Rural development and infrastructure planning

Energy efficiency technologies and alternative technologies, inclusive

development, special component plan – tribal sub plan and weaker sector

Energy efficient technology and alternative technologies

Renewable energy devices like solar water heater, solar cookers, solar lanterns, solar generator,
and solar home systems and other devices can be used to reduce the energy consumption in
new building.
Retrofitting can be done in constructed building to reduce the energy consumption, some
components of solar passive architecture for ex sunshades, double glazed windows, smart
glazing, roof treatments, ventilation, evaporative cooling and daylighting depending upon the
climatic zone.
Adopting energy conservation devices, for example, LEDs, CFLs instead of incandescent bulbs,
electronics chokes and fan regulator, sensor for automatically switching lights on or off, speed
regulators, energy efficient electric appliances such as fans, refrigerators, room heaters and
water pumps etc.
 Solar passive Strategy
Buildings that are not exclusively controlled via mechanical systems and also create a balance
between environmental, responsibility, user comfort, well-being and community sensitivity are
solar passive buildings. The key point to design a solar building is to take advantage of natural
local climate and reduce the use of Artificial or active solar systems. Solar passive building is
designed in such a way that windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and
distribute solar energy in the form of heat and light in the winter and reject solar heat and gain
light in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike
active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.
 Energy in green building
The easiest and least expensive way of reducing operational costs in a building is to lower its
energy consumption, which can be done by increasing energy efficiency. There are great energy
reduction opportunities in simple design with the use of efficient energy system installation in
the building.
Energy-consuming systems for lighting, air conditioning, and water heating provide comfort to
its occupants. Hi-tech controls add intelligence to ‘inanimate’ buildings so that they can
respond to varying conditions, and intelligently monitor and control resource use, security, and
usage of firefighting systems and other such systems in the building

Renewable energy devices/ alternative technologies

Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace
conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, or
facades. They are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of new buildings as a
principal or ancillary source of electrical power, although existing buildings may be retrofitted
with similar technology.
Advantages of Building Integrated Photovoltaic
 Generating electricity at the point of demand
without any extra use of land area.
 Reducing the cooling load of the building, as it also
acts like a shading element.
 Replacing building construction material, such as Image 1
glazing elements, depending on the building design BIPV

Grid-connected SPV Rooftop systems

These are SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) systems installed on
rooftops of residential, commercial or industrial
premises.
Electricity generated could be

 fed into the grid at regulated feed-in tariffs or

 used for self-consumption with net-metering
approach

Solar water heaters

A solar water heater is a device that uses heat energy of the sun to provide hot water for
various applications. In home, it is useful for bathing, washing, cleaning and other purposes. It
can easily replace a 2kw electric gyser and save up
to 1500 units of electricity per year.
Subsidy - The cost of solar water heaters, with a
capacity of 100 lpd, varies between Rs 18 000 and
Rs 25 000. To offset the initial high price, loans at
2% are offered to users through banks/financial
institutions.

Solar home system

It is a device to power lights, fans, and small TV sets in
homes. Some models of solar home systems are listed
below.
 18 W module with one light (cost: Rs 5000
approximately)
 37 W module with two lights or one light and one
fan (cost: Rs 10 000 approximately)
 74 W module with two lights and one fan or four
lights (cost: Rs 10 000 approximately)
Subsidy – State Nodal Agencies offer a subsidy of up to 50% on these models for general areas
and up to 90% for the North-East and special areas.
Solar inverter/power pack
Solar inverters can effectively replace small generators,
which run on kerosene and petrol and cause pollution and
noise. Installed in homes and small establishments, these
inverters could power lights, fans, computers, and other
electronic devices. The solar inverter comprises a solar
photovoltaic panel, battery, and an inverter. It costs about Rs
2–3 lakh/kWp (kilowatt peak).

RETROFITTING SOLAR PASSIVE FEATURES

Passive architectural features are mostly integrated at the design stage of new homes.
However, in case your home is still deficient on some concepts, you can retrofit certain features
to achieve thermal and visual comfort and to reduce energy consumption.
1. Orientation of the buildings
The orientation of the building in a particular direction, therefore, can heat or cool the building
depending on the climatic zones in which it is constructed. Proper orientation can increase or
decrease the heat gain by 5%.
2. Sun shades
These are generally installed at the top of windows/doors to obstruct sunrays from entering the
building during summers and allowing them in during winters.
This helps protect the building from overheating during summers, and keeps it warm during
winters, thereby reducing the electricity consumed by room coolers/heaters. Windows on the
east, west, and south of the house should be adequately protected by chajjas and sunshades. In
case such features are absent, provide awnings or other shading devices to protect windows
from direct sunlight
3. Roof treatment
Roofs are exposed to maximum incident solar radiation. So it is important that the roof of your
house should be protected to minimize solar gain.
Some simple roof treatments that can be applied to existing homes to reduce summer heat
gain are as follows:
i) Whitewashing the roof before the onset of the summer.
ii) Spraying water on the roof. Sprinkling water at regular intervals reduces heat gain through
roof.
iii) Using high albedo i.e. shining and reflecting material, for example, broken china mosaic, heat
reflecting paints, and other reflective material, on the rooftop.

4. Window design
Windows in a building allow light, heat, and air to come in buildings. While day light and air
welcome in buildings in all climatic zones, heat may or may not require. Thus, location of the
windows must be decided on the basis of the amount of the heat required. Thw window to wall
ratio is calculated for the proper luminance and controlled temperature of the space.

5. Double glazed windows

Insulation that helps reduces heat gain into and heat loss from, a building. Double glazed
windows with air gaps can act as a good insulation. The insulating air gap lowers the heat gain
of the building.
It should be used for air-conditioned spaces. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) has
recommended specifications for glazing in air-conditioned spaces in the Energy Conservation
Building Code 2007 (www.bee-nic.in).

6. Building Insulation
Insulation can be added to roof or walls to reduce heat transfer. It also helps in moderating the
indoor temperature and is effective in reducing temperature fluctuations in non-air conditioned
spaces. Some commonly used insulation materials are mineral wool, extruded/ expanded
polystyrene, PUF (polyurethane foam). Cavity walls are also one of the effective methods of
insulation.

7. Evaporative cooling
Evaporation of water helps to passively cool buildings, reducing the energy needed for air
conditioning. When combined with other passive design techniques, adequate thermal comfort
might be achieved without air conditioning.

The most commonly used system is a desert cooler. External cooling through humidification can
also be achieved by keeping surfaces of roofs moist using sprays or lawn sprinklers.

ENERGY CONSERVATION DEVICES/SYSTEMS

Efficient lighting
Lighting in a home is generally responsible for 20% of the monthly electricity bill. Using new
lighting technologies can reduce energy use in the house by 50% to 75%. Lighting controls offer
further energy savings by reducing the amount of time that lights are on without being used.
Efficient air conditioners
ACs (air conditioners) are used to cool or heat a room and usually consume the highest energy
among all home appliances. Window ACs and split ACs are most commonly used. These are
available in different sizes— 0.75 tonne, 1tonne, 1.5 tonne, and 2 tonne. Insulation of the walls,
roof, and efficient windows in the room would allow you to pick an AC with lesser tonnage.
Energy saving by passive design
 Use light colours to paint the interior of home for effective day lighting.
 Incorporate solar passive designs in buildings at the time of construction.
 In summers, draw curtains over windows facing south, west, and south-west or use sun
films.
  Install double pane windows—heat escapes through a single glass pane almost 14 times
faster than through a well-insulated wall.
 Control heat, air, and moisture leakage by sealing windows and doors with natural
materials.
 Use reflective tiles or insulation on the roof to keep the interior cool.
 Use of efficient light system, replacement of incandescent lights with CFLs, CFL use 75%
less electricity and offers similar amount of light as incandescent bulbs.
 Maximum use of daylight, use artificial light only when der is inadequate natural light in
a space.
 Use out door light with timers or photocells so that they turn off automatically in
daytime.
 Use of efficient or star label electronic devices.
 Use electronic devices with occupancy sensors which switch on or off automatically by
sensing the occupancy.

INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
Inclusive development consists of ensuring that all marginalized and excluded groups are
stakeholders in development processes.
UNDP maintains that many groups are excluded from development because of their gender,
ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, disability or poverty. The effects of such exclusion are raising
levels of inequality around the world. Development cannot effectively reduce poverty unless all
groups contribute to the creation of opportunities, share the benefits of development and
participate in decision-making. The goal of inclusive development is to achieve an inclusive
society, able to accommodate differences and to value diversity.
Inclusive planning can also be desicribed as:
 ensures that persons with disabilities are recognized as rights-holding equal members of
society who must be actively engaged in the development process irrespective of their
impairment or other status such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin, property, birth, age or other status;
 and that development institutions, policies and programmes must take into account and
be assessed in accordance with their impact on the lives of persons with disabilities , and
consistent with the promotion and protection of internationally recognized human rights.
Implementing inclusive development: a twin-track approach
To implement inclusive development effectively, a twin-track approach is necessary. Adapted
from the movement to promote gender issues, it requires the concurrent association of two
components:
 Mainstreaming disability (i.e. integrating disability as a cross-cutting issue) on the one hand,
which focuses on the society to eliminate excluding barriers;
 Implementation of specific actions for people with disabilities, i.e. focusing on the group of
excluded people to enhance their capabilities and support their action to advocate towards
full participation.
SPECIAL COMPONENT PLAN (SCP) - TRIBAL SUB-PLAN (TSP) & WEAKER SECTION
In accordance with the Government Policy, all Public Sector Undertakings under the
administrative Control of Ministry make allocation for various activities related to the welfare
and economic development of SC/ST and people of weaker sections in the neighborhood of
project locations through special component plan (SCP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) which are as
follows;
Objective
 Construction of Community Latrines on the lines of Sulabh Shauchalayas etc. in villages
inhabited mainly by SC/ST and weaker sections communities.
 Construction of School/College Buildings, Scholarships, Adult Education, distribution of
teaching material and other aids to SC/ST students, etc.
 Financial assistance for establishing libraries in villages inhabited by SC/ST communities
 Construction of open air stage-cum-training halls
 Provision of community health facilities, free medical services, medicines through
medical camp and family planning camps, etc.
 Provision of drinking water facility to nearby villages through ring-wells/ tube wells etc
 Provision of agriculture and irrigation facilities etc. in surrounding villages of project
locations.
 Financial assistance to SC/ST women through co-operative societies for providing
facilities for handlooms, weaving etc. so as to enable them for self-employment
 Financial assistance to physically handicapped persons belonging to SC/ST communities
for their rehabilitation.
 Vocational training guidance to enable the SC/ST persons becomes self-reliant under the
scheme “Earn while you learn”. Training are arranged in various trades, like basket
weaving, coir-rope making, sewing, poultry training, fishing, tailoring, typing, motor-
driving as well as supply of necessary tools, machines etc.
 Economic development / self-employment by organizing entrepreneurship development
training programme
 Welfare programmes such as distribution of seeds and fertilizers free of cost to needy
SC/ST farmers and distribution of smoke-less Chulas and solar cookers to SC/ST women
and also construction of approach roads and adoption of villages; and Social forestry
schemes like distribution of fruit bearing trees, saplings and other plants etc.