Fallacies and Biases

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 FALLACIES
Arguments that are based on a faulty reasoning.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Cherry Picking
When you only pick the bits of evidence that support your argument, and ignore
the rest of the evidence that goes against your argument.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Red Herring
When a person in the middle of an argument introduces another topic to distract
from what’s being discussed.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Straw Man Fallacy
When you greatly exaggerate a person’s argument to make it look ridiculous
and illogical.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Argument by Repetition
When you just keep repeating your argument over and over instead of providing
better or additional evidence.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Ad Hominem
Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Appeal to Pity/Emotion
When you are persuaded of something because the person uses emotional
arguments instead of evidence.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Appeal to Authority
When you accept something as the truth because the person who said it holds a
high position of authority. Also known as Appeal to Force.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Bandwagon Fallacy
When you accept something as the truth because many people are also
believing in it. Also known as appeal to the popular.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Appeal to tradition
The idea or argument is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Begging the question
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as “circular
argument”.

“I have the right to free speech, therefore, you cannot stop me from talking!”

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Cause and Effect
Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Fallacy of Composition
Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Fallacy of Division
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 BIASES
Personal views of the person presenting the opinion/claim

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY
 Correspondence Bias
Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without regard
for external factors or influences. Also known as attribution effect.

“These soldiers who fought in the

last war are all bloodthirsty
murderers!”

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Confirmation Bias
Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs
or views and to reject ideas or views that goes against it.

“How can I accept his view that

there is no God? I am a
Christian!”

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Framing
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Hindsight Bias
The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical events.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Conflict of Interest
A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being
discussed.

☺
Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY
 Cultural Bias
Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

“I do not agree with this Western

practice of placing aged parents
in retirement homes. We,
Filipinos, take care of our family
members.”

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 We are all entitled to our own opinion. But
remember that it is also our sole responsibility
to find out and question if those opinions are
truthful.

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY

 Thank you so much!

Sir Mark Anthony T. Galan PHILOSOPHY