Developing Person Through the Life

Span 10th Edition Berger Test Bank

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1. Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development “_____.”
A) sensorimotor intelligence
B) adaptation
C) object awareness
D) imitative learning

2. Infants in the sensorimotor stage _____.

A) learn to use language to express sensations
B) think of past and future events
C) use senses and motor skills to understand the world
D) think logically and critically

3. Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____.

A) birth
B) 3 months
C) 1 year
D) 18 months

4. Stage one in Piaget's sensorimotor period is defined as ______.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) making interesting sights last
C) first acquired adaptations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

5. When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget,
Justine is in stage _____ of the sensorimotor period.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

6. In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) first acquired adaptations
C) making interesting sights last
D) new adaptation and anticipation

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 7. Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to
use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his
thumb. Freddy is at stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

8. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants respond to people and objects and
seek to make interesting events last?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

9. Sophia asks her infant daughter, “Do you want to play patty-cake?” The baby responds
by clapping her hands. This demonstrates stage ____ of sensorimotor development.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

10. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more
deliberate in responding to people and objects?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

11. Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but her mother is now trying to
engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs
her mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in stage
____ of sensorimotor development.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

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12. The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with
something else is stage _____.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) five

13. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) deliberate
B) experimental
C) creative
D) anxious

14. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) goal oriented
B) redundant
C) stubborn
D) unintentional

15. An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.

A) thumb sucking and self-soothing
B) looking for a smile and smiling back
C) searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket
D) trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy

16. Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____.

A) making interesting sights last
B) new means through active experimentation
C) new means through mental combinations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

17. Stage _____ of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an

experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.
A) one; two
B) two; three
C) three; four
D) four; five

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18. Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh
does not search for them. Piaget would say that is because Hugh does not understand
_____.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) egocentrism
D) affordances

19. _____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
A) Object permanence
B) Acquired adaptation
C) Mental representation
D) Object continuity

20. Which of the following behaviors indicates that Drake has grasped the concept of
“object permanence”? _____
A) Drake laughs when a sibling makes faces.
B) Drake grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor.
C) Drake willingly lets go of an object.
D) Drake searches for a toy that has fallen from sight.

21. Mary hides Ramy's favorite toy under a blanket while Ramy watches. Ramy removes
the blanket and squeals when he sees the toy. Mary again hides the toy, but this time
under a different blanket. Even though Ramy saw where Mary hid his toy, he still looks
under the first blanket before removing the second blanket and retrieving the toy. Ramy
has displayed _____.
A) lack of centration
B) lack of object permanence
C) habituation
D) the A-not-B error

22. Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as _____.

A) little heathens
B) tertiary infants
C) little scientists
D) blank slates

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23. According to Piaget, a child in stage five of sensorimotor development is like a _____.
A) child in the “terrible twos”
B) childish teenager who wants his way all of the time
C) perfectionist who must do everything right
D) scientist who experiments to see what will happen

24. Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a
stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog food. Which sensorimotor stage is
Tia MOST likely in? ____
A) stage three
B) stage four
C) stage five
D) stage six

25. Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of “_____.”
A) mental combinations
B) interesting observations
C) primary reactions
D) new adaptation and anticipation

26. Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence
_____ Piaget originally predicted.
A) earlier than
B) later than
C) at the same time as
D) in a different sequence than

27. Baby Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect
the difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no
dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away
while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows her the circle with two dots in it,
and records how long Mariska stares at it. What research method is being used?
A) observation
B) habituation
C) implementation
D) visualization

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28. Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?
A) behavioral theory
B) information-processing theory
C) adaptive theory
D) Piaget's theory of cognitive development

29. Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, “Mama!”
According to information-processing theorists, Cooper's reaction to his mother is an
example of _____.
A) a linguistic supplier
B) habituation
C) an output
D) a calculation

30. Information-processing theory asserts that development _____, and Piaget's theory
asserts that development _____.
A) occurs in stages; occurs in stages
B) occurs in stages; occurs daily
C) occurs daily; occurs in stages
D) occurs daily; occurs daily

31. The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived.
These opportunities are known as “_____.”
A) affordances
B) cognitions
C) habituations
D) clarifications

32. Geraldo loves to climb, and there are many opportunities for him to do so around his
home: on the bookshelf in the living room, the decorative rocks in the front yard, and
the ladder for the slide at the park. Each of these opportunities is _____ for climbing.
A) suitable
B) habituating
C) an affordance
D) a motivator

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33. A visual cliff is used to assess infants' _____.
A) visual acuity
B) perception of depth
C) kinesthetic awareness
D) gross motor skills

34. To test an infant's depth perception, a mother might attempt to lure her infant to cross
a(n) _____.
A) bridge
B) visual cliff
C) elevated platform
D) crowded room

35. Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his
mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it
without hesitation. What has changed for Greg? ____
A) He has matured into understanding that crawling over an edge may lead to falling.
B) His visual system has matured sufficiently to detect depth.
C) He has developed an insecure attachment with his mother.
D) He must have fallen from an elevated height since his last test on the visual cliff.

36. Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with
one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her
crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking.
One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile
above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this
experiment demonstrate?
A) Three-month-olds can remember actions for at least a week.
B) Three-month-olds can relearn the kicking strategy very quickly at the second test.
C) Kicking behavior is very easy to learn.
D) Mobiles are very interesting to 3-month-olds.

37. Studies on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the
researchers _____.
A) use situations that are different from real life
B) do not let the baby move during the memory event
C) use highly emotional events
D) use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminder sessions

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38. The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they
learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.
A) infant amnesia is a valid term
B) infants cannot remember anything for very long
C) infant memory is fragile
D) mobiles do not induce very durable memories

39. By ___ months, an infant will imitate a behavior that he or she watched a day before.
A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

40. Jeremy spoke Ukrainian in early childhood, but stopped speaking it when he was about
4 years old. He no longer explicitly recalls any Ukrainian words and says he can't speak
the language. Which of the following situations might reveal his implicit knowledge of
Ukrainian?
A) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to
others who have never spoken Ukrainian. Jeremy will score higher than lifelong
nonspeakers.
B) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to
others who have spoken Ukrainian all of their lives. Jeremy will score just as well
as lifelong speakers.
C) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will pick up the language more
quickly than lifelong nonspeakers.
D) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will quickly realize that he does not
need lessons.

41. Newborns prefer _____.

A) their mother's language more than any other language
B) animal sounds more than speech
C) normal speech more than baby talk
D) traffic noises more than music

42. Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to
his mother's language over any other language. What is the best explanation for this?
Harris _____.
A) understands the words in his mother's language
B) comprehends his mother's language
C) recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language
D) is designed to specifically learn his mother's language

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43. Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker.
He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in
English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be
affected by this early experience?
A) He will be able to understand one language but not the other.
B) He will often mix the two languages together and be unable to differentiate them.
C) He will be able to differentiate between both languages.
D) His cognitive skills will lag behind those of similar-aged monolingual children.

44. During the newborn period, the primary means of communication is _____.
A) blinking
B) reflexive
C) babbling
D) cooing

45. Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or
phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of
_____.
A) a dual-language approach
B) sign language
C) child-directed speech
D) babbling

46. Research has found that child-directed speech is _____.

A) a feminine, rather than an masculine, approach to language acquisition
B) spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences
C) unique to English-speaking parents
D) spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words

47. The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.
A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words
B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes
D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words

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48. Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also
referred to as “_____.”
A) motherese
B) echolalia
C) holophrastic speech
D) telegraphic speech

49. The distinct language form known as “baby talk” is a _____.

A) verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies
B) teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition
C) simplified language that adults use when talking to babies
D) preverbal sound (like “gaga” and “goo goo”) that mothers often make

50. _____ is experience-expectant; all babies engage in it.

A) Sign language
B) Waving
C) Babbling
D) The use of holophrases

51. Amy spontaneously says things such as “mamamamamama” and “dadadadadadada.”

About how old is Amy likely to be?
A) 2 months
B) 3–6 months
C) 6–10 months
D) 10–12 months

52. Tony is 8 months old, and he settles down quickly and listens raptly while his mom
sings “The Itsy Bitsy Spider.” What factor best account for Tony's interest in this
nursery rhyme?
A) He remembers the story and loves how it ends.
B) He doesn't remember the story, so the end is always exciting.
C) He loves the rhymes and repetition.
D) He loves the simple plot line.

53. Which of the following is a development that requires understanding another person's
perspective?
A) babbling
B) cooing
C) naming
D) pointing

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54. Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called _____.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling

55. Britta has begun repeating syllables such as “da-da-da-da” and “me-me-me-me-me.”
Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling

56. On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

57. Brodie just started saying single words such as “mama” and “doggie.” About how old is
Brodie likely to be? ____
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

58. Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g., “Dada!”). About how old is Geoff
likely to be?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 1 year
D) 2 years

59. The term holophrase is used to denote _____.

A) a word that is empty of meaning
B) the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought
C) the relationship of object permanence to language development
D) the use of two words to take the place of one

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60. James uses the word “more” to mean “I want another cookie.” In this case, “more” is
a(n) _____.
A) holophrase
B) preverbal communication
C) overextension
D) reflexive communication

61. Babies understand about ____ times more words than they can say.
A) 3
B) 5
C) 10
D) 20

62. Between 13 and 18 months, infants master their first _____ words.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

63. Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events every day. This rapid
increase in vocabulary is referred to as the _____ explosion.
A) naming
B) vocabulary
C) object
D) cognitive

64. At approximately what age will a child begin to combine three words? ____
A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 16 months
D) 24 months

65. Max is 6 months old. Between the ages of 12 and 18 months, Max will learn to name his
____.
A) imaginary friend
B) toys
C) significant caregivers
D) his second cousin who comes to family reunions

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66. Abed is a typically developing toddler. By age ____ months, Abed should be able to
combine two words, such as, “Daddy bye-bye.”
A) 9
B) 12
C) 15
D) 18

67. The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech
is known as _____.
A) grammar
B) sentence structure
C) speech patterns
D) syntax

68. Veronica is a speech and language therapist. When conducting an assessment on a child
with speech or language concerns, she first records the average number of words in the
child's typical sentence. She also uses this technique to monitor a child's language
progress over time. Veronica is relying on _____.
A) subjective data
B) biofeedback
C) mean length of utterance
D) the language acquisition device

69. _____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
A) Jean Piaget
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Lev Vygotsky

70. By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would
have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to _____.
A) exposure to child-directed speech
B) an unusual language-acquisition talent
C) the amount his parents talk to him
D) rapid physical development

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71. Andrew uses incorrect word forms such as “ain't” and incorrect grammar such as “I
don't got none.” What would B. F. Skinner say was the source of Andrew's poor
language development? ____
A) delayed cognitive development
B) lack of innate language ability
C) parents rewarded incorrect language use
D) parents ignored incorrect language use

72. According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because _____.

A) humans are social beings
B) babies want tangible rewards
C) babies are hardwired to acquire language
D) all primates are driven to master words and grammar

73. According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for
infants younger than 12 months?
A) context
B) content
C) emotion
D) sound

74. Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning? ____
A) Toddlers learn new words best by hearing an adult say a new word as they play
with an unrelated object.
B) Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person.
C) Toddlers learn new words best in a group setting.
D) Toddlers learn new words best by watching others talk.

75. Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby watch Baby Einstein videos. According
to research on language and video exposure, what is Janice likely learning from this
program?
A) how to count
B) how to read
C) new vocabulary words
D) very little

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76. The American Association of Pediatricians suggests no screen time for children under
age ____.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7

77. When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her
native language? ____
A) when the person learns a second language
B) when the person is able to read and write
C) when the person starts using two-word sentences
D) once the person's sentences contain a subject, verb, and object

78. According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, _____.

A) children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement
B) children have an inborn ability to learn language
C) the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions
D) language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain

79. Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _____.
A) all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
B) all grammar rules are the same across all languages
C) some rules of grammar are present in all languages
D) all parents reinforce correct use of grammar

80. The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain _____.
A) children's vocabulary spurts
B) the difference between surface structure and deep structure
C) the systematic differences among languages
D) children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively

81. Susan is a 21-month-old who has just begun to make two-word sentences. Her sentences
already reveal the grammar of her native language, as she orders her nouns and verbs in
the order that mature speakers of her language use. Chomsky would attribute Susan's
quick acquisition of grammatical rules to her _____.
A) intelligence
B) parents' correct use of grammar
C) language acquisition device
D) receiving reinforcement for proper language use

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82. According to Noam Chomsky's theory, _____ is deaf infants' particular expression of
the universal language acquisition device.
A) avoidance of a speaker's gaze
B) signing
C) the holophrases
D) cooing

83. The statement “Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early
language learning” supports the _____ theory of language learning.
A) behavioral
B) epigenetic
C) hybrid
D) social impulse

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Answer Key
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. A
20. D
21. D
22. C
23. D
24. C
25. A
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. A
32. C
33. B
34. B
35. A
36. A
37. D
38. C
39. D
40. C
41. A
42. C
43. C
44. B

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45. C
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. C
50. C
51. C
52. C
53. D
54. D
55. D
56. C
57. C
58. C
59. B
60. A
61. C
62. B
63. A
64. D
65. A
66. D
67. A
68. C
69. B
70. C
71. C
72. A
73. C
74. B
75. D
76. A
77. C
78. B
79. A
80. D
81. C
82. B
83. C

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