The wall contains 6 « 6 = 36 blocks. So it is correct. ‘You could also say that the wall contains (1 + 2 +3) blocks. From parts d and ¢ it follows that 1? +23 +3>=(1+2+3), +343 +4 +8+27+64= 100 B+2+R+H= (1424344)? = 102= 100 PHB+ Pr Pe Sa (1424344 +5) = 152= 225 SHOP +P+BH(L+2+3 4445464748 +9P—(1 42434 dP = 45 ~ 10? = 2025 ~ 100 = 1925,8.4 Powers with the Calculator Page 104 © a 23-23-23+23=27.9841 b 234=27.9841 Iti the same answer as part a, Oa 563= 175.62 @ 058+ 2.59 =(-L.4 = 1.8L b 095'-5.2=4.24 e (3.7-027)= 1.00 © (2.61.79 = 40.78 £ 47-28) +C1.8)'= 0.065 Go (3)'=416 a b 218961 e © (2!) +(-1)'= 1456 ' (© a 12012 there were 1550+ 122 = 1891 wisents. In 2013 there were 1550 1.22 1.22 = 2307 wisents. b There are 4 years from 2011 to 2015. So you need to multiply by 1.22 four times, so by 1.224 In 2015 there were 1550 - 1.22* = 3434 wisents. That is 3434 ~ 1550 = 1884 more than in 2011. Page 105 (©) a There are 5000 - 1.02 - $100 euros in Janine’s savings account on the I* of January 2016, BI January 2017: 5100 - 1.02 - 5202 euros 1 January 2018: 5202 + 1.02 » 5306.04 euros In 2017 the amount inereases by 5306.04 ~ 5202 ~ 104.04 euros. From 2015 to 2025 is 10 years, so on the 1* of January 2025, Janine’s savings account has 5000. 1.02"° = 6094.97 euros. (© a Sasha has 50 - 28 = 1600 euros so far b_ Tyrone is going home with 50 + 25- ; = 3200 euros. By using guess and check you can discover that you need to give 15 correet answers (or more). After 14 correct answers you have 50 2! = 819,200 euros and after 15 correct answers you have 50-2! = 1,638,400 euros (but if you get the next answer wrong, you won"t go home a millionaire because you will only take home a quarter of the money, which is less than a million). © a Johan had 16 great-grandparents. b That is 2" 500 © 1500 is about = 10 generations back, so Johan had approximately 2°° = 1,048,576 ancestors. 4. That would mean that every inhabitant of the Netherlands in 1500 was an ancestor of Johan. This doesn’t take into account that some of Johan’s ancestors might have had a common ancestor. ‘That means that some people might be in his family tree two or three times, but the calculation doesn’t take that into account. there were not that many people on earth in 1200, So there must be a lot of overlap in Johan’s ancestors (they were related to each other and had common ancestors) 70 cset09 otrtenuroes|The volume is. decimal: 7+ 1 =8 and binary: 111 + 1 decimal: 4 + 1 =5 and binary: 100+ 1 decimal: 53 + 1 ~ 54 and binary: 110 101 + L = 110 110 decimal: 55 + 1 = 56 and binary: 1 10111 +1 Ma b 1+ 10=101 © +11=1010 @ 10101 1111 = 100 100 e101 000+ 1001 = 110 001 f 1IN+U11=1001 10 Page 127 ©) a 10011-1001 = 111 001 o11 b 101 101 -11= 10000 111 1) 1001 111-1011 =1 101 100 101 a 1001 000 + 110= 1100 b 1111 001 + 1011 = 1011 0 ul 100 (000 01 11000 ‘When you see I + 1, you always get 10. So *write 0 and carry the 1.” Game easy aificut rfofr 1}o 0] 4 ofafa}ofo ° ofa ofo}a ° rfofols ofa ]a of sto +] ofs]s}ofo rfofofifo]a 1}o of: [ofo rfofo}s ofofa ofa rfo}a]a]o ° rfofafita ifo ofo 1}o rfrfo]sr}tofifolo ols rtrfofo ofolilo ofafa 1}o rfofo105 = 100,000, so 5 zeros 107 = 10,000,000, so 7 zeros 9 zeros a million has 6 zeros. 1 million = 1,000,000 = 10° e | billion = 1,000,000,000 = 10° Page 106 © « 480,000- 48 - 10° 152,500 1.525 - 108 1b 900,000,000,000 = 9 - 10!" e 158 =1.58- 10? ¢ 180,000,000 = 1.8 - 10° £ 5390 =5.39- 10° © a 527- 10°=570,000 € 428-105 = 428,000 Db 1.236: 10% = 12,360 @ 3.2-10°=320 Page 107 o @ 6,900,000 = 6.9 - 10° _ 2,800,000,000 = 2.8 - 10” b 3,160,000,000 16 + 10? e 140,000 = 1.4 - 10° © 225,000,000 = 2.25 - 10° £ 1,500,000,000 = 1.5 - 10° 428 10 = 42,800 1.732 x 10!! = 173,200,000,000 8.3 » 10° = 8,300,000,000 Ba 2%=288- 1017 € 18-3.75=2.89- 10" b 5.3*=1,90- 10” @ 25! -3.19=9.85- 10? © a 32MB=32- 10% bytes 25 kB= 25 10° bytes 32: 108 25:10 b_80GB=80- 10? bytes {650 MB = 650 - 10° bytes ‘You can save 1280 documents on the USB stick, 80: 10° You need 35-19% ~ 123 CD-ROMS to have the same amount of storage space. 8.5 Powers and Letters Page 108 GB a Sx-2e= 10? @ Sp--p--p~5p> @ 4x--x=nae f -b-2b--b+ 2b= 464 emaer res Sotsheontowes TR