Mechanical Lab S3 EEE

LAB MANUAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
` SEMESTER -III
JAI BHARATH COLLEGE OF 3039 EEE
MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY Diploma in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering
JB Campus, Arackappady,
Vengola.P.O, Perumbavoor, Cochin –
683556 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Prepared By
Mechanical Engineering Department
Program: Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course Code: 3039 Course Title: Mechanical Engineering Lab
Semester : 3 Credits: 1.5
Course Category: Program Core
Periods per week: 3 (L:0 T:0 P:3) Periods per semester: 45
Course Objectives:
 To develop performance characteristics of turbines and pumps.

 To gain knowledge in performance testing of internal combustion engines.
Course Prerequisites:
Course
Topic Course Title Semester
code
Engineering Mathematics Mathematics- 1 & 2 1&2
Basic physics Applied physics-1 1
Course Outcomes:
On completion of the course, the students will be able to:-
Duration
COn Description Cognitive level
(Hours)
Develop experimental setup to understand the
CO1 12 Applying
applications of Bernoulli’s theorem.
Make use of pipe friction apparatus to calculate

CO2 different parameters such as coefficient of friction, 6 Applying
major and minor losses.
Apply performance tests on hydraulic turbines and

CO3 12 Applying
pumps to plot characteristics curves.
Experiment with petrol and diesel engines to test
CO4 9 Applying
their performance
Lab Exam 6
CO-PO Mapping:
Course Outcomes PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
CO1 3
CO2 3
CO3 3
CO4 3
3-Strongly mapped, 2-Moderately mapped, 1-Weakly mapped
Course Outline
Module Duration
Description Cognitive level
Outcome (Hours)
Develop experimental setup to understand the applications of Bernoulli’s
CO1
theorem.
Interpret Bernoulli’s theorem and identify the
M1.01 3 Applying
use of Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus.
Apply Bernoulli’s equations in flow
experiments to determine the coefficient of
discharge and plot graphs: Head Vs. discharge
M1.02 and head Vs. Coefficient of discharge ( Orifice 6 Applying
meter, Venturi meter,)
Apply Bernoulli’s equations in open channel

experiments to determine the coefficient of
discharge and plot graphs: Head Vs. discharge
M1.03 and head Vs. Coefficient of discharge ( 3 Applying
Notches)
 Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem.

 Determination of Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice meter/Venturi meter and
Notches.
Make use of pipe friction apparatus to calculate different parameters
CO2 such as coefficient of friction, major and minor losses.
Summarize major and minor losses in pipes and
M2.01 infer the applications of pipe friction apparatus. 3 Understanding
Identify the major losses in pipes of varying

diameters due to friction using Chezy’s and
Darcy’s equation and interpret their results. 3 Applying
M2.02 Determine the constants of Chezy’s and Darcy’s
equation.
Lab Exam 1 3
 Study of major and minor losses in pipes.

 Determine the coefficient of friction of flow through pipes.
 Determine the Chezy’s and Darcy’s constants in pipe flow due to friction
Apply performance tests on hydraulic turbines and pumps to plot

CO3
characteristics curves.
Study the constructional features and working of
M3.01 impulse turbine (Pelton turbine )and reaction 3 Understanding
turbines(Francis turbine/ Kaplan turbine )
Apply performance test on Pelton turbine/
M3.02 Francis turbine/ Kaplan turbine and plot its 3 Applying
characteristics curves.
Study the constructional features and working of
M3.03 3 Understanding
a centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump.
Develop the characteristics curve of closed
M3.04 circuit centrifugal/reciprocating pump by 3 Applying
performing efficiency test.
 Study the components and working principle of turbines and pumps.
 Experiment with Pelton wheel to determine overall efficiency.
 Experiment with Francis/Kaplan turbine to determine overall efficiency.
 Experiment with centrifugal pump / reciprocating pump to determine overall
efficiency.
CO4 Experiment with petrol and diesel engines to test their performance
M4.01 3
Illustrate various components of an IC engine. Understanding
M4.02 Develop an experimental setup to carryout 3 Applying

performance test on single cylinder petrol engine.
Apply performance test on a single cylinder diesel

M4.03 3 Applying
engine.
 Study the components and working principles of two stroke and four stroke engines.
 Experiment with diesel and petrol engines to determine indicated power,
Brake power and thermal efficiencies.
Text / Reference:
T/R Book Title/Author
T1 A textbook of Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines – Dr. R.K. Bansal.

T2 A textbook of Thermal Engineering- R.S. Khurmi and J.K.Gupta
R3 Hydraulic, Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machines– R.S.Khurmi and N Khurmi
Hydraulic, Fluid mechanics including Hydraulic machines- Dr. P.N.Modi and Dr. S.
R4
M. Seth
R5 Internal combustion engines- V. Ganesan
Online resources
Sl.No Website Link
1 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/103/105103192/
4 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103262/
CONTENTS
Sl.No. TOPIC PAGE NO.
STUDY
1 Study of Properties of Fluids 7
2 Study of Pressure Measuring Equipments 9
3 Study of Flow Measuring Equipments 11
4 Study of Hydraulic Pumps 19
5 Study of Hydraulic Turbines 33
6 Study of Heat Engines 39
EXPERIMENTS
1 VENTURIMETER 43
2 PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS 47
3 TRIANGULAR NOTCH 51
4 RECTANGULAR NOTCH 55
5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 57
6 RECIPROCATING PUMP
63
7 PELTON WHEEL 66
8 FRANCIS TURBINE 74
9 KAPLAN TURBINE 81
10 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE 87
11 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 90
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN LAB
1. Enter the lab with proper dress code ( coat , shirt tuck in with belts
and shoes)
2. Half shoes are not permitted
3. Long hair should be tied tightly or use hair nets.
4. Wearing bangles and long chain should be avoided.
5. Handle instruments/ tools/equipments carefully
6. Keep safe distance from moving parts.
7. Don’t shout or run inside the workshop.
8. Strictly follow the safety precautions of individual items while operating
9. Be cautions while handling inflammable material (petrol, diesel etc)
STUDY
5 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Study. No. 1
Date:
STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1. Density
The density or mass density of a fluid may be defined as the mass per unit volume at
a standard temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by ρ and it’s unit is kg/m3 .
Mathematically , ρ = Mass / Volume

Density of water at 40C = 1000 kg / m3
2. Specific weight of water

The specific weight or weight density of a fluid may be defined as the weight per unit volume
at standard temperature and pressure and is usually denoted by Weight / Volume . It is
expressed in N / m3 . Specific weight of water = 9.81 KN / m3
3. Specific gravity
Specific gravity of a fluid may be defined as the ratio of its specific weight to that of a
standard substance at a standard temperature. It is generally denoted by ‘ S ‘ and it is a
unitless quantity.
S = Specific weight of the fluid / Specific weight of standard fluid
In the case of liquids the standard fluid chosen is water and for gases it is air.
4. Compressibility
Compressibility of a fluid may defined as the variation in its volume with the variation of
pressure. Normally liquid is considered to be an incompressible fluid.
5. Surface tension
Surface tension of a fluid is its property, which enables it to resist tensile stress. It is due to
cohesion between the molecules at the surface of a liquid. It’s unit is N / m.
6. Capillarity
Capillarity may be defined as rise or fall of a liquid in a tube. The phenomenon of rising
water in a tube of smaller diameter is called capillary rise.
7. Viscosity
Viscosity is defined as the resistance offered by one layer of fluid against the adjacent layer
of that fluid or it is a property of a fluid which opposes the flow. It‟s unit is Ns / m 2 . There
are two types of Viscosity-dynamic Viscosity or (simply viscosity) and kinematic viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio between dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid. It’s unit
is square meter per second.

Study. No. 2
Date:
STUDY OF PRESSURE MEASURING EQUIPMENTS
PIEZO METER
A piezometer is the simplest form of a manometer, used to measure moderate pressure of
liquids. It mainly consists of a glass tube fitted to the pipe vessel as shown in fig. The
pressure measured is ‘h’ mm of water.
DIFFERENTIAL MERCURY MANOMETER

To measure the difference in pressure between two points in a pipe line or two separate pipe
lines, a differential U-tube manometer is used. It consists of a glass tube bent in U-tube, the
two ends of which are connected to the pressure points as shown in figure.
BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE

The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or
regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized. Although this change in cross-
section may be hardly noticeable, and thus involving moderate stresses within the elastic
range of easily workable materials, the strain of the material of the tube is magnified by
forming the tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to straighten
out or uncoil, elastically, as it is pressurized.
SINGLE COLUMN (WELL TYPE) MERCURY MANOMETER

The shallow reservoir is provided with large cross sectional area compared to that for the
measuring limb of the manometer (usually about 1:100). Hence a pressure variation in the
pipe line will result negligible level difference in the reservoir but a measurable height in the
limb. Neglecting the small variation in the reservoir height, the absolute pressure in a pipe
line having water can be measured.
POINTER GAUGE
A pointer gauge basically consists of a thin vertical rod pointed at its lower end. The rod is
attached to a rack and pinion arrangement. The pointer edge of the gauge is lower until it just
touch the surface of the water by rotating the knob fitted on the pinion. The elevation of the
surface can be read from the vernier scale. In some cases electrical low voltage supply is
given to the pointer so that the just touching position of the pointer to the water surface
completes the circuit to glow a lamp, such a gauge is called as electrical pointer gauge.
HOOK GAUGE
A hook gauge is similar to that of a pointer gauge. Here the pointer rod end is bent to form
a hook shape so that the level of water can be measured when the point just emerge above
the liquid surface. The gauge gives better accuracy in measurement than pointer gauge.

Venturimeter

Study. No. 3
Date:
STUDY OF FLOW MEASURING EQUIPMENTS
Study of Venturimeter
A venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid
through a pipe. The principle of the venturimeter was first demonstrated in 1797 by an
Italian physicist G.B. Venturi (1746-1822), but the principle was first applied, by C.
Herschel (1842-1930) in 1887, to develop the device in its present form for measuring the
discharge or the rate of flow of fluid through pipes. The basic principle on which a
venturimeter works is that by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a
pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the
determination of the discharge through the pipe.
As shown in Fig. venturimeter consists of (1) an inlet section followed by a
convergent cone, (2) a cylindrical throat, and (3) a gradually divergent cone. The inlet
section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe which is followed by a
convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short pipe which tapers from the original size of
the pipe to that of the throat of the venturimeter. The throat of the venturimeter is a short
parallel-sided tube having its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent
cone of the venture meter is a gradually diverging pipe with its cross-sectional area increasing
area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. At the inlet section and
the throat i.e., sections 1 and 2 of the venturimeter, pressure taps are provided to connect a
differential manometer or pressure gauges. The convergent cone of a venturimeter has a total
included angle of 21 ±10 and its length parallel to the axis is approximately equal to 2.7 (D-
d), where D is the diameter of the inlet section and d is the diameter of the throat.
The length of the throat is equal to d. The divergent cone has a total included angle
lying between 50 to 150, (preferably about 60). This results in the convergent cone of the
venturimeter to be of smaller length than its divergent cone. This is so because from the
consideration of the continuity equation it is obvious that in the convergent cone the fluid is
being accelerated from the inlet section 1 to the throat section 2, but in the divergent cone the
fluid is retarded from the throat section 2 to the end section 3 of the venturimeter. The
acceleration of the flowing fluid may be allowed to take place rapidly in a relatively small
length, without resulting in appreciable loss of energy.
However, if the retardation of flow is allowed to take place rapidly in small length,
then the flowing fluid will not remain in contact with the boundary of the diverging flow
passage or in other words the flow separates from the walls, and eddies are formed which in
turn result in excessive energy loss. Therefore, in order to avoid the possibility of flow
separation and the consequent energy loss, the divergent cone of the venturimeter is made
longer with a gradual divergence. Since the separation of flow may occurs in the divergent
cone of the venturimeter, this portion is not used for discharge measurement.
Since the cross- sectional area of the throat is smaller than the cross-sectional area of
the inlet section, the velocity of flow at the throat will become greater than that at the inlet
section, according to the continuity equation. The increase in the velocity of flow at the throat
results in the decrease in the pressure at this section as explained earlier. As such a pressure
difference is developed between the inlet section and the throat of the venturimeter. The
pressure difference between these sections can be determined either by connecting a
differential manometer between the pressure taps provided at these sections or by connecting
separate pressure gauges at each of the pressure taps.
The measurement of the pressure difference between these sections enables the rate of
flow of fluid to be calculated. For a greater accuracy in the measurement of the pressure
difference the cross-sectional area of the throat should be reduced considerably, so that the
pressure at the throat is very much reduced. But if the cross-sectional area of the throat of a
venturi meter is reduced so much that the pressure at this section drops below the vapour
pressure of the flowing liquid, then the following liquid may vapourise and vapour pockets or
bubbles may be formed in the liquid at this section.
Further liquids ordinarily contain some dissolved air which is released as the pressure
is reduced and it too may form air pockets in the liquid. The formation of the vapour and air
pockets in the liquid ultimately results in a phenomenon called cavitation , which is not
desirable. Therefore, in order to avoid the phenomenon of caviation to occur, the diameter of
the throat can be reduced only upto a certain limited value which is restricted on account of
the above noted factors. In general, the diameter of the throat may vary from 1/3 to 3/4 of the
pipe diameter and more commonly the diameter of the throat is kept equal to ½ of the pipe
diameter.
Study of Orifice
Orifice: An orifice is an opening having a closed perimeter, made in the walls or the bottom
of a tank or a vessal containing fluid through which the fluid may be discharged.
Types of Orifices:
Orifices may be classified on the basis of their size, shape, shape of the upstream edge and
the discharged conditions.
1. According to the size : (a) Large orifice (b) Small orifice
2. According to the Shape : (a) Circular orifice (b) Rectangular orifice
(c) Triangular orifice (d) Square orifice
3. According to the shape of the upstream edges : (a) Sharp edged orifice
(b) Bell-mouthed orifice
4. According to the discharge condition : (a) orifice discharged free
(b) Submerged orifices
The Cd of a sharp edged standard orifice normally varies from 0.61 to 0.65

Study of Notches
A notch may be defined as an opening provided in a small channel or a tank to measure the
rate of flow of liquid flowing through the channel. A notch is provided in the channel in such
a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below the top edge of the opening.
Classification of Notches
1. According to the shape of the opening
(a) Rectangular notches
(b) Triangular notches
(c) Trapezoidal notches
(d) Stepped notches
2. According to the effect of the sides on the nappe
(a) Notch with end contraction
(b) Notch without end contraction or suppressed notch.
Rectangular Notch
2
Discharge , Qth = Cd × b √2𝑔 ( h ) 3/2
3
Where
Cd = Co –efficient of discharge of the rectangular

notch b= breadth of the notch
g = Acceleration due to gravity
h = Head over the notch
Triangular Notch
8
Discharge , Qth = Cd × ( )√2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2) 𝐻5/2
15
Where
Cd = Co –efficient of discharge of the Triangular notch
θ = angle of the notch
g = Acceleration due to gravity
H = Head over the notch

Rotameter
Watermeter

Study of Rotameter
The rotameter also known as variable-area meter is shown in Fig. It consists of a vertical
transparent conical tube in which there is a rotor or float having a sharp circular upper edge.
The rotor has grooves on its head which ensure that as liquid flows past; it causes the rotor to
rotate about its axis. The rotor is heavier than the liquid and hence it will sink to the bottom
of the tube when the liquid is at rest. But as the liquid begins to flow through the meter, it lifts
the rotor until it reaches a steady level corresponding to the discharge. This rate of flow of
liquid can then be read from graduations engraved on the tube by prior calibration, the sharp
edge of the float serving as a pointer. The rotating motion of the float helps to keep it steady.
In this condition of equilibrium, the hydrostatic and dynamic thrusts of the liquid on the
underside of the rotor will be equal to the hydrostatic thrust on the upper side, plus the
apparent weight of the rotor.
Study of Watermeter
Water meters are used to measure the volume of water used by residential and commercial
building that is supplied with water by a public water supply system. Water meters can also
be used at the water source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through a
particular portion of the system. In most of the world water meters measure flow in cubic
metres(m3) or litres but in the USA and some other countries water meters are calibrated in
cubic feet (ft.) or US gallons on a mechanical or electronic register. Some electronic meter
registers can display rate-of-flow in addition to total usage.
Types of Metering Devices :
There are two common approches to flow measurement, displacement and velocity, each
making use of a variety of technologies. Common displacement designs include oscillating
piston and nutating disc meters. Velocity-based designs include single-and multi-jet meters
and turbine meters. There are also non-mechanical designs, for example electromagnetic and
ultrasonic meters, and meters designed for special uses. Most meters in a typical water
distribution system are designed to measure cold potable water only. Special hot water meters
are designed with materials that can withstand higher temperatures. Meters for reclaimed
water have special lavender register covers to signify that the water should not be used for
drinking. Water meters are generally owned, read and maintained by a public water provider
such as a city, rural water association or private water company. In some cases an owner of a
mobile home park, apartment complex or commercial building may be billed by a utility
based on the reading of one meter, with the costs shared among the tenants based on some
sort of key (size of flat, number of inhabitants or by separately tracking the water
consumption of each unit in what is called sub metering).

Study. No. 4
Date:
STUDY OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Study of Centrifugal Pump
The basic principle on which a centrifugal pump works is that when a certain mass of liquid
is made to rotate by an external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a
centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level. Now if more liquid is
constantly made available at the centre of rotation, a continuous supply of liquid at a higher
level may be ensured. Since in these pumps the lifting of liquid is due to centrifugal action,
these pumps are called ‘centrifugal pumps’.
The first step in the operation of a centrifugal pump is priming. Priming is the operation in
which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the portion of the delivery pipe up to the
delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid which is to be pumped, so that all the air
from this portion of the pump is driven out and no air pocket is left. It has been observed that
even the presence of a small air pocket in any of the portion of the pump may result in no
delivery of liquid from pump. The necessity of priming a centrifugal pump is due to the fact
that the pressure generated in a centrifugal pump impeller is directly proportional to the
density of the liquid that is in contact with it. Hence if an impeller is made to rotate in the
presence of air, only a negligible pressure would be produced, with the result that no liquid
will be lifted up by the pump. As such it is essential to properly prime a centrifugal pump
before it can be started.
After the impeller is primed, the delivery valve is still kept closed and the electric motor is
started to rotate the impeller. The delivery valve is kept closed in order to reduce the starting
torque for the motor. The rotation of the impeller in the casing full of liquid produced a
forced vertex which imparts a centrifugal head to the liquid and thus results in an increase of
pressure throughout the liquid mass. The increase of pressure at any point proportional to the
square of the angular velocity and the distance of the point from the axis of rotation. Thus if
the speed of rotation of the impeller of the pump is sufficiently high, the pressure in the liquid
surrounding the impeller is considerably increased. Now as long as the delivery valve is
closed and the impeller is rotating, it just churns the liquid in the casing. When the delivery
valve is opened the liquid is made to flow in an outward direction there by leaving the vanes
of the impeller at the outer circumference with high velocity and pressure. At the eye of the
impeller due to the centrifugal action a partial vacuum is created. This causes the liquid from
the sump, which is at atmospheric pressure, to rush through the suction pipe to the eye of the
impeller there by replacing the liquid which is being discharged from the entire
circumference of the impeller. The high pressure of the liquid leaving the impeller is utilized
in lifting the liquid to the required height through the delivery pipe.

As the liquid flows through the rotating impeller it receives energy from the vanes which
results in an increase in both pressure and velocity energy. As such the liquid leaves the
impeller with a high absolute velocity. In order that the kinetic energy corresponding to the
high velocity of the leaving liquid is not wasted in eddies and efficiency of the pump there by
lowered, it is essential that this high velocity of the leaving liquid is gradually reduced to a
lower velocity of the delivery pipe, so that the larger portion of the kinetic energy is
converted in to useful pressure energy. Usually this is achieved by shaping the casing such
that the leaving liquid flows through a passage of gradually expanded area. The gradually
increased cross sectional area of the casing also helps in maintaining uniform velocity of flow
throughout, because as the flow proceeds from the torque ‘T’, to the delivery pipe, more and
more liquid is added from the impeller.
COMPONENT PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The main components of a centrifugal pump are:-

Impeller:- It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of backward curved blades or
vanes. It is mounted on a shaft which is coupled to an external source of energy (usually an
electric motor) which imparts the required energy to the impeller there by making it to rotate.
Casing:- It is an air tight chamber which surrounds the impeller. It is similar to casing of a
reaction turbine.
Suction pipe:- It is a pipe which is connected at its upper end to the inlet of the pump or to the
centre of the impeller which is commonly known as eye. The lower end of the suction pipe
dips into liquid in a suction tank or a sump from which the liquid is to be pumped or lifted up.
Delivery pipe:- It is a pipe which is connected at its lower end to the outlet of the pump and
it delivers the liquid to the required height. Just near the outlet of the pump on the delivery
pipe a delivery valve is invariably provided. A delivery valve is a regulating valve which is
of sluice type and is required to be provided in order to control the flow from the pump in to
delivery pipe.
In the given test rig, centrifugal pump is provided with pressure gauges at suction and
delivery sides for measuring the suction and delivery heads. Also an energy meter is
provided to measure the power consumed by the pump.

Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

Study of Reciprocating Pump
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump in which the liquid is sucked and
then it is pushed or displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member, which
results in the lifting of the liquid to required height. These pumps usually have one or more
chambers which are alternately filled with the liquid to be pumped and then emptied again.
As such the discharge of liquid pumped by these pumps almost wholly depends on the speed
of the pump.
MAIN COMPONENTS AND WORKING OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP :-
The Main Parts of Reciprocating Pump are:
CYLINDER
It is made of cast iron or steel alloy. The piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The
movement of piston is obtained by a connecting rod which connects piston and rotating
crank.
SUCTION PIPE
It connectsthe source of water and cylinder, the water is
sucked. DELIVERY PIPE
Water sucked by pump is discharged into delivery pipe.
SUCTION VALVE
It adjusts the flow from the suction pipe into delivery pipe.
DELIVERY VALVE
It admits the flow from the cylinder in to delivery pipe.
AIR VESSEL
It is a cast iron closed chamber having an opening at its pass through which the water flows
into vessel.

Double Acting Reciprocating Pump

A reciprocating pump essentially consists of a piston or a plunger which moves to and fro in
a close fitting cylinder. The cylinder is connected to suction and delivery pipes, each of
which is provided with a non-return or one-way valve to admit liquid in one direction only.
Thus the suction valve allows the liquid to enter in to the cylinder and the delivery valve
permits only its discharge from the cylinder. The piston or the plunger is connected to a
crank by means of a connecting rod. As the crank is rotated at uniform speed by driving
engine or motor, the piston or plunger moves to and fro in the cylinder. When the crank
rotates from 00 to 1800, the piston or plunger which is initially at its extreme left position
move to its extreme right position. During the outward movement of the piston or the
plunger, a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder, which enables the atmospheric pressure
acting on the liquid surface in the well or sump below, to force liquid up the suction pipe and
fill the cylinder by forcing open the suction valve. Since during this operation of the pump
the liquid sucked from below and it is known as suction stroke. Thus at the end of the suction
stroke the piston or the plunger is at its extreme right position, the crank is at 180 0, the
cylinder is filled with liquid, the suction valve is closed and the delivery valve is just at the
point of opening.
When the crank rotates from 180 0 to 3600 the piston or plunger moves inwardly from its
extreme right position towards left. The inward movement of the piston or the plunger
causes the pressure of the liquid in the cylinder to rise above atmospheric pressure, due to
which the suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens. The liquid is then forced up into
the delivery pipe and raised to the required height. Since during this operation of the pump
the liquid is actually delivered to the required height, it is known as its delivery stroke. At
the end of the delivery stroke the piston or plunger is at extreme left position, the crank is at
00 or 3600, so that it has completed one full revolution and both the suction and the delivery
valves are closed. The same cycle repeated as the crank rotates. This is in general the
working principle of a reciprocating pump.
In the given test rig, the reciprocating pump is provided with an electric motor for operation.
There are pressure gauges provided on the suction and delivery sides for measuring suction
and delivery heads. An energy meter is provided for measuring the input to the test rig and
this helps in calculating the power consumed by the electric motor.

Figure A
Figure B
Fig C

Study of Self-priming pumps
Self-priming pumps are inherently designed to allow the pump to re-prime itself
typically under lift conditions. These pumps are very effective to the end user in that they will
eliminate the need for foot valves, vacuum and ejector pumps which can become clogged or
be impractical to use for prolonged or remote operation. Although the pump itself is designed
to accomplish this task, it is important to understand the principle of how self-priming is
achieved so that the piping system can be designed so as not to conflict with this function.
A self-priming pump, by definition, is a pump which will clear its passages of air if it
becomes air bound and resume delivery of the pumpage without outside attention. To
accomplish this, a charge of liquid sufficient to prime the pump must be retained in the casing
(See Fig. A) or in an accessory priming chamber. When the pump starts, the rotating impeller
creates a partial vacuum; air from the suction piping is then drawn into this vacuum and is
entrained in the liquid drawn from the priming chamber. This air-liquid mixture is then
pumped into the air separation chamber (within the casing) where the air is separated from
the liquid with the air being expelled out the discharge piping (Fig. B) and the liquid
returning to the priming chamber. This cycle is repeated until all of the air from the suction
piping has been expelled and replaced by pumpage and the prime has been established (Fig.
C).

Study of Multi-Stage Pumps
A multi stage centrifugal pump is one which has two or more identical impellers mounted on
the same shaft or on different shafts. The important functions performed by a multi stage
pump are:
1. To produce heads greater than permissible with a single impeller discharge
remaining constant. The task can be achieved by series arrangement where in the
impellers are mounted on the same shaft and enclosed in the same casing
2. To discharge a large quantity of liquid, head remains same. This task is achieved by
parallel arrangement where in impellers are mounted on separate shafts.
PUMPS IN SERIES
For obtaining high head, a number of impellers are mounted in series or on the same shaft.
Figure shows such an arrangement for two stage pump. The discharge from the impeller 1
passes through a guided passage and enters the impeller 2. At the outlet of the impeller 2,
the pressure of the water will be more than the pressure of water at outlet of impeller 1. Thus
if more number of impellers are mounted on the same shaft the pressure at outlet will be
increased further. The series arrangement is employed for delivering a relatively small
quantity of liquid against very high heads.
PUMPS IN PARALLEL
When a large quantity of liquid is required to be pumped against a relatively small head,
two or more pumps are employed which are so arranged that each of these pumps working
separately lifts the liquid from a common sump and delivers it to a common collecting pipe
through which it is carried to required height. This arrangement is known as pumps in
parallel

External gear pump
Internal gear pump

Study of Gear Pump
Gear pump is a constant delivery, positive displacement rotary pump. These pumps have two
or more intermeshing gears with usually long teeth. The two gears fit closely inside a casing
and the liquid (usually hydraulic oil) is carried around and squeezed out the periphery of the
two gears and it is then forced through the delivery pipe. The gear pumps are classified as
external gear pump or internal gear pump.
An external gear pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur gear wheels working with
a fine clearance inside a suitably shaped casing. One gear is keyed to the driving shaft of a
motor and the other revolves as a driven wheel .As the set of meshing teeth tend to separate
on the suction side of the pump the space between the teeth gets filled up with the liquid. As
each pair of meshing teeth separates vacuum spaces form and atmospheric pressure forces the
liquid inward to fill the spaces. The meshing of two gears causes the liquid to be carried
around and squeezed out. The liquid filling the spaces between two adjacent teeth follows
along with them and as they revolve the liquid is forced out through the discharge opening.
The gear may have single double helical or spur teeth. Some design, may have radial fluid
holes in the idler from the tops and roots of the teeth to the internal tone. These permits liquid
to bypass from one tooth to the next. Thus excessive pressure build up that would overload
the bearings and cause noisy operation is prevented.

Pelton Turbine

Study. No. 5
Date:
STUDY OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Study of Pelton Turbine

Pelton Wheel or Pelton Turbine is a Tangential Flow Impulse Turbine. This Turbine is used
for High Heads and is named after L.A.Pelton. The water strikes the bucket along the tangent
of the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only Kinetic
Energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet is atmospheric pressure. The nozzle increases the
kinetic energy of the water flowing through the penstock. At the outlet of the nozzle, the
water comes out in the form of a jet and strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner. Pelton
Wheel Turbine is used for High Heads. Pelton Wheel Turbine has a Specific Speed less than
30(S.I) for single jet and between 30 and 60 (S.I) for multi-jet.
CONSTRUCTION: -
The main parts of Pelton Turbine are:
NOZZLE AND FLOW REGULATING ARRANGEMENT
The amount of water striking the buckets is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle. The
spear is a conical needle operated in the axial direction depending up on the size of the unit.
When the spear is pushed forward, the amount of water striking the runner is reduced and
when the spear is pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases.
RUNNER AND BUCKETS
Runner consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly
spaced are fixed. The space of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each
bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by dividing wall which is known as Splitter. The
Splitter divides the jet into two equal parts. The buckets are shaped in such a way that the jet
gets deflected through 160 or 170.
CASING
The function of water is to prevent the splashing of water and to discharge water to tail race.
The casing of Pelton Wheel does not perform any Hydraulic function.
BREAKING JET
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the
amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on
revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which
directs the jet of water on the back of vanes. This jet of water is called Breaking Jet.

Study of Francis Turbine
CONSTRUCTION : -
The main parts of Francis Turbine are:
CASING :- The runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight spiral casing. The casing and
runner are always full of water.
GUIDE MECHANISM :- It consists of a circular wheel all-round the runner of the turbine.
The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide wheel. The guide vanes allow the water to
strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at inlet. Also width between the two
adjacent vanes can be altered so that amount of water striking the runner can be varied.
RUNNER :- It is a circular wheel on which a series of Radial Curved Vanes are fixed.
The vanes are so shaped that the water enters and leaves the runner without shock.
DRAFT TUBE :- The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is generally less
than atmospheric pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A
tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of turbine
to the tail race. This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube. One end of the tube is
connected to the outlet of runner while the other end is sub-merged below the level of water
in the tail-race.
THEORY:- The Francis turbine is a mixed flow type of reaction turbine in which water
enters the runner radially at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its centre. The water
from the penstock enters the scroll casing which completely surrounds the runner. The
purpose of the casing is to provide an even distribution of around the circumference of the
turbine runner, maintaining an approximately constant velocity for the water so distributed.
In order to keep the velocity of water constant throughout its path around the runner, the
cross sectional area of the casing is gradually decreased. The casing made of cast steel, plate
steel concrete or concrete and steel depending upon the pressure to which it is subjected.
From the scroll casing the water passes through a speed ring or stay ring. The speed ring
consists of an upper and lower ring held together by series of fixed vanes called stay vanes.
The number of stay vanes is usually taken as half the number of guide vanes. The speed ring
has two functions to perform. It directs the water from the scroll casing to the guide vanes or
wicket gates. Further it resists the load imposed on it by the internal pressure of water and
the weight of the turbine and the electrical generator and transmits the same to the
foundation.
The speed ring may be either of cast iron or cast steel or fabricated steel.
From the speed ring water passes through a series of guide vanes or wicket gates provided all
around the periphery of the turbine runner. The function of guide vanes is to regulate the
quantity of water supplied to the runner and to direct water on to the runner at an angle
appropriate to the design. The guide vanes are air foil shaped and they may be made of cast
steel, stainless steel or plate steel. Each guide vane is provided with two stems, the upper
stem passes through the head cover and the lower stem seats in a bottom ring. By a system
levers and links, all the guide vanes may be turned about their stems, so as to alter the width
of the passage between the adjacent guide vane, thereby allowing a variable quantity of
water to strike the runner. The guide vanes are operated either by means of a wheel or
automatically by a governor.

The main purpose of the various components so far described is to lead the water to the
runner with a minimum loss of energy. The runner of the Francis turbine consists of a series
of curved vanes evenly arranged around the circumference in the annular space between two
plates. The vanes are so shaped that water enters the runner radially at the outer periphery
and leaves it axially at the inner periphery. The change in the direction of flow of water,
from radial to axial, as it passes through the runner, produces a circumferential force on the
runner which makes the runner to rotate and thus contribute to the useful output of the
runner. The runners are usually made up of cast iron, cast steel, mild steel or stainless steel.
Often instead of making the complete runner of stainless steel, only those portions of the
runner blades, which may be subjected to cavitation erosion, are made of stainless steel. This
reduces the cost of runner. The torque produced by the runner is transmitted through the
shaft which is usually connected to generator shaft by bolted flange connection.
The water after passing through the runner flows to the tail race through a draft tube. A draft
tube is a pipe or passage of gradually increasing cross sectional area which connect the
runner exit to the tail race.
Study of Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was
developed in 1913 by the Australian professor Viktor Kaplan, who combined automatically
adjustable propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicked gates to achieve efficiency
over a wide range of flow and water level.
The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient
power production in low head applications that was not possible with Francis turbines. The
head ranges from 10 to 70 meters and output from 5 to 200 MW. Runner diameters are
between 2 and 11 meters. The range of turbine rotation is from 79 to 429 rpm. The Kaplan
turbine installation believed to generate the most power from its nominal head of 34.65 m is
as of 2013 the Tocoma power plant. The Kaplan turbine is widely used throughout the world
in high flow low head power production.
THEORY OF OPERATION:
Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid
changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is
recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water.
The design combines features of radial and axial turbines.The inlet is a scroll shaped tube
that wraps around the wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially to wicket gate and spirals
in a propeller shaped runner.The outlet is a separately shaped draft tube to decelerate the
water and to recover kinetic energy. The turbine doesn’t need to be the lowest point of water
flow as long as the draft tube remains full of water. At higher turbine location, however
increases the suction that is imparted on the turbine blade by the draft tube.
The resulting pressure drop may lead to cavitation. Variable geometry of the wicket gate
and turbine blades allow efficient operation for a range of flow condition. Kaplan turbine
efficiencies are typically over 90%, but may be lower in low head application.

Two stroke engine

Study No. 6
Date:
STUDY OF HEAT ENGINES
ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The
combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol or diesel generates heat. This heat is supplied to a
working substance at high temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable
machines, heat energy is converted into useful work.
Heat engines can be further divided into two types:
External combustion and (ii) Internal combustion.
In a steam engine the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine and the steam thus
formed is used to run the engine. Thus, it is known as external combustion engine.
In the case of internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine cylinder itself.
The IC engine can be further classified as: (i) stationary or mobile, (ii) horizontal or vertical
and (iii) low, medium or high speed. The two distinct types of IC engines used for either
mobile or stationary operations are: (i) diesel and (ii) carburetor.
Two Stroke and Four Stroke Spark Ignition (Carburettor Type) IC Engine
In this engine liquid fuel is atomised, vaporized and mixed with air in correct proportion
before being taken to the engine cylinder through the intake manifolds. The ignition of the
mixture is caused by an electric spark and is known as spark ignition.
Compression Ignition (Diesel Type) IC Engine
In this only the liquid fuel is injected in the cylinder under high pressure.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF IC ENGINE:
The cross section of IC engine is shown in Fig. 1. A brief description of these parts is given
below.
Cylinder: The cylinder of an IC engine constitutes the basic and supporting portion of the
engine power unit. Its major function is to provide space in which the piston can operate to
draw in the fuel mixture or air (depending upon spark ignition or compression ignition),
compress it, allow it to expand and thus generate power. The cylinder is usually made of
high-grade cast iron. In some cases, to give greater strength and wear resistance with less
weight, chromium, nickel and molybdenum are added to the cast iron.
Piston: The piston of an engine is the first part to begin movement and to transmit power to
the crankshaft as a result of the pressure and energy generated by the combustion of the fuel.
The piston is closed at one end and open on the other end to permit direct attachment of the
connecting rod and its free action. The materials used for pistons are grey cast iron, cast
steel and aluminium alloy. However, the modern trend is to use only aluminium alloy
pistons in the tractor engine.
Piston Rings: These are made of cast iron on account of their ability to retain bearing
qualities and elasticity indefinitely. The primary function of the piston rings is to retain
compression and at the same time reduce the cylinder wall and piston wall contact area to a
minimum, thus reducing friction losses and excessive wear. The other important functions
of piston rings are the control of the lubricating oil, cylinder lubrication, and transmission of
heat away from the piston and from the cylinder walls. Piston rings are classed as
compression rings and oil rings depending on their function and location on the piston.
Compression rings are usually plain one-piece rings and are always placed in the grooves
nearest the piston head. Oil rings are grooved or slotted and are located either in the lowest
groove above the piston pin or in a groove near the piston skirt. Their function is to control
the distribution of the lubricating oil to the cylinder and piston surface in order to prevent
unnecessary or excessive oil consumption ion.
Piston Pin: The connecting rod is connected to the piston through the piston pin. It is made
of case hardened alloy steel with precision finish. There are three different methods to
connect the piston to the connecting rod.
Connecting Rod: This is the connection between the piston and crankshaft. The end
connecting the piston is known as small end and the other end is known as big end. The big
end has two halves of a bearing bolted together. The connecting rod is made of drop forged
steel and the section is of the I-beam type.
Crankshaft: This is connected to the piston through the connecting rod and converts the
linear motion of the piston into the rotational motion of the flywheel. The journals of the
crankshaft are supported on main bearings, housed in the crankcase. Counter-weights and
the flywheel bolted to the crankshaft help in the smooth running of the engine.
Engine Bearings: The crankshaft and camshaft are supported on anti-friction bearings.
These bearings must be capable of withstanding high speed, heavy load and high
temperatures. Normally, cadmium, silver or copper lead is coated on a steel back to give the
above characteristics.

EXPERIMENTS

TABULAR COLUMN for Venturimeter
Manometer reading Head
(cm of mercury) H=( h1 - h2 ) Time ‘t’ sec 𝑄 𝑎 Log
Sl. Qa Qt Log
× 12.6 for ‘x’‘cm Cd =
No h1 h2 (cm3/s) (cm3/s) 𝑄𝑡 Qa H
h1- h2 ( cm of water) rise of water
(cm) (cm)
(cm)
1

Ex. No. 1
Date:
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE AND
CALIBRATION OF VENTURI METER
AIM
1. To determine the coefficient of discharge and to calibrate the venturi meter.
2. To identify the relation between Cd , Qa and H by plotting the following graphs
a. Cd vs Qa
b. Qa vs H
APPARATUS
1. Venturi meter with attachments.
2. Piping system.
3. Measuring tank.
4. Differential manometer.
5. Stop watch.
PRINCIPLE
Coefficient of discharge of venturi meter , 𝑄𝑎

= 𝑄𝑡
Cd
𝐴×
Actual discharge , 𝑥 cm3/s
Qa =
𝑡
Where,
A is the area of measuring tank in cm2
t is the time taken for ‘ x ‘ cm rise of water , in seconds
Theoretical discharge , 𝑎1𝑎2√2𝑔𝐻

Qt = cm3/s
2
√𝑎1 −𝑎2 2
Where,
2
𝜋 𝑑1
a1 is the area of pipe in cm =
2
4
2
2 𝜋 𝑑2
a2 is the area of throat of venture meter in cm =
4
where d1 and d2 are diameters of inlet and throat respectively , in cm
g is acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2
H is ( h1 - h2 ) x 12.6 in cm of water
Where h1 and h2 are the differential manometer readings in c.m of mercury .

Sample Calculation
1) Area of measuring tank , A =
x = 5 cm
Time taken for 5 cm water rise , t =
𝐴×𝑥
Actual discharge , Qa = =
𝑡
2) Diameter of inlet , d1 =
2
𝜋𝑑 1
Area of inlet , a1 = =
4
Diameter of throat , d2 =
2
𝜋 𝑑2
Area of throat , a2 =
4
Acceleration due to gravity , g = 981 cm/ s2
h1 = ; h2 =
H = ( h1 - h2 ) x 12.6 =
𝑎1𝑎2√2𝑔𝐻
Theoretical discharge Qt = =
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
𝑄𝑎
3) Coefficient of discharge , Cd = =
𝑄𝑡
Calibration Table
Head , H
( cm )
Discharge ,
n
Qa = K ×
H
( cm3/s )

CALIBRATION
𝑎1𝑎2√2𝑔𝐻
Actual discharge is given by = Cd × …………………..(1)
Qa √𝑎12 −𝑎22
n
This can be written as Qa = K × H............................................................(2)
Where K = 𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √2𝑔
Cd ×
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
Taking log, equation (2) can be written as
Log Qa = log K + n log H
Plotting the graph, Log Qa vs Log H, the slope of the straight line graph gives the value of ‘n’
and ‘ LogK ’ is the intercept on Log Qa axis.
SPECIFICATION
Area of measuring tank , A = 50 c.m x 30 c.m = 1500 c.m2
In the experimental setup, two venturi meters are provided with parallel arrangement. The
inlet size and respective throat diameters are
Sl.No: Inlet diameter (d1 ) Throat diameter (d2 )
1 2 c.m 1.183 c.m
2 2.5 c.m 1.479 c.m
PROCEDURE
1. Close all the valves of venturi meter and the differential manometer.
2. After priming start the pump by starting the motor coupled with it.
3. Select venturi meter pipe line in which to conduct the experiment and keep the gate
valves open.
4. Open the inlet valve.
5. Open the valves of manometer and the venturi meter.
6. Keep the exit side of the venturi meter to a desired flow rate by adjusting the control
valve. Maintain the flow steady.
7. Note down the manometer reading and time taken for ‘x’ cm rise of water in the
measuring tank.
8. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the control valve.
RESULT
i) Coefficient of discharge of the given venturi meter , Cd =
ii) Calibration of venturi meter is done.
iii) Graphs Cd vs H, Qa vs H and log Qa vs log H were plotted.
INFERENCE

TABULAR COLUMN for Pipe friction apparatus
Manometer reading Head
Time ‘t’
(cm of mercury) H Discharge Velocity Coefficient Reynold’s Chezy’s
Sl.
= (h1-h2) × 12.6
sec for
Q V 𝑣2 of friction number constant
No h1 h2 ‘x’cm rise
h1-h2 ( cm of water) (cm3/s) (cm/s) 2𝑔 f Re
C
(cm) (cm) of water
(cm)
Schemaric diagram of Pipe Friction Apparatus

Ex. No. 2
Date:
DETERMINATION OF DARCY’S COEFFICIENT AND CHEZY’S
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF PIPES
AIM
To determine Darcy’s coefficient and Chezy’s coefficient of friction of the given pipes and to
2
plot the following graphs : hf vs 𝑉
and Reynold’s number (Re ) vs Darcy’s Coefficient
2𝑔
APPARATUS
Pipe friction apparatus , Measuring tank , Stop watch
PRINCIPLE
Darcy’s co-efficient of friction ‘f ’ can be calculated from the relation
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
hf =
2𝑔𝑑
where,
hf is head loss due to friction in cm of water = H
H = (h1- h2) × 12.6 , where h1 & h2 are manometer reading in cm of mercury
f is the co-efficient of friction for the pipe
L is the length of pipe in cm
V is the average velocity of flow in cm/sec
𝑄
V= cm/sec
𝑎
g is acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2
πd 2
a is the area of pipe cm2
= 4
d is the pipe diameter in cm

2𝑔𝑑 ℎ𝑓
Friction factor , f =
4𝐿𝑉 2
𝐴×
𝑥 cm3/s
Actual discharge , Q =
𝑡
Where,
A = area of the measuring tank in cm2
t = Time required to rise ‘x’ cm of water , in seconds

Sample Calculation
x = 5 cm
𝐴×𝑥
Actual discharge , Q = =
𝑡
Diameter of the pipe , d =
πd 2
Area of the pipe , a = =
4
𝑄
Velocity of flow , V = =
𝑎
Head loss due to friction , hf = (h1- h2) × 12.6 =
Acceleration due to gravity , g = 981 cm/s2
Length of pipe , L =
Darcy’s coefficient of friction , f = 2𝑔𝑑 ℎ𝑓

=
4𝐿𝑉 2
2) ρ = Density of water = 0.001k g / cm3

-6
μ = dynamic viscosity of water = 7.82 × 10 kg/cm s
𝜌𝑉𝑑
Reynold’s number , Re = =
𝜇
𝑑
3) Hydraulic radius , m = =
𝑕𝑓 4
i = =
𝐿
𝑉
Chezy’s constant , C = =
√𝑚𝑖

𝜌𝑉𝑑
Reynold’s number , Re =
μ
Where ,
ρ= Density of water = 0.001k g / cm3

-6
μ= dynamic viscosity of water = 7.82 × 10 kg/cm s
𝑉
Chezy’s constant , C =
√𝑚𝑖
𝑑 𝑕𝑓
Where , m = Hydraulic radius = cm ; i =
4 𝐿
SPECIFICATION
Area of measuring tank = 50 c.m x 30 c.m = 1500 c.m2
Diameter of pipe 1 = 2 cm ; Diameter of pipe 2 = 2.5 cm
Length of the pipe, L = 200 cm
Co-efficient of friction from the Graph
𝑉2
Step 1 : Draw the graph hf vs
2𝑔
∆𝑦
Step 2: take the
slope ∆𝑥
ℎ
𝑓 𝑑
f = × 4𝐿
𝑉
2
2𝑔
PROCEDURE
Close all valves of pipe line and the manometer . Prime the pump and start the pump . Open
the gate valve of the pipe line in which the experiment is going to be conducted . Open the
needle valves of the manometer and pressure tapping . Keep the exit side of the apparatus to a
desired flow rate by adjusting the control valve . Note down the reading of manometer and
time for ‘x’ cm rise of water in the measuring tank. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the
valve to get different flow rate.
RESULT
i) Darcy’s co-efficient of friction of given pipe, f =
ii) Darcy’s co-efficient of friction from graph, f =
iii) Chezy’s coeffient of friction , C =
2
iv) The graphs : hf vs 𝑉
and Reynold’s number (Re ) vs Darcy’s Coefficient
2𝑔
were plotted

INFERENCE

TABULAR COLUMN for Triangular Notch
Hook Gauge readings
Time ‘t’ sec 𝑄𝑎
Sl. Qa Qt C =
h1 h2 for ‘x’‘cm Log Qa Log H
No: H = h2-h1 (cm3/s) (cm3/s) d
rise of water 𝑄𝑡
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1
Schematic Diagram of a Triangular Notch Apparatus

Ex. No. 3
Date:
CALIBRATION OF TRIANGULAR NOTCH
AIM
1. To determine the co efficient of discharge and to calibrate the given
triangular notch
2. Plot the following graphs
a. Head Vs Cd
b. Head Vs Qa
APPARATUS
1. Triangular notch with attachments,
2. Measuring tank.
3. Stop watch.
PRINCIPLE
Coefficient of discharge of triangular notch , 𝑄𝑎

= 𝑄𝑡
Cd
Where,
Qa is the actual discharge in cm3/sec
Qt is the theoretical discharge in cm3/sec

𝐴×
Actual discharge , 𝑥 cm3/sec
Qa =
𝑡
Where,
t is the time taken for ‘x’ cm rise of water , in seconds
8
Theoretical discharge , Q =
t 15 √2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2) 𝐻5/2 cm3/sec
Where,
θ is the angle of triangular notch
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2
H is the head above sill level of the water in cm = h2 - h1
where h1 and h2 are the initial and final hook gauge readings in cm

Sample Calculation
x = 5 cm
𝐴×𝑥
𝑡
2) Angle of triangular notch , θ = 600

Sill level reading , h1 =
Final hook gauge reading , h2 =
Head above sill level of water , H = ( h2 – h1 ) =
8
Theoretical discharge , Qt = √2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2) 𝐻5/2 =
15
𝑄𝑎
𝑄𝑡

CALIBRATION
Actual discharge is given by Qa = Cd × ( )√2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2) 𝐻5/2...........(1)
8
15
..........................................................
This can be written as Qa = K ×Hn (2)
8
Where K = Cd × ( )√2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2)
15

Plotting the graph, Log Qa vs Log H, the slope of the straight line graph gives the value of
‘ n ‘ and ‘Log K’ is the intercept on Log Qa axis.
SPECIFICATION
Angle of triangular notch , θ = 600
PROCEDURE
1. Fix the triangular notch water tight at the notch holder.
2. Start the pump in order to provide water flow through the notch .
3. After some time close the inlet valve and note down the value of h1.
4. Open the inlet valve and adjust to the desired flow rate.
5. Measure the value of h2.
6. Take time for ‘x’ cm rise of water in the measuring tank.
7. Repeat the experiment at different flow rates by adjusting the inlet valve.
RESULT
i. Coefficient of discharge of the given triangular notch, Cd =
ii. Graphs Cd vs H , Qa vs H and log Qa vs log H were plotted.
INFERENCE

TABULAR COLUMN for Triangular Notch
Hook Gauge readings
Time ‘t’ sec 𝑄𝑎
Sl. Qa Qt C =
h1 h2 for ‘x’‘cm Log Qa Log H
No: H = h2-h1 (cm3/s) (cm3/s) d
rise of water 𝑄𝑡
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1
Schematic Diagram of a Triangular Notch Apparatus

Ex. No. 4
Date:
CALIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR NOTCH
AIM
3. To determine the co efficient of discharge and to calibrate the given
triangular notch
4. Plot the following graphs
a. Head Vs Cd
b. Head Vs Qa
APPARATUS
4. Rectangular notch with attachments,
5. Measuring tank.
6. Stop watch.
PRINCIPLE
Coefficient of discharge of Rectangular notch , Cd = 𝑄𝑎

𝑄𝑡
Where,
Qa is the actual discharge in cm3/sec
Qt is the theoretical discharge in cm3/sec

𝐴×
Actual discharge , 𝑥 cm3/sec
Qa =
𝑡
Where,
t is the time taken for ‘x’ cm rise of water , in seconds
Theoretical discharge , Q = --
t cm3/sec
Where,
θ is the angle of triangular notch
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2
H is the head above sill level of the water in cm = h2 - h1
where h1 and h2 are the initial and final hook gauge readings in cm

Sample Calculation
x = 5 cm
𝐴×𝑥
𝑡
5) Angle of triangular notch , θ = 600

Sill level reading , h1 =
Final hook gauge reading , h2 =
Head above sill level of water , H = ( h2 – h1 ) =
Theoretical discharge , Qt =
𝑄𝑎
𝑄𝑡

CALIBRATION
Actual discharge is given by Qa = Cd × ( )√2𝑔 tan(𝜃/2) 𝐻5/2...........(1)
8
15
..........................................................
This can be written as Qa = K ×Hn (2)
Where K = Cd × Qt

Plotting the graph, Log Qa vs Log H, the slope of the straight line graph gives the value of
‘ n ‘ and ‘Log K’ is the intercept on Log Qa axis.
SPECIFICATION
Angle of triangular notch , θ = 600
PROCEDURE
8. Fix the triangular notch water tight at the notch holder.
9. Start the pump in order to provide water flow through the notch .
10. After some time close the inlet valve and note down the value of h1.
11. Open the inlet valve and adjust to the desired flow rate.
12. Measure the value of h2.
13. Take time for ‘x’ cm rise of water in the measuring tank.
14. Repeat the experiment at different flow rates by adjusting the inlet valve.
RESULT
iii. Coefficient of discharge of the given triangular notch, Cd =
iv. Graphs Cd vs H , Qa vs H and log Qa vs log H were plotted.
INFERENCE

TABULAR COLOUMN for Centrifugal Pump Test Rig
Sl Vaccum Pressure Total Time for Time for Actual Output Input Efficiency
No Gauge Gauge Head ‘x’ m rise ‘n’blinks discharge Power Power η
. Reading Reading H of water of energy Q (%)
Po Pi
p1 p2 ( m of in the tank meter ( m3/s ) ( KW ) ( KW )
(kg/c.m2) (kg/c.m2) water ) t1 ( s ) t2 ( s )

Ex. No. 5
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM
To conduct the performance test on Centrifugal pump and to plot the following performance
characteristics
1. Discharge vs Head
2. Discharge vs Input
3. Discharge vs Efficiency
APPARATUS
Centrifugal pump , Measuring tank , Scale , Stop watch
SPECIFICATION
Area of Measuring tank , A = 0.7 m x 0.3 m = 0.21 m2
Motor – 1 HP , Single phase ( 240 V , 50 Hz ) , Rated speed - 2850 rpm
Energy meter - AC Single Phase ( 240 V , 50 Hz ) , 2 - wire , Ne = 3200 blinks / KWhr
PRINCIPLE
The power output from a centrifugal pump is given by
𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
Power output, Po = KW
1000
Where
W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3
𝐴 ×𝑥
Q = Actual discharge in m3/s =
𝑡1
A = Area of measuring tank in m2
x = Rise of water in measuring tank in m
t1 = time taken for ‘x’ m rise of water in measuring tank , in seconds
H is the total head ( m of water )

H = p1 ( 12.6 / 1000 ) + ( p2 × 10 ) m of water
p1 = Inlet pressure in kg/c.m2
p2 = Delivery pressure in kg/c.m2

Sample Calculation
1) Specific weight of water , W = 9810 N/m3
Area of measuring tank , A =
x = 5 cm
Time taken for 5 cm water rise , t1 =
𝐴 ×𝑥
Actual discharge , Q = =
𝑡1
Inlet pressure , p1 =
Delivery pressure , p2 =
Total Head , H = p1 ( 12.6 / 1000 ) + ( p2 × 10 ) =
𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
Power output, Po = =
1000
2) Number of blinks of the energy meter , n = 5

Time taken for 5 blinks , t2 =
Energy meter constant , Ne = 3200 blinks / KWhr
𝑛 ×3600
Power input, Pi = =
𝑁 × 𝑡2
𝑒
3) Efficiency of the pump , η 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

× 100 =
= 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

The power input to the pump is given by
𝑛 ×3600
Power input, Pi = KW
𝑁 × 𝑡2
𝑒
Where
n is the number of blinks of the energy meter
t2 = time taken for ‘n’ blinks , in seconds
Ne is the energy meter constant = 3200 blinks / KWhr
Efficiency of the pump , η = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

× 100 %
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
PROCEDURE
1. Prime the pump , close the delivery valve and switch ON the motor
2. Open the delivery valve slightly and wait for some time
3. When the flow becomes steady , note the time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of
energymeter disc in order to determine the input power to the pump
4. For calculating the total head , note down the readings on the suction and delivery
pressure gauges of the pump
5. For calculating the Actual discharge , note down the time taken for ‘x’ m water rise in
the measuring tank
6. Repeat thes above steps for different discharges by varying the delivery valve
opening from zero to maximum
7. Measure all required quantities in all the cases and tabulate the readings
8. Plot the required graphs
RESULT
1. The performance test on Centrifugal pump was successfully conducted
2. The maximum efficiency of Centrifugal pump , η =
3. The variations of Input power , Head and Efficiency against Discharge were plotted
INFERENCE

Ex. No. 6
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
( RECIPROCATING PUMP )
AIM
To conduct the performance test on Reciprocating pump and to plot the following
performance characteristics
1. Head vs Slip
2. Head vs Efficiency
3. Head vs Input
APPARATUS
Reciprocating pump , Measuring tank , Scale , Stop watch
SPECIFICATION
Area of Measuring tank , Am = 0.3 m x 0.3 m = 0.09 m2
Motor – 1 HP , Single phase ( 240 V , 50 Hz , 7 Amps ) , Rated speed - 1440 rpm
Energy meter - AC Single Phase ( 240 V , 50 Hz ) , 2 - wire , Ne = 3200 blinks / KWhr

Pump type - Double acting
Piston diameter , D - 0.04 m
Stroke , L - 0.045 m
Speed , N - 300 rpm
PRINCIPLE
The Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump . in which the pressure of liquid is
increased by the to and fro motion of a piston inside the chamber.
The power output from a Reciprocating pump is given by
𝑊 ×𝑄𝑎 ×𝐻
Power output, P = KW
o
1000
𝐴𝑚 ×𝑥
Q = Actual discharge in m3/s =
a
𝑡1
Am = Area of measuring tank in m2
x = Rise of water in measuring tank in m
t1 = time taken for ‘x’ m rise of water in measuring tank , in seconds

Sample Calculation
Area of measuring tank , Am =
x = 5 cm
Time taken for 5 cm water rise , t1 =
𝐴 ×𝑥
𝑡1
Inlet pressure , p1 =
Delivery pressure , p2 =
Total Head , H = p1 ( 12.6 / 1000 ) + ( p2 × 10 ) =
𝑊 ×𝑄𝑎 ×𝐻
Power output, P = =
o
1000
2) Number of blinks of the energy meter , n = 5

Time taken for 5 blinks , t2 =
Energy meter constant , Ne = 3200 blinks / KWhr
𝑛 ×3600
Power input, Pi = =
𝑁 × 𝑡2
𝑒
3) Efficiency of the pump , η 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

× 100 =
= 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
4) Stroke length , L =
Diameter of piston , D =
𝜋𝐷 2
Area of cylinder bore , A =
4
= Speed , N =
2𝐿𝐴𝑁
Qt = =
60
Slip , S = Qt - Qa =
𝑄𝑡 − 𝑄𝑎
5) Percentage Slip =
𝑄𝑡 × 100 =

H is the total head ( m of water )
H = p1 ( 12.6 / 1000 ) + ( p2 × 10 ) m of water
p1 = Inlet pressure in kg/c.m2
p2 = Delivery pressure in kg/c.m2
The power input to the pump is given by

𝑛 ×3600
Power input, Pi = KW
𝑁 ×𝑡 2
𝑒
Where
n is the number of blinks of the energy meter
t2 = time taken for ‘n’ blinks , in seconds
Ne is the energy meter constant = 3200 blinks / KWhr

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency of the pump , η =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 100 %
Slip , S = Qt - Qa m3/s
2𝐿𝐴
𝑁 m3/s
Qt =
60
L = Stroke length in m
2 𝜋𝐷 2
A = Area of cylinder bore in m = ; where D is the piston diameter in cm
4
N = Speed in rpm
𝑄𝑡 − 𝑄𝑎
Percentage Slip =
𝑄𝑡 × 100 %
PROCEDURE
After completely opening the delivery valve , switch ON the motor .When the flow becomes steady ,
note the time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energymeter disc in order to determine the input power to
the pump . For calculating the total head , note down the readings on the suction and delivery pressure
gauges of the pump . For calculating the Actual discharge , note down the time taken for ‘x’ m water
rise in the measuring tank . Repeat thes above steps for different discharges by varying the delivery
valve opening from maximum to zero . Measure all required quantities in all the cases and tabulate
the readings . Plot the required graphs
RESULT
1. The performance test on Reciprocating pump was successfully conducted
2. The maximum efficiency of Reciprocating pump , η =
3. The variations of Input power , Head and Efficiency against Discharge were plotted
INFERENCE

Ex. No. 7
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON IMPULSE TURBINE
( PELTON TURBINE )
AIM
To conduct load test on Pelton turbine and to plot the following graphs
1. BP vs Discharge
2. BP vs Efficiency
APPARATUS
1. The Pelton turbine fitted with loading arrangement
2. A pumping unit to supply water at the required head
3. A venturimeter with pressure gauges at inlet and throat
4. A pressure gauge at the inlet pipe to measure the working head
5. Vaccum gauge fitted at outlet of the turbine to measure vaccum head
6. A digital tachometer for measuring the rpm of turbine
SPECIFICATION
Turbine Details
Type - Impulse turbine
Rated speed = 1000 rpm
Brake Horse Power , BHP = 5 HP
Brake drum diameter , D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Rope diamerer , d = 16 mm = 0.016 m
Number of buckets = 18
Rated supply head = 45 m
Supply pump details
Type - Centrifugal pump , 15 HP
3 Phase Δ connection ( 415 V , 50 Hz , 22.4 Amps )
Rated speed - 2880 rpm
Flow measuring units
Type - Venturimeter
Inlet diameter , d1 = 0.065 m
Throat diameter , d2 = 0.03845 m
Coefficient of discharge , Cd = 0.98

Sample Calculation
1) Brake power , BP = 5 HP = 5 × 750 Watts
Rated Speed , N = 1000 rpm
𝐷
Re = Radius of brake drum + Diameter of rope = + d
𝐵𝑃 × 60 2
Maximum load , Wmax = Newtons
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒

Turbine head , HT = PT × 10 =
Vaccum head , HV 𝑃𝑣 × 12.6
= 1000 =
Level difference between gauges , z = 0.194 m
Total head , H = HT + HV + z =
Diameter of inlet , d1 =
Area of inlet , a1 =
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
Venturimeter constant , K = =
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
Inlet pressure , P1 =
Throat pressure , P2 =
h = ( P1 - P2 ) × 10 =
Discharge , Q = K√𝑕 =
Input power , Pi 𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
=
1000
=

PRINCIPLE
Maximum load , Wmax =

𝐵𝑃 × 60
Newtons
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒
Brake power , BP = 5 HP = 5 × 750 Watts
𝐷
2
Input power is determined by

𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
Pi = KW
1000
Where
H = Total head in m = HT + HV + z
HT = Turbine head = PT × 10 m of water

𝑃𝑣 × 12.6
HV = Vaccum head = m of water
1000
z = Level difference between gauges = 0.194 m
Q = Rate of flow of water through the turbine in m3 / s
The discharge through the turbine is measured using a venturimeter using the equation
Discharge , Q = K√𝑕
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
K = Venturimeter constant =
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
2
𝜋 𝑑1
a1 is the area of the inlet pipe in m =
2
; where d1 is the inlet pipe diameter in m
4
2
𝜋𝑑 2
a2 is the throat area of in m =
2
; where d2 is the throat diameter in m
4
g is acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
h = ( P1 - P2 ) × 10 m of water ; where P1 and P1 are inlet and throat pressures in kg / m2

3) Speed of turbine , N =
w1 = Dead weight + Hanger weight =
Spring balance reading , w2 =
Net load on the turbine , W = (w1 – w2) × 9.81 =
𝐷
Re = Radius of brake drum + Diameter of rope = + d =
2
2𝜋𝑁𝑊𝑅𝑒
Output power , Po = =
60 ×1000
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ( 𝑃𝑜 )
4) Overall efficiency , η =
× 100 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ( 𝑃𝑖 )

The output power is determined using Mechanical Rope Brake Dynamometer
Output power , Po = KW
60 ×1000
Where
N = Speed of turbine in rpm
W = Net load on the turbine in Newton = (w1 – w2) × 9.81 N
w1 = Dead weight + Hanger weight in kg
w2 = Spring balance reading in kg
𝐷
2
The overall efficiency of the turbine is determined by

Overall efficiency , η =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ( 𝑃𝑖 ) × 100 %
PROCEDURE
1. The experiment is conducted at constant speed with constant gate opening by
varying load
2. Calculate the maximum load by which the turbine can be loaded , by using the
formulae
3. Start the pump after closing the inlet valve to the turbine
4. Remove all loads on the brake drum and open the inlet valve in order to start the
turbine
5. After bringing the system into a steady state , take a set of readings as no load
observations
6. Load the turbine gradually to the rated full capacity or to the nearest possible
value after allowing cooling water to circulate inside the brake drum
7. Repeat the experiment for different sets of loads below the rated full load , preferably
at equal steps of loading and tabulate them
8. Release the loads gradually and simultaneously close the inlet valve and switch
off the pump to stop the turbine
RESULT
1. The load test on Pelton turbine was successfully conducted
2. Maximum efficiency of the turbine , η =
3. The following graphs were plotted
i. BP vs Discharge
ii. BP vs Efficiency
INFERENCE

Ex. No. 8
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON REACTION TURBINE
( FRANCIS TURBINE )
AIM
To conduct load test on Francis turbine and to plot the following graphs
1. BP vs Discharge
2. BP vs Efficiency
APPARATUS
1. The Francis turbine fitted with loading arrangement
SPECIFICATION
Turbine Details
Type - Reaction turbine
Number of guide vanes = 10
Supply pump details
Type - Venturimeter

Sample Calculation
𝐷
𝐵𝑃 × 60 2
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒

= 1000 =
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
h = ( P1 - P2 ) × 10 =
=
1000
=

PRINCIPLE
𝐵𝑃 × 60
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒
Rated Speed , N = 1250 RPM
𝐷
2

𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
Pi = KW
1000
Where

𝑃𝑣 × 12.6
1000
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
2
𝜋 𝑑1
2
4
2
𝜋𝑑 2
2
4

𝐷
2
60 ×1000
× 100 =

60 ×1000
Where
𝐷
2

PROCEDURE
varying load
2. Calculate the maximum load by which the turbine can be loaded , by using
the formulae
turbine
5. After bringing the system into a steady state , take a set of readings as no
load observations
6. Load the turbine gradually to the rated full capacity or to the nearest possible value
after allowing cooling water to circulate inside the brake drum
8. Release the loads gradually and simultaneously close the inlet valve and switch off
the pump to stop the turbine
RESULT
1. The load test on Francis turbine was successfully conducted
i. BP vs Discharge
INFERENCE

Ex. No. 9
Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON REACTION TURBINE
( KAPLAN TURBINE )
AIM
To conduct load test on Kaplan turbine and to plot the following graphs
1. BP vs Discharge
2. BP vs Efficiency
APPARATUS
1. The Kaplan turbine fitted with loading arrangement
SPECIFICATION
Turbine Details
Type - Reaction turbine
Number of guide vanes = 12
Supply pump details
Type - Venturimeter

Sample Calculation
𝐷
𝐵𝑃 × 60 2
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒

= 1000 =
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
h = ( P1 - P2 ) × 10 =
=
1000
=

PRINCIPLE
𝐵𝑃 × 60
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒
Rated Speed , N = 1000 RPM
𝐷
2

𝑊 ×𝑄 ×𝐻
Pi = KW
1000
Where

𝑃𝑣 × 12.6
1000
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2𝑔
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
2
𝜋 𝑑1
2
4
2
𝜋𝑑 2
2
4

𝐷
2
60 ×1000
× 100 =

60 ×1000
Where
𝐷
2

PROCEDURE
varying load
2. Calculate the maximum load by which the turbine can be loaded , by using
the formulae
turbine
5. After bringing the system into a steady state , take a set of readings as no load
observations
6. Load the turbine gradually to the rated full capacity or to the nearest possible
value after allowing cooling water to circulate inside the brake drum
8. Release the loads gradually and simultaneously close the inlet valve and switch
off the pump to stop the turbine
RESULT
1. The load test on Kaplan turbine was successfully conducted
i. BP vs Discharge
INFERENCE

Mechanical Lab S3 EEE

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Mechanical Lab S3 EEE

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LAB MANUAL

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Course Code: 3039 Course Title: Mechanical Engineering Lab

Semester : 3 Credits: 1.5

Course Category: Program Core

Periods per week: 3 (L:0 T:0 P:3) Periods per semester: 45

 To develop performance characteristics of turbines and pumps.

Make use of pipe friction apparatus to calculate

Apply performance tests on hydraulic turbines and

Apply Bernoulli’s equations in open channel

 Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem.

Identify the major losses in pipes of varying

 Study of major and minor losses in pipes.

Apply performance tests on hydraulic turbines and pumps to plot

M4.02 Develop an experimental setup to carryout 3 Applying

Apply performance test on a single cylinder diesel

T/R Book Title/Author

T1 A textbook of Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines – Dr. R.K. Bansal.

Sl.No Website Link

5 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mathematically , ρ = Mass / Volume

2. Specific weight of water

6 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

DIFFERENTIAL MERCURY MANOMETER

BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE

SINGLE COLUMN (WELL TYPE) MERCURY MANOMETER

8 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

9 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

12 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cd = Co –efficient of discharge of the rectangular

14 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

15 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

16 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Study of Centrifugal Pump

18 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

COMPONENT PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

The main components of a centrifugal pump are:-

20 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

21 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

It connectsthe source of water and cylinder, the water is

sucked. DELIVERY PIPE

Water sucked by pump is discharged into delivery pipe.

It admits the flow from the cylinder in to delivery pipe.

22 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

23 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

24 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

25 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

26 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

28 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal gear pump

29 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

30 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

31 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Study of Pelton Turbine

32 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

35 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

Study of Kaplan Turbine

37 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

38 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

39 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

40 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering

42 | JBC , Arackappady Department of Mechanical Engineering