The Industrial Revolution

The invention of the steam engine in 1769 set

the Industrial Revolution that made possible
replacement of human labor with machines;

It was supported by the philosophy of private

enterprise

It set in massive industrialization by the 19th C

Early Impacts of Industrialization:

- Demographic shift;
- Increasing need for housing, office, factories;
- Social and Physical Infrastructure;
- Congestion;
- New health and safety hazards; and
- Air and water pollution
• The Industrial Revolution brought in a new
phenomenon – the journey to work;
• This caused greater opening up of cities and
towns than the invention of the gun powder
• Increasing congestion caused a movement
towards the suburbs
Transportation was a key to industrialization for
movement of raw materials and finished products;

New streets, railways, shipping lanes and canals

were superimposed over existing patterns often
causing great inconsistency and incompatibility
 The Beaux-arts style influenced American architecture in the period 1885–1920.

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman

architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance and
French and Italian Baroque models especially.

The principal characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture may be summarized:

-- Symmetry.
-- Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases— to
utilitarian ones
-- More or less explicit references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency
to eclecticism. An architect was expected to work fluently in a number of "manners",
following the requirements of the client and the architectural program.
-- Precision in design and execution of architectural details: balustrades, pilasters,
panels of bas-relief, figure sculpture, garlands, cartouches, with a prominent display
of richly detailed clasps (agrafes) brackets and supporting consoles.
-- Subtle use of polychromy

the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts the Beaux-Arts
in Paris
outcomes of the industrial revolution
 --Commissioned by Napoleon III to instigate a program
of planning reforms in Paris in 1853.
--The entire boulevard system was planned and
executed in a period of 17 years.
--He made wide boulevards of previously narrow
streets. These were used to connect old plazas and he
also created new ones.

(1809-1891)
French civic planner associated with rebuilding of Paris Georges-Eugene Haussman :
 --Haussman laid out the Bois de Boulogne , the radiating
avenues from the Place de L’Etoile, the monumental opera and
made extensive improvements in the smaller parks.
--He envisioned the scale for the new circulation and traffic
systems.
--Achievements-

A new water supply,

a gigantic system of sewers,
new bridges,
the opera and other public
buildings,
inclusion of outlying districts

(1809-1891)
French civic planner associated with rebuilding of Paris Georges-Eugene Haussman :
 --Haussman laid out the Bois de Boulogne , the radiating
avenues from the Place de L’Etoile, the monumental opera and
made extensive improvements in the smaller parks.
--He envisioned the scale for the new circulation and traffic
systems.
--Achievements-

A new water supply,

a gigantic system of sewers,
new bridges,
the opera and other public
buildings,
inclusion of outlying districts

(1809-1891)
French civic planner associated with rebuilding of Paris Georges-Eugene Haussman :
 (1809-1891)
Georges-Eugene Haussman :
Rebuilding Paris
historical evolution of cities lec 04: ARC 251
The City Beautiful movement

was a Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning
that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and
monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-
stricken urban environments.

The movement, looked at beauty as a social control device for creating moral and civic
virtue among urban populations. provide a harmonious social order

increased immigration and consolidation of rural populations into cities.

Beaux-Arts movement, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony.

City Beautiful :
 washington D.C. (1941):
historical evolution of cities – 03 lec 04: ARC 251
Civic centre

Plan for Chicago, 1909

Margaret-Hohe (1912)::
City Beautiful
historical evolution of cities – 03 lec 04: ARC 251
Early Impacts of Industrialization:

- Demographic shift;
- Increasing need for housing, office, factories;
- Social and Physical Infrastructure;
- Congestion;
- New health and safety hazards; and
- Air and water pollution
• The Industrial Revolution brought in a new
phenomenon – the journey to work;
• This caused greater opening up of cities and
towns than the invention of the gun powder
• Increasing congestion caused a movement
towards the suburbs
• By late 19-20th C suburban housing for the affluent
was common; and lower paid workers lived in the
congested central areas;

• The pattern of urban flight and suburban sprawl

were much too common to be further encouraged
by the advent of the motor car
By late 19th C growth of cities and associated
problems were so rapid that a number of initial
Reform Movements emerged:

-First Public Health Act on housing standard was passed in

England in 1800s;

- Model housing was built in England, France, Germany and

Austria;

- The US experimented with zoning to control land use and

building height;

- It was clear by 20th C that city infrastructure would have to

be planned and built
outcomes of the industrial revolution

Rapid changes during 18th and 19th century

Mass immigration
Overwhelming changes in economy
Pollution and congestion
Monotonous order of factory town
Cultural energy ran low
Robert Owen
Self-supporting Industrial Town, 1816
Designed for 1200 people.
Self-supporting communities that would be placed at
appropriate intervals in the country side.
 Planning features

Robert Owen
Self-supporting Industrial Town, 1816

Communal buildings were placed in the center of a broad common.

The common was surrounded by rows of dwellings that were further surrounded by
large gardens.

The entire compound was encircled by the main road.

Factories and shops were located along the outside boundary of the community.

Each community was surrounded by an area of 1000-1500 acres to supplement

industrial employment.
J.S. Buckingham
Plan of a model town for an associated temperance
community of about 10,000 inhabitants, 1849
J.S. Buckingham
Plan of a model town for an associated temperance community of about
10,000 inhabitants, 1849

Planning features

This utopian plan specified a multitude of features

within the community.

Recommended that industries using steam engines be

situated at least one-half mile from town.

Also suggested sites be reserved for ‘suburban villas’

in the surrounding agricultural land.
 Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic
principles, 1889

The key element of successful city planning is the

plaza or public square.
Strongly criticized the emphasis on
-broad straight boulevards,
-public squares arranged for the
convenience of traffic and
-efforts to strip major landmarks.

Proposed to follow planning objectives

of medieval cities.

Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic principles, 1889
Suggested
-- curving or irregular street
alignments to provide ever
changing vistas.
-- T-intersections to reduce the
number of possible conflicts
among traffic.
-- ‘Turbine squares’ i.e. civic
spaces served by streets
entering in such a way as to
resemble a pinwheel.
.

Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic principles, 1889
Suggested
-- curving or irregular street
alignments to provide ever
changing vistas.
-- T-intersections to reduce the
number of possible conflicts
among traffic.
-- ‘Turbine squares’ i.e. civic
spaces served by streets
entering in such a way as to
resemble a pinwheel.

Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic principles, 1889
Suggested
-- curving or irregular street
alignments to provide ever
changing vistas.
-- T-intersections to reduce the
number of possible conflicts
among traffic.
-- ‘Turbine squares’ i.e. civic
spaces served by streets
entering in such a way as to
resemble a pinwheel.

Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic principles, 1889
 From 1890- first world war many
of his ideas were incorporated in
numerous cities in Germany.

Camillo Sitte
City planning according to it artistic principles, 1889
Ebenezer Howard
‘The Garden City’ , 1898
 The Garden City

He believed they were the

perfect blend of city and
nature.

The towns would be largely

independent, and managed
and financed by the citizens
who had an economic interest
in them.

Howard's ideas inspired other

planners such as Frederick
Law Olmsted II and Clarence
Perry.
Ebenezer Howard
‘The Garden City’ , 1898
Garden cities Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn
Population limited by initial planning
Surrounded by agricultural fields
Self contained with options for industrial employment
Satellite cities Wythenshawe and Becontree
Population limited by initial planning
Surrounded by agricultural fields
Dependent on larger industrial cities for industrial employment
Patrick Geddes

Ebenezer Howard is remembered as a man of vision, but it

was his Scottish contemporary, Patrick Geddes who made
the major philosophical contribution of this period;

Geddes theorized that physical planning could not address

the urban ills unless integrated with social and economic
planning in a contextual environmental concern
Patrick Geddes

• Such integration should occur at a regional scale –

city and its surrounding – in his words, “urban
conurbation”

• Geddes insisted on Complexity and Diversity in

planning and this set the scale for large scale
comprehensive planning

• Geddes had also worked on the planning of a

number of towns and cities in the Indian sub-
continent including Chennai (Madras), Lahore and
Dhaka
Patrick Geddes

 A "conurbation" is a region comprising a number of cities,

large towns, and other urban areas that, through
population growth and physical expansion, have merged to
form one continuous urban and industrially developed
area.

 In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban

agglomeration, in which transportation has developed to
link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to
work area.
The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in
Spain during the 19th century, but was promoted by the Soviet
planner Nikolai Alexander Milyutin in the late 1920s. (Milyutin
justified placing production enterprises and schools in the same
band with Engels' statement that "education and labour will be
united".)

The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban formation.

The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel

sectors. Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be
built so that the dominant wind would blow from the residential
areas to the industrial strip.
Linear city:
The sectors of a linear city would be:
-a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
-a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical
and educational institutions,
-a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
-a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential
buildings and a "children's band",
-a park zone, and
-an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in the Soviet
Union).
As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so
that the city would become ever longer, without growing wider.
The Industrial City

Tony Garnier, designed his project for a Cite Industrielle during 1899
and 1904.
For a population of 35000 he planned a housing estate, a housing
centre, industrial buildings, a railways station and all necessary
public buildings, but no barracks, police stations, prisons, or
churches, since these would no longer be required by the new
society.
Garnier created a revolutionary concept of a city that contained all
the essential elements of rational urban planning.

It was a regional centre of medium size, sensitively related to its

environment, and zoned according to the principles of the CIAM
Athens Charter of 1933.

It was a socialist city, without walls or private property, without

church or barracks, without police station or law courts.

The entire unbuilt surface was public parkland.

French architect and socialist Tony Garnier (1869-1948):

French architect and socialist Tony Garnier (1869-1948):
historical evolution of cities – 03 lec 04: ARC 251