Theory of Architecture  REM KOOLHAAS

- Dutch architect, Pritzker Prize awardee in 2000, designed

 ANDREA PALLADIO a proposal for a barcode-inspired European flag and whose
- most influential Italian Renaissance architect in the history work includes the massive CCTV Headquarters; headed a
of Western Arch.; author of four books of Architecture “S,M,L,XL” publication, a 1376-page tome containing
 DE RE AEDIFICATORIA (THE ART OF BUILDING) essays, manifestos, diaries, fiction, travelogues, and
- a classical architectural treatise written by Leon Battista meditations on the contemporary city
Alberti and was the first printed book of architecture in  EPHRAIM OWEN GOLDBERG
1458 - birth name of Frank Gehry
 ELEMENT OF CIRCULATION  CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET
- Approach, Entrance, Configuration of Path - birth name of Le Corbusier
 THEORY  LOUIS SULLIVAN
- Descriptive Theory, Critical Theory, Prescriptive Theory - leader of the Chicago School movement; “Form follows
 BASIS OF PROPORTION function”
- Material Proportion, Structural Proportion, Manufactured  TEN SECTIONS/BOOKS
Proportion - number of sections/books does De Architectura of Marcus
 BAUHAUS Vitruvius Pollo contain
- a socialist movement in architecture, developed into a  RATIO
school by Walter Gropius in Germany - relationship between two or more similar things
 ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE  PHILIP JOHNSON
- Frank Lloyd Wright’s philosophy that architecture must - 1st Pritzker awardee in 1979
not be an alien feature of the natural landscape but must  TOMAS MAPUA
be a natural element of a site - 1st registered architect in the Philippines
 PETER BEHRENS  ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS
- a German architect who was considered the first industrial - National Artist for Landscape Architecture
designer in history
 CARLOS ANTONIO SANTOS-VIOLA
 NEW YORK FIVE
- The chief designer of the Gothic architecture inspired
- Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, Iglesia ni Cristo kapilyas
John Hedjuk, Richard Meier
 NOTEWORTH ACHIEVEMENT OF 2OTH CENTURY
 NEW URBANISM
ARCHITECTURE
- an urban design movement which promotes walkable - Skyscaper, Metal Frame Construction, Non-Load Bearing
neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job Curtain Wall
types
 WILLIAM LE BARON JENNEY
 QI
- designer of the 1o storey Home Insurance Building which
- the flow of natural energy in Feng Shui that circulates the was considered as the 1st ever built skyscraper
earth and moves in specific pattern on a site
 JOSE MARIA ZARAGOSA
 TRADITIONAL FILIPINO BELIEFS
- architect of Meralco Building in Meralco Avenue, Pasig
- Doorways should not face each other; place coins in the City
foundation for prosperity; never use materials that once
 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER
belonged to a church
- “More with less”
 NORMAN FOSTER
 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
- a British architect who became a knight in 1990 and
- “Less is more”
considered Britain’s most prolific builder of landmark office
 ROBERT VENTURI
buildings
- “Less is bore”; American architect, whose rationalist
 FRANCISCO MANOSA
building make prominent use of the color white
- was proclaimed National Artist for Architecture by the
 IEOH MING PEI
virtue of Executive Order 236
- “Geometry is the key to all architecture”
 PROXEMICS
 ERGONOMICS
- introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1966
which the study of set measurable distances between - human engineering
people as they interact  POGGIO BRACCIOLINI
 PASSIVE COOLING - humanist philosopher who rediscovered the de
- system using building design and construction to maintain Architectura in 1414
a comfortable temperature for building occupants  KEN YEANG
 STACK EFFECT - Malaysian architect who promotes the Bio-Climatic
- the tendency of air to rise when heated Theory
 LOUIS KAHN  FERRERA
- “Form is what, design is how” - considered as the first modern city when it was
redesigned by Italian architect and urbanist Blagio Rossetti
in 1848
 FLORENCE  LAW ON EMINENT DOMAIN
- a star-shaped city designed to resist cannon fire - the sovereign power to acquire properties
 UTOPIANISM  CITY
- a belief that planning is most effective when it proposes - imaged by pathways, districts, edges, landmarks and
sweeping changes that capture public imagination nodes
 CONCENTRIC THEORY  IAN MC HARG
- a theory by Burgess wherein city grows from center to - author of the book “Design with Nature”
form cities  SIXTEEN CITIES
 RATIONALISM - cities the Metro Manila composed as of 2010
- Neue Sachlichkeit in German term  QUEZON CITY
 COMPONENT FOR CITY PLANNING IN THE LAWS OF - most populated city in Metro Manila
THE INDIES  WOHA DESIGNS
- Pueblo, Presidio, Mission - proposed a masterplan to keep Singapore safe from
 EBENEZER HOWARD rising sea levels while shrinking the ecological footprint of
- father of landscape architecture and author of “Tomorrow: the country to the size of the island
A Peaceful Path to Social Reform
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Point
Indicates position in space
- considered as the center of development in the
Line
neighborhood unit concept by Clarence Perry and Clarence
With properties of length, direction, and position
Stein
Plane
 LE CORBUSIER
With properties of length, width, shape, surface, orientation, and
- author of “The Cities of Tomorrow”
position
 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Volume
- conceptualized Broadacres, wherein 1 acre is for a single A plane extended becomes a volume with properties and length,
family unit in US width, depth, form, space, surface, orientation, position
 STALINGRAD Form
- an example of a planned linear city Primary identifying characteristic of a volume
 CONURBATION Overhead plane
- a neologism coined by Patrick Geddes which means the Ceiling plane or roof plane
inflow of population, build-up and backflow Wall plane
 EKISTICS Vital for enclosure of architecture space
- the science of human settlements by Constantine Base plane
Doxiadis in 1942 With ground plane the building can merge, rest firmly or be elevated
 BRASILIA above it
- constructed between 1956 and 1960, it was considered Vertical Linear Elements
as the most prominent example of an entire modern city Define the edges of volume of space
 BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY Single vertical plane
- a theory argues that small indicators of neglect, such as Articulates the space which it fronts
broken windows and unkempt lawns, promote a feeling that L-Shaped plane
an area is in a state of decay Generates a volume of space from its center outward as a diagonal
 SEASIDE Parallel plane
- the first fully new urbanist town, began development in Define the volume of space in between that is oriented axially
1981 on eighty acres of Florida Panhandle coastline towards open end
 ELEMENT OF NEW URBANISM U-shaped plane
- the neighborhood has a discernible center, there are a Defines the volume that is primarily oriented towards the open ends
variety of dwelling types, an elementary school is close Planes closure
enough so that most children can walk from home Vertical plane on all sides; establish boundaries of an introverted
 CHARACTERISTIC OF PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES and influence the field of space around enclosure
DURING THE AMWERICAN PERIOD Shape
- valued sanitation, valued housing, valued aesthetic The characteristic outline or surface configuration of particular form
improvements
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 457
- Quezon City was the new capital of the Philippines Size
 SAMPALOC, MANILA The physical dimensions of length, width, and depth of form, while
- 1st university town in the Philippines these dimensions determine the properties of a form, its scale is
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A CITY (RA 1760) determined by its size relative to other forms in its contexts
- at least P20M local government income, at least 10,000 Color
hectares of land area, at least 150,000 population
A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described Ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equal to
in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and tonal the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one
value. Axis
Texture A line established by two point in space about which form and
The visual and especially tactile quality given to a surface by the spaces can be arranged in symmetrical and balanced manner
size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of the parts Symmetry
Position The balanced distribution and arrangement of equivalent forms and
The location of a form relative to its environment or the visual filed spaces on opposite sides of dividing plane or about a center axis
within which it is seen Hiearchy
Orientation The articulation of importance and significance of form or space by
The direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass its size, shape, and placement relative to other forms and spaces of
points, other forms, or to the person viewing the form. organization
Visual inertia Canonic design
The degree of concentration and stability of form Form that is generated using two or more geometric systems
Circle
Centralized, introverted figure that is normally stable and self- Pragmatic design
centering in its environment Approach, materials, climate and other physical factors are used as
Triangle the basis for proceeding, by trial-and-error, to see what can be
Signifies stability. made to “work;” involving research in the forms of experiments
Square and/or observations to understand and measure the behaviour of
Represents the pure and the rational; static and neutral figure the users and the environment they are designing for.
having no preferred direction Typologic design
Regular forms Referring to the classification of specimens according to the type of
Parts are related to one another in a consistent and orderly manner behaviour they exhibit according to the similarity of their purposes
Irregular forms and/or their formal structure; pre-established solutions
Parts are dissimilar in nature and related to one another in an Analogic design
inconsistent manner The use of images from nature, painting and sculpture, existing
Dimensional buildings and so on is implemented to “trigger” ideas in the
Altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain as a member designer’s mind.
of a family of transformation a form Syntactic design
Subtractive Formerly known as Canonic design; Works by some rule-based
Transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume system, often, but not always, geometric.
Additive Color Theory
Transformed by addition of elements to its volume Set of principles used to create harmonious color combinations
Monochromatic
Cumulative Uses variations in lightness and saturation of a single color; clean
Can be completely disciplined by classification and hierarchy; easy- and elegant
type Analogous
Composition Colors that are adjacent to each other; one color is used as a
picturesque dominant color while others are used to enrich the scheme
Cubic Composition Complementary
Very difficult to satisfy the spirit; pure prism Consists of two colors that are opposite to each other; intrinsically
Centralized form high-contrast
Consist of a number of secondary forms clustered about dominant, Split complementary
central parent form Variation of the standard complementary scheme; uses a color and
Linear forms the two color adjacent to its complementary
Consist of form arranged sequentially in a row Triad
Radial forms Three colors equally spaced around the color wheel
Composition of linear forms that extend outward from central forms Tetradic
in a radial manner Double complementary; most varied because it uses two
Clustered form complementary color pairs; hard to harmonize
Consist of forms that are grouped together by proximity or the Shade
sharing of a common visual trait Hue + black
Grid form Tone
Modular forms whose relationships are regulated by three Hue + gray
dimensional grids
Articulation Tint
Manner in which surface of form come together to define its shape Hue + white
and volume Hue
Golden ratio Color
Chroma Series of actions: formulation, analysis, search, decision,
Intensity or saturation of color specifications, and modification
Value Frank Gehry
The lightness or darkness of a color “Approach each building; as a sculptural object, a spatial container,
Red a space with light and air, a response to context and
Very emotionally intense color; enhances human metabolism, appropriateness of feeling and spirit.”
increases respiration rate, and raises blood pressure; very high PD 1096
visibility National Building Code
Orange 2.70m
Very high visibility; very effective for promoting food products and Maximum height of a combustible stand
toys 0.85m
Dark orange Maximum spacing for seats in a chair type measurement from back
Deceit and distrust to back
Red-orange 1:8
Desire, agression, domination, pleasure Maximum line of travel to an exit of an aisle
Gold 0.84m
Feeling of prestige; illumination, wisdom, and health Minimum spacing of rows from back to back
Yellow
Evoke pleasant, cheerful feelings; effective for attracting attention 0.45m
Dull yellow Minimum width of any seat
Decay, sickness, jealousy 1.30 sq.m
Light yellow Minimum area of a double acting door view panel
Intellect, freshness and joy 0.70m
Green Minimum clear width of an exit door way
Most restful for the human eye; can improve vision; suggests 1.20m
stability and endurance Maximum width of an exit door leaf
Olive green GA 18
Traditional color of peace Standard gauge for metal hood in barbeques
Blue 750mm
Considered beneficial to the mind and body- slows human Minimum stair width for a residence
metabolism and produces a calming effect; strongly associated with 1.20 sq.m
tranquility and calmness; used to promote products and services Standard minimum area of a toilet
related to cleanliness 1.50 sq.m
Purple Minimum dimension of a kitchen
Considered to be artificial; good choice for feminine design 300 cu.m
Air space requirement per person in a school room
White 1.80 m
Associated with coolness and cleanliness; suggests simplicity in Minimum head clearance for mezzanine
high-tech products; associated with low weight, low-fat food, and 10% of floor area
dairy products Minimum total area of a window or an opening for a room without
Black artificial ventilation
Very formal, elegant, and prestigious color; gives the feeling of 0.90m
perspective and depth Maximum height of a handrail above the stair head
Anthropometry 2.7m
The measurement and study of the size and proportions of the Minimum ceiling height for naturally ventilated room
human body 2.4m
Ergonomics Ceiling height for room with artificial ventilation
Applied science that is concerned about systems in order that 1.2m
people and things will interact effectively and safely Maximum dimension of a stair landing
Barrier free design 1.10 x 1.40m
Pertaining to spaces, buildings, and facilities fully accessible and Minimum dimension of an accessible elevator
usable by all people including the physically handicapped 30m
Kinesthesis Maximum distance of an accessible elevator from the building
Sensory experience of bodily position, presence or movement entrance
Proxemics 0.20m
The study of the symbolic and communicative role of the spatial Minimum run of stair for residential
separation individuals maintain in various social and interpersonal
situations 3.70m
Conceptual design Minimum width of parking lot for disabled
2.10m
Minimum ceiling height from 3rd floor to succeeding floors with A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square sides, the angle
artificial ventilation between any two adjacent faces being at right angle
6 sq.m Point
Minimum area of rooms for human habitation Indicates a position in a space
RA 7277 Plane
Magna carta for the disabled A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction
0.75m Plane
Minimum distance of edge of roof eaves to property line Defines the limit of boundaries or volume in a creative composition
2.00m
Form
Side setback for inside lot
The primary identifying characteristic of a volume; established by
250mm
the shapes and interrelationships of the planes that describes the
Minimum thickness of footing
boundaries of the volume
600mm
Minimum depth of footing Horizontal
2.10m Architectural line that is prominent in Prarie house designed by
Minimum headroom clearance Frank Lloyd Wright
0.90m Shape
Minimum dimension of toilet and bath The characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular
0.6 sq.m form and the principal aspect by which we identify form
Minimum area of attic opening Size
RA 9266 The physical dimension of lenght, width, and depth of a form
An act to regulate the practice of architecture in the Philippines Color
RA 9514 A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described
Fire Code of the Philippines in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and tone
TYPE I value.
Wood construction Cone
TYPE II An inclined line that rotates 360 degrees having one end tip as a
Wood construction with fire resistive materials base of rotation
TYPE III Pyramid
Masonry and wood A polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular faces meeting
TYPE IV at a common point or vertex
Steel, iron, concrete, masonry Cubic composition
TYPE V Composition that is “very difficult” to satisfy the spirit, according to
4-hour resistive steel, iron, concrete, masonry Le Corbusier
90%
Buildable area for corner lot
Linear form
80%
Buildable area for inside lot Under additive composition, what type of form composition is “The 1
BP 344 Mile High Illinois” by FLW
Accessibility Law Radial form
Basic physical requirements (BP 344): Secretariat building unesco headquarters, Paris’ type of form
Accessibility composition
Reachability Cluster of interlocking form
Usability G.N. Black House’s type of form composition
Orientation Rotated grid form
Safety Pearl Mosque’s form composition
Workability Modulor
6.00m An anthropometric scale of proportions devised by Le Corbusier. It
Maximum length of ramps was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales,
1.20m the Imperial System and the Metric system. It is based on the height
Clear width (ramps) of and English man with his arm raised.
Centralized organization
Spatial organization of Hagia Sophia and St. Peter’s Basilica’s first
plan
0.618
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE The “Golden Section” is equal to
Golden rectangle Proportion
A rectangle whose sides are proportioned according to the golden It is evident by a comparison which the eye makes between the
section size, shape, and tone of a various object or part of a competition
Cube Architecture
Art and science of building design and construction PROBLEM SEEKING: AN ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
Mies van de Rohe PRIMER~
“Almost is nothing”
Anthropomorphic propotion Programming Design
Systems that are based on dimension and proportion of the human * Architecture is common sense.
body
Le Corbusier Programming Concerns
“A house is a machine for living”
1. Establish goals.
Kenzo Tange
2. Collect and analyze facts.
“Unity disguised as chaos, complexity, and contradiction are often
what make works of art both exciting and profound.” 3. Uncover and test concepts.
Ieoh Ming Pei 4. Determine needs.
Frequently works on large scale and is renowned for his renowned 5. State the problem.
for his sharp, geometric designs The design considerations (or design determinants): function, form
Programming is a process.
Alvar Aalto
“Process leading to the statement of an architectural
“Where the architects task is to restore a correct order of values... it
is still the architects duty to attempt to humanize age of machines. problem and the requirements to be met in offering a solution.”
But this should not be done without regard for form.” Programmers and designers are separate specialists. Programmers
Personal distance are for analysis. Designers are for synthesis.
Variable and subjective distance at which one person feels
comfortable talking to another Analysis – parts of the design problem are separated and identified
Theory of architecture
Synthesis – parts are put together to form a coherent design
Analysis of a set of fact in relation to one another
solution
Intercolumniation
System of spacing between columns, which is also based on the The Separation: Programming precedes design just as analysis
diameter of the column precedes synthesis. Separation is central to understanding of a
1½ Pycnostyle rational architectural process, w/c leads to good buildings and
2 Systyle satisfied clients.
2½ Eustyle
3 Diastyle Thumbnail sketches – conceptual sketches and schematics
4 Areostyle
Peter Behrens
“When change needs, ask a stranger” Goals, Concepts and Problem Solving are qualitative.
Golden Section
A theory of proportion between two dimensions of a plane figure, in Programming is based on combination of interviews and
which the rati of the smaller to the larger is the same as the larger to work sessions.
the whole
o Interviews – used for asking questions and
Anthropometry
collecting data during the first three steps
Measurement of the size and proportions of the human body
o Work Sessions – used to verify information and to
Vitruvius
Author of the Ten Books of Architecture stimulate client’s decisions which is the fourth step
Classical orders The 5 steps raised these questions:
Theory of proportion that uses the diameter of the column as basic
unit of dimension 1. Goals – What does the client want to achieve and why?
Mies van de Rohe 2. Facts – What do we know? What is given?
Paid great attention to the detailing of the structure, which he 3. Concepts – How does the client want to achieve the goals?
attributed to his father’s teachings about craftmanship 4. Needs – How much money and space and what level of
Baroque quality?
Architecture of the curved lines 5. Problems – What are the significant condition affecting the
Francisco Manosa design of the building?
“Everything started with the Nipa Hut”
Antonio Sin Diong What are the general conditions the DESIGN should take?
Architect of SM Megamall Transformation – from program to schematic design

 Basic relationship between function

  Position and orientation o Physical
o Organic
o Cultural
CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL Sub-categories:
DESIGN~  Structural – referring to shape or relationship
Design process – aimed at expanding the range of possibilities  Mechanical – the way something operates
through exploration  Control – maintaining a condition
 Plant – goal orientation and differentiation
Architects – opportunity seekers as well as problem solvers  Animal Behavior
 Man – imagination and choice
Exploration – systematic investigation or traveling through an  Society
unfamiliar region in order to learn about it  Symbolic
 Elaboration in design process Concept Formation – referred to as the part used by the
 Deviation from norm architectural designers to establish the FUNDAMENTAL
 Expansion of thinking ORGANIZATION of a building and guide the entire process of
 Development of imagination design development of the designer’s response to the determinants
of form, program, objectives, context, site, economy, etc.
3 Approaches to Exploration
 A boundary around a set of decisions that will be the focus
1. Open-minded images that suggest a number of different of the designer’s responsibility
perceptions or interpretations.  A way for future design activities
2. Transformation of images  An image that arouses expectations and provide
3. Structuring or ordering images motivations
Basic Types of Transformation The Ideagram – the sketches that have already been described as
flowing from analogies, known as ideagrams are the starting point
 Topological community for concept formation; extension of analysis diagrams that can used
o Cut & Fill as:
o Follow the contour
 Ornamental grammar – clearly illustrates the application of o Aid to investigation and synthesis in the design
ornamental grammar to building massive scales process
 Reservals – changes in image from its first characteristic to o A frame in the design thinking process that leads
opposite characteristic to the final design product
o Example: Yin Yang o A literal model of the final product
4 Basic Manipulations of Ornamental (Thomas Beeby) o A explanation of the design concept

 Translation – simplest
 Rotation
 Inversion Checklist in Design Solution
 Reflection  Space – volume required by activities
Figure-ground drawing – simplest form of reserval experience  Context – site and climate
 Systems – mechanical, electrical, etc.
Lines can be used as “spines” for collecting and organizing a  Human Factors – perception, behavior, etc.
number of different organizations.  Economic – first cost, maintenance cost
 Enclosure – structure, places and openings, enclosing
 Geometry – circulation, form and image
 Function – activity grouping and zoning
THE DISCOVERY PROCESS~
Concept Categories
Two parts:
 Functional zoning
 Invention – seeks the basic discovery, the original idea for  Need for adjacency
the project  Similarity in general role
 Concept Formation – converts the discovery into graphic  Relatedness to departments, goals and systems
and verbal statement that can give the basic direction to  Sequence in time
the full development of the project  Required environment
 Types of effects produced
Figures:  Relative proximity to building
 Relatedness to core activities
 Hammer and tent  Characteristics of people involved
 Pitcher and recreational house  Volume of people involved
Analogous:  Extent of man and machine involvement
 Degree of energy for critical situation
 Symbolic – a comparison between general qualities of two  Relative of speed and respective activities
objects  Frequency of activity occurrence
 Direct – compares parallel facts or operation  Duration of activities
 Personal – the designer identifies himself directly with the  Anticipated of growth and change
elements of the problem  Architectural space
 Fantasy – uses description of an ideal condition desired as  Space
a source of ideas  Expressive or artistic/aesthetic space –
created space to express man’s structure
Sources of Analogy: of his word
  Expressive space done by
builder’s planners, architects,
designers
 Aesthetic space studied by
architectural theorists and
philosophers
Architectural space – concretization of man’s existential space
 Euclidan space – 3D geometry
 Building systems: roof, wall,
floor
 Space frames
 Utopian city planning
 Divisions and partitions
 Space within a space – a set of a larger
space and a secondary space
 A space/form or a free standing
object with separate functions
 Interlocking space
 Interlocking position of the
volumes can be shared by each
space
 Can merge
 Can develop its own integrity
that serves to link the two
 Adjacent space – schemes in separating
planes
 Limit visual access between two
spaces and accommodate their
differences
 Appear as a free standing plane
in a single volume
 Be defined as a row of columns
but allows high degree of visual
and spatial continuity between
two spaces
 Be merely implied with a
change in level or surfaces
articulation between two spaces
 Spaces linked by a common space – the
following are ways of linking common
space
 Intermediate space can be
equivalent in shape and size
and forming a linear sequence
of spaces
 As a linear form linking distant
spaces
 Can be a large dominating
space organizing a number of
spaces about itself
 The forms and orientation of the
spaces being linked or related
 Spatial organization
 Configuration – to form after an
arrangement of parts or a form
or figures determine the by the
arrangement
 Context – a joining together.
The whole situation,
background or environment
relevant to a particular event,
personality or creation.
 Circulation
 Response to context