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g§nyU© {ejH$ ^aVr

_mJ©Xe©H$ (JmB©S>)
A{^`mo½`Vm d ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUrda AmYm[aV
(1 br Vo 12 n`ªVÀ`m {ejH$ ^aVrgmR>r AË`§V Cn`wº$)

* g§nmXH$ *
A{OVHw$_ma

qH$_V 325
 g§nyU© {ejH$ ^aVr _mJ©Xe©H$ (JmB©S>)
A{^`mo½`Vm d ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUrda AmYm[aV

n boIH$ : A{OVHw$_ma
d ñQ>S>r ~S>© J«wn

n àH$meH$ : ~r npãcHo$eÝg
Hw§$OdZ 1506, gìh} Z§. 34/4/4/2, YZH$dS>r, nwUo - 411 043
‘mo~m. : 9823462914
B©‘co : beepublication@Gmail.com
Q>obrJ«m_ : @BeePublication

n AjaOwiUr : gmdbr qàQ>g©

O`^dmZrZJa, nd©Vr, nwUo - 411009

n àw\$arS>U : E_. E. Hw$bH$Uu, nwUo

n Amd¥Îmr : n{hbr

{deof gyMZm
nwñVH$mVrb _m{hVr eŠ` {VVH$s AÚ`mdV d AMyH$ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Varhr ZOaMwH$sZo H$mhr ÌwQ>r Agë`mMo,
{ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xë`mg `mo½` Ë`m gyMZm§Mm nwT>rb Amd¥ÎmrV Adí` {dMma H$ê$. VgoM nwñVH$ dmMVmZm H$mhr g_ñ`m
{Z_m©U Pmë`mg 9823462914 `m ^«_UÜdZr H«$_m§H$mda H$m°b H$ê$Z (amÌr 8 Vo 9) àË`j {ZamH$aU H$ê$ eH$Vm.
VgoM {d{dY g§Ho$VñWi, {d{dY g§X^©J«§Wm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z nwñVH$mMr aMZm Ho$br Amho. Var boIH$, àH$meH$, {dH«o$Vm
gd© ~m~ter gh_V Agob Ago Zmhr.
AWH$ n[al_m§Mr {O{Jfm _ZmV ~miJyZ,
gdªH$f `emMr ñdßZo Camer H$dQ>miV...

{ejH$ {_Ìm§Zmo,
g§nyU© {ejH$ ^aVr _mJ©Xe©H$ (JmB©S>) hmVr XoVmZm
A{Ve` AmZ§X hmoV Amho. A{Ve` H$_r H$mbmdYrV ho JmB©S>
Amnë`m hmVr XoV AmhmoV.
amÁ`mVrb gd© ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§gh ImOJr
ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m AZwXm{ZV, A§eV: AZwXm{ZV d AZwXmZmg
nmÌ Kmo{fV Ho$boë`m àmW{_H$, Cƒ àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ d
Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ emim§_Yrb {ejH$ godH$m§À`m [aº$ nXmda
^aVr H$aVmZm gd© C_oXdmam§Zm {ZdS>rMr g_mZ g§Yr {_imdr
d {ejU godH$ nXmgmR>r Cƒ JwUdÎmm YmaH$ C_oXdmamMr
{ZdS> hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ejU godH$mMr ^aVr "A{^`mo½`Vm
d ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUr `m_Ü`o {_imboë`m JwUm§À`m AmYmamda
`mnwT>o hmoUma Amho.
{ejH$ ^aVr hr Am°ZbmB©Z hmoUma Amho. gd© {ejH$
{_Ìm§Zm g§nyU© Aä`mgH«$_mMm g_mdoe Agbobo JmB©S> {_imdo
Ë`m_wio V`mar H$aVmZm Ë`mMm Iyn Cn`moJ hmoB©b `mgmR>r
`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
{ejH$ {_Ìhmo A{Ve` H$_r doioV nwñVH$ AmUVmZm
gd© {df` hmVmiUo JaOoMo hmoVo. gd© {df`, Aä`mgH«$_
H$_r doioV nyU© H$aVmZm H$mhr Vm§{ÌH$ MwH$m amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr, Var AmnU Aem MwH$m ZOaog AmUyZ
{Xë`mg Ë`m_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Vmo ~Xb H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.

- Amnbm {ejH${_Ì
A{OVHw$_ma
 narjoMo _mÜ`_ d Aä`mgH«$_

• ""narjoMo _mÜ`_ _amR>r, B§J«Or d CXÿ© Agob. C_oXdmam§Zm `mn¡H$s EH$ _mÜ`_
{ZdS>mdo bmJob.
• Aä`mgH«$_ : gXa narjm EHy$U 200 JwUm§Mr amhrb. VgoM narjogmR>r nwT>rbà_mUo
XmoZ KQ>H$ amhVrb.

A.H«$. KQ>H$ eoH$S>m à_mU EHy$U JwU EHy$U àíZ

A) A{^`mo½`Vm 60% 120 120
~) ~w{Õ_Îmm 40% 80 80
EHy$U 100% 200 200

A) A{^`mo½`Vm `m KQ>H$m§VJ©V J{UVr` j_Vm, Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm, doJ Am{U AMwH$Vm,

^m{fH$ j_Vm (B§J«Or), ^m{fH$ j_Vm _amR>r, AdH$mer` j_Vm, H$b/
AmdS>, g_m`moOZ/ì`{º$_Îd BË`mXr CnKQ>H$ gd©gmYmaUnUo amhVrb.
~) ~w{Õ_Îmm `m KQ>H$m§VJ©V AmH$bZ, dJuH$aU, g_g§~§Y, H«$_-loUr, VH©$ d
AZw_mZ, Hy$Q>àíZ, gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm, b`~Õ _mJUr BË`mXr CnKQ>H$
gd©gmYmaUnUo amhVrb.

• EH$m C_oXdmamg OmñVrV OmñV nmM doim JwU gwYmaUo{df`r g§Yr CnbãY amhrb.
AWm©V gXa C_oXdma OmñVrV OmñV nmM doim gXa MmMUr XoD$ eH$Vmo.
 AZwH«$_{UH$m

^mJ 1 : A{^`mo½`Vm MmMUr ........................................

n 1) J{UVr` j_Vm (doJ d AMyH$Vmgh)
n 2) ^m{fH$ j_Vm - _amR>r
n 3) ^m{fH$ j_Vm - B§J«Or
n 4) Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm
n 5) AdH$mer` j_Vm
n 6) g_m`moOZ d ì`{º$_Îd
n 7) H$b d AmdS>
^mJ 2 : ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUr ...........................................
n 1) AmH$bZ
n 2) dJuH$aU
n 3) g_g§~§Y
n 4) H«$_-loUr
n 5) VH©$ d AZw_mZ
n 6) Hy$Q>àíZ
n 7) gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm
n 8) b`~Õ _m§S>Ur
g§^mì` àíZn{ÌH$m g§J«h .............................................
 ^mJ

1
A{^`mo½`Vm MmMUr
J{UVr` j_Vm
 ^mJ

2
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 _amR>r

dU©_mbm

èhñd (5)
F$

A
c¥

C
B
A, Am, B, B©, C, D$, F$, c, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡, A§, A:

ñda (12)
H$², I², J², K², L²

XrK© (3)
Am
D$
B©
M², N²>, O², P², Äm²,
Q²>, R²>, S²>, T²>, U²,
V, W², X², Y², Z²

g§`Šw V (4)
Am¡
Amo
Eo
E

ñdamXr (2) (Zdo ñdamXr A° Am°) (2)

n², \$², ~², ^², _²,
`², a², c², d², e², f², g², h², i

A§ (-§)
n² \$²
V² W²
Q>² R²>
M² N>²
H$² I²
H$R>mao m (10)
~mamIS>r

ñne© (3) AY©ñda (4) Cî_o (3) _hmàmU (1) ñdV§Ì (1)
dU© A Am B B© C D$ E Eo Amo Am¡ A§ A:

A: (m:)
{MÝh ² m { r w y o ¡ mo m¡ ; : _¥Xÿ (10)
O² P²
ãm² ^²

S>² R>²
X² K²

J² K²

"~'Mr ~mamIS>r ãm ~m {~ ~r ~w ãmy ~o ~¡ ~mo ~m¡ ~§ ~:

ñda d ñdamXr {_iyZ ~mamIS>r V`ma hmoVo. hr Ajao `², a², c², d² e², f², g²
EHy$U ~mam AmhoV.
AZwZm{gH$ (5)

(Vº$m nwT>o {Xbm Amho.)

ì`§OZo (ñdamÝV) (34)

Äm²
U²

L²
_²
Z²

dU©
Amnë`m Vm|S>mdmQ>o {ZKUmao Oo _ycÜdZr AmhoV Ë`m§ZmM
h²

"dU©' Ago åhUVmV. CXm. A, Am, H$, I, J, BË`mXr

ñda :-
A, Am B, B© nmgyZ Amo, Am¡ n`ªVMo dU© CƒmaVmZm
i

Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr dUm©Mo gmhmæ` ¿`mdo cmJV Zmhr. `m

dUmªZm ñda Ago åhUVmV. ñdamMo èhñd ñda, XrK© ñda,
g§`Šw V ñda Ago VrZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
* èhñdñda :- Á`m ñdam§Mm Cƒma AmIyS> hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm
"èhñd ñda' åhUVmV. CXm. A, B. C. c¥, BË`mXr
* XrK© ñda :- Á`m ñdam§Mm Cƒma cm§~Q> hmoVmo Ë`m§Zm
"XrK© ñda' åhUVmV. CXm. Amo. B©, Eo BË`mXr
* g§`Šw V ñda :- XmoZ ñda EH$Ì `oD$Z V`ma Pmcoë`m
ñdam§Zm g§`Šw V ñda åhUVmV.
CXm. A + B/B© = E. Am + C/D$ = Am¡
* ñdam§Mo àH$ma
ñdam§Mo gOmVr` ñda d {dOmVr` ñda Ago àH$ma nS>VmV.
1. gOmVr` ñda - Á`m ñdam§Mm Cƒma EH$mM ñWmZmVyZ
hmoVmo Ë`m§Zm ñdOmVr` ñda åhUVmV. CXm. A, Am, B, B©
BË`mXr
2. {dOmVr` ñda - Á`m ñdam§Mm CƒmañWmZmZo {^Þ -
{^Þ AmhoV Ë`m§Zm {dOmVr` ñda åhUVmV.
CXm. A-B©, B©-D$ BË`mXr

_amR>r ● 1
* ñdamXr :- `mg Cî_o åhUVmV. H$maU `m§Mm Cƒma H$aVmZm Kf©Um_wio
AZwñdma d {dgJ© `m XmoZ ÜdZrÀ`m qH$dm dUmªÀ`m nydr© CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoV.o
ñda `oVmo; åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm "ñdamXr' åhUVmV. _hmàmU :
_amR>rV AZwñdma d {dgJ© Ago XmoZ Cƒma AmhoV. h `m ì`§OZmMm Cƒma H$aVmZm \w$â\w$gmVrc hdm Vm|S>mdmQ>o
AZwñdma Am{U {dgJ© `m§Mm ñdV§ÌnUo CÀMma H$aVm `oV OmoamZo ~mhoa \o$H$co OmVo.
Zmhr. åhUy Z Vo ñda ZmhrV. `m§ M m Cƒma H$aVmZm ñdV§Ì ì`§OZ :- i hm ñdV§Ì dU© Ago åhUVmV.
ì`§OZmà_mUo ñdam§Mo gmhmæ` ¿`mdo cmJV Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm * dUmªMr CƒmañWmZo
ì`§OZo åhUVm `oV Zmhr (CXm. qMM) ñda ì`§OZo _wImMm ^mJ dUm©Mo Zmd
* Zdo ñdamXr A, Am H$², I², J², K², L², h² H§$R> H§$R>ç (H§$R>mcm ñne©)
B§J«Or ^mfoÀ`m g§dJm©_wio XmoZ Zdo ñdamXr V`ma Pmco B, B© M², N>², O², P², ̲, `², e² Vmcy Vmcì` ({O^oMm daMm
AmhoV. A°, Am° ho Zdo ñdamXr _mZÊ`mV `oVmV ^mJ)
* ì`§OZo F$ Q>², R²>, S²>, T²>, U², a², f², i _yYm© _yY©Ý` H§$R> d Q>miy `mMm ^mJ
H², I², J², K² nmgyZ h², i n`ªVMo dU© ñdV§ÌnUo CƒmaVm c¥ V², W², X², Y², Z², c², g² X§V X§Ë` (Xm§V)
`oV ZmhrV. H$ Mm Cƒma H$aVmZm A `m ñdamMm AmYma C, D$ n², \$², ~², ^², _² Amoð> Amoð>ç (AmoR>)
E, Eo. - H§$R> d Vmcy H§$R>Vmcì`
¿`mdm cmJVmo åhUyZ `m dUmªZm ì`§OZo Ago åhUVmV.
Amo, Am¡ - H§$R> d Amoð> H§$R>mmoð>ç
ñda ho nyU© CƒmamMo dU© AmhoV Va ì`§OZo AnyU© CƒmamMo - d² X§V d Amoð> X§Vm¡ð>ç
dU© AmhoV. EHy$U ì`§OZo 34 AmhoV. ì`§OZmMo nmM ^mJ - M², N²>, O², Âm² X§V d Vmby X§VVmbì`
nS>VmV `mV ñne© ì`§OZo, AY©ñda. Cî_o, _hmàmU d ñdV§Ì
ñda Ago ^mJ hmoVmV. * OmoS>mjao
ñne© ì`§OZmV H$R>mao , _¥Xÿ d AZwZm{gH$ Ago ^mJ hmoVmV. XmoZ d A{YH$ ì`§OZo EH$Ì `oD$Z Ë`mV ñda {_giVmo.
(1) H$R>moa ì`§OZ :- Á`m§Mm Cƒma H$R>moanUo Ho$cm Voìhm OmoS>mjao V`ma hmoVo.
OmVmo Ë`mg H$R>moa ì`§OZ åhUVmV. CXm. H²$, I², M², N²>, OmoS>mjao {c{hVmZm Á`m ì`§OZmMm Cƒma àW_ hmoVmo, Vo
BË`mXr. àW_ {chmdo CXm. {d{eï>, nËZr, {d¿ZhVm© BË`mXr OmoS>mjao
(2) _¥Xÿ qH$dm H$mo_c ì`§OZ :- Á`m ì`§OZmMm CÀMma {c{hÊ`mÀ`m àm_w»`mZo XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV.
ZmOyH$nUo Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`mg _¥Xÿ qH$dm H$mo_c ì`§OZ 1. C^r nÕVr - EH$mda EH$ Ago Aja {c{hÊ`mV `oV.o
åhUVmV. CXm. J², K², O², P² BË`mXr CXm. A¸$c
(3) AZwZm{gH$ ì`§OZo :- Á`m§Mm Cƒma ZmH$mVyZ hmoVmo 2. AmS>dr nÕVr - EH$mnwT>o EH$ Ago Aja {c{hÊ`mV
Ë`mcm AZwZm{gHo$ åhUVmV. CXm. L², Äm², U², Z² BË`mXr. `oV.o CXm. AŠH$c, H$ìdmbr.
* "a'\$ma`wŠV eãX
{dÚmWr© {_Ìm§Zmo hm (Äm) hm (Ì) Zmhr ho cjmV R>odm (1) gy`©, nyd©, AWd©, Y_©, Am`© BË`mXr
AY©ñda : (2) H$èhmS>, èhmg, gmVmè`mcm, dèhmS>r BË`mXr
`, a, c, d `mMo Cƒma AZwH«$_o B, C, F$, c¥, `m (3) H«$_, ào_, l_, à_mU BË`mXr
CƒmamgmaIoM AmhoV. g§Yr hmoVmZm `m ñdam§À`m OmJr ì`§OZo (4) öX`, H¥$îU, n¥Ïdr, H¥$Vr, V¥ár, d¥Îm BË`mXr
qH$dm ì`§OZm§À`m OmJr ñda `oVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm "AY©ñda' (5) S´>_, Q´>H$, _hmamï´>, S´>mBªJ BË`mXr
Ago åhUVmV. * j = H²$ +f² + A k = X² + Z² + J² + A
Cî_o :
c¥ hm ñdamZo _amR>rV Šc¥ár hm EH$M eãX V`ma hmoVmo.
e, f, g `m ì`§OZm§Zm Cî_o qH$dm Kf©H$ Ago åhUVmV.
* eãX : AW©nyU© Am{U H«$_~Õ Aem dUm©À`m aMZog
2 ● _amR>r
"eãX' Ago åhUVmV.
* Aja : AmdmOmÀ`m qH$dm ÜdZrÀ`m àË`oH$ IwUc o m Aja
åhUVmV (A-ja : Zme Z nmdUmao)
* n[aÀN>oX : AW©nyU© Am{U gwg§JV dmŠ`mÀ`m aMZocm
n[aÀN>Xo åhUVmV.
* dmŠ` : dmŠ` åhUOo nyU© AWm©Mo ~mocUo hmo`.
2. eãXmÀ`m OmVr
eãXm§À`m AmR> OmVr AmhoV
* eãXmMo {dH$mar d A{dH$mar Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
1. {dH$mar (gì``) eãX
eãXmÀ`m Zm_, gd©Zm_, {deofU d {H«$`mnX `m Mma
OmVrV qcJ, dMZ, {d^ŠVr `m H$maUm§_wio ~Xc hmoVmo.
~Xc hmoÊ`m_wio åhUOoM {dH$ma hmoÊ`m_wio Ë`mg "{dH$mar'
åhUVmV.
2. A{dH$mar (gì``) eãX
eãXm§À`m {H«$`m{deofU Aì``, eãX`moJr Aì``,
C^`mÝd`r Aì`` d Ho$dcà`moJr Aì`` `mV H$moUË`mhr
H$maUm§Zr ~Xc hmoV Zmhr åhUOo {dH$ma CËnÞ hmoV Zmhr
åhUyZ Aem eãXm§Zm A{dH$mar eãX åhUVmV. A{dH$mar
eãX Mma AmhoV.
1. Zm_
H${ënV, AH${ënV Agcoë`m ì`ŠVr, àmUr Am{U dñVy
`m§À`m Zmdmcm "Zm_' åhUVmV.
_amR>rV Zm_mMo à_wI VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
Zm_
(1) gm_mÝ`Zm_ (2) (2) {deofZm_ (3) ^mddmMH$ Zm_
1) g_yhdmMH$ Zm_o 2) nXmW©dmMH$ Zm_o
(1) gm_mÝ`Zm_ :
EH$mM OmVrÀ`m nXmWm©Vrc gmIaonUm_wio Ë`m nXmWm©cm
Oo gd©gmYmaU Zmd {Xco OmVo Ë`mcm "gm_mÝ`Zm_' Ago
åhUVmV. ZXr, nd©V d _wcJr hr gm_mÝ`Zm_o AmhoV.
gm_mÝ`Zm_mMo gmYmaUnUo g_y h dmMH$ Zm_ d
_amR>r ● 3
nXmW©dmMH$ Zm_ Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
1) g_yhdmMH$ Zm_ - H$mhr Zmdo g_yhmcm {Xcr OmVmV.
CXm. g¡Ý` åhQ>co Va gd© g¡{ZH$ Ë`mV {XgyZ `oVmV. dJ©
åhQ>co Va gd© {dÚmÏ`mªMm dJm©Vrc {dÚmÏ`mªMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
2) nXmW©dmMH$ Zm_ - n[a_mUm§Zr _moOVm `oUmè`m
nXmWmªZm nXmW©dmMH$ Zm_ åhUVmV. CXm. gmIa, XÿY, Jyi
BË`mXr
(2) {deofZm_ - Or Zmdo OmVrVrc gdmªZm {Xcocr
ZgyZ H$mhr R>am{dH$ dñVy§Zm qH$dm ì`ŠVs¨Zm {Xcocr AmhoV
Ë`m§Zm {deofZm_o åhUVmV. gm_mÝ`Zm_ ho Om{VdmMH$ qH$dm
JQ>dmMH$ AgVo Va {deofZm_ ho ì`pŠVdmMH$ AgVo. CXm.
JmoXmdar, {h_mc`, g{dVm hr Zmdo Cƒmaë`mZ§Va gd©
nd©Vm§Vrc {h_mc`M AmR>dVmo.
gd© ZÚm§_Yrc \$ŠV JmoXmdarM AmR>dVo. Va gd©
_wcrVrc \$ŠV g{dVm {hM _wcJr AmR>dVo. åhUOoM Vmo
nXmW© S>moù`m§nwT>o {XgVmo.
(3) ^mddmMH$ Zm_ - ^mddmMH$ Zm_mV dñVy d
nXmWm©Mm JwU qH$dm Y_© åhUOoM ^md àH$Q> hmoVmo.
àm_m{UH$nUm, YyVn© Um `m§Zm "^mddmMH$ Zm_o' åhUVmV.
^mddmMH$ Zm_mV nXmWmªMr pñWVr, {H«$`mgwÕm {H«$`m
Xe©{dVmV. hr Zm_o dñVwê$nmV XmIdVm `oV ZmhrV.
* H$mhr àË`` dmnê$Z ^mddmMH$ Zm_o V`ma hmoVmV.
1. B© - J[a~r, lr_§Vr, JmoS>r, hþemar
2. Vm - Z_ŒVm, EH$Vm, g_Vm, ~§YVw m
3. AmB© - _hmJmB©, ZdcmB©, MVwamB©, YwcmB©
4. dm - Jmadm, JmoS>dm, gwJmdm, nwamdm, Amocmdm
5. H$s - nmQ>rcH$s, AmnwcH$s, _mUwgH$s, {^jwH$s
6. {Jar - \$go{dJrar, Jwcm_{Jar, ^m_Q>o{Jar, XmXm{Jar
7. nU, nUm - ~mcnU, ehmUnUm, åhmVmanU, XodnU
8. ` - gm¢X`©, _mYw`©, em¡`©, Jm§^r`©, Am¡Xm`©
9. Ëd - _Zwî`Ëd, {_ÌËd, ZoVË¥ d
* EH$mamÝV Zm_o hr gd© AmS>Zmdo AmhoV. AH$mamÝV
g_Ocr OmUmar gd© Zm_o dU©ZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ì`§OZmV Amho.
CXm. hmV, \$i, nÌ BË`mXr XrK© AH$mamÝV Zm_o ZnwgH$
qbJmV AgVmV. CXm. \$io-\$io, dm§J-o dm§Jr. Zm_o ñdamÝV
qH$dm ì`§OZmV AgVmV.
 2. gd©Zm_o
EImÚm Zm_mMm Cƒma dma§dma Pmë`mZo Vmo EoH$Ê`mg ~am
dmQ>V Zmhr. ZmdmMm qH$dm Zm_mMm Cƒma dma§dma hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ
Ë`mEodOr _r, Vy, Vo, Ë`mcm, Ë`mZo `m§gmaIo eãX dmnaVmV,
Ë`m§Zm gd©Zm_o åhUVmV.
gd©Zm_ ho Zm_mEodOr `oV.o Zm_ Zgoc Va gd©Zm_mcm
ñdV:Mm AW© ZgVmo.
gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©Zm_m§Mo ghm àH$ma _mZVmV.
1. nwéfdmMH$ 2. g§~§Yr 3. àíZmW©H$
4. Xe©H$ 5. gm_mÝ` 6. AmË_dmMH$
1. nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ :-
nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_mMo àW_ nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_, {ÛVr`
nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ d V¥Vr` nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ Ago
CnàH$ma AmT>iVmV.
àW_nwéf gd©Zm_mV ~mocUmam ñdV:Mm CëcoI H$aVmo
(CXm. _r, AmnU, Amåhr), {ÛVr` nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_mV
Á`mÀ`mer ~mocm`Mo Amho Ë`mMm CëcoI H$aVmV (CXm. Vy,
Vwåhr) V¥Vr`nwéf gd©Zm_mV Á`mÀ`m{df`r ~mocm`Mo Amho
Ë`m dñVy ì`ŠVrMm CccoI H$aVmV. (CXm. Vmo, Vr, Vo
BË`mXr)
2. g§~§Yr gd©Zm_ :
Omo JaOoc, Vmo nSo>c H$m? `mVrc Omo `m gd©Zm_mcm
g§~Y§ r gd©Zm_ åhUVmV d `m gd©Zm_m~amo~a `oUmè`m Vmo
`m gd©Zm_mcm "AZwg§~§Y (_mJmhÿZ `oUmao) gd©Zm_'
åhUVmV.
åhUOoM dmŠ`mV nwT>o `oUmè`m Xe©H$ gd©Zm_mer g§~§Y
XmI{dUmè`m gd©Zm_m§Zm g§~Y§ r gd©Zm_ åhUVmV.
3. àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm_ :
àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm_o åhUOo Á`m gd©Zm_m§Mm Cn`moJ àíZ
{dMmaÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo Aer gd©Zm_o. gd©gmYmaUnUo
Aem gd©Zm_mMo CÎma Zm_ `oV AgVo.
CXm. XÿY H$moU XoVo? CÎma - Jm`, Jm` H$m` ImVo? CÎma
- JmdV
4. Xe©H$ gd©Zm_ :
dmŠ`mVrc OdiMr VgoM XÿaMr dñVy XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r
Oo gd©Zm_ `oVo Ë`mg "Xe©H$ gd©Zm_' åhUVmV. .
4 ●
CXm : ho nwñVH$ _mPo Amho. Vo Q>o~cmdaMo a_oeMo Amho.
hm, hr. ho BË`mXr Xe©H$ gd©Zm_o OdiMm àmUr qH$dm
nXmW© XmIdVmV. Vr, Vmo, Vo. BË`mXr Xe©H$ gd©Zm_o XÿaMm
àmUr qH$dm nXmW© XmIdVmV.
5. gm_mÝ` gd©Zm_ :
gm_mÝ` gd©Zm_mg A{ZpíMV gd©Zm_ Agohr åhUVmV.
CXm. 1) VwÂ`m {nedrV Oo H$m` Agoc Vo nmhÿ.
2) H$moUr H$moUmg {hUdy Z`o.
darc dmŠ`mV H$m`, H$moUr, H$moUmg ho eãX dmnaco
AmhoV Varhr dmŠ`mV àíZ {dMmacocm Zmhr. `m dmŠ`mVrc
H$m`, H$moUr, H$moUmg hr gd©Zm_o H$moUË`m Zm_m~Ôc Amcr
AmhoV ho {ZpíMV gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. åhUyZ Aem gd©Zm_m§Zm
gm_mÝ` gd©Zm_o åhUVmV.
6. AmË_dmMH$ gd©Zm_o :
dmŠ`mV AmnU, ñdV: d {ZO `m gd©Zm_m§Mm dmna ñdV:
`m AWm©Zo Ho$ë`mg hr gd©Zm_o AmË_dmMH$ gd©Zm_o hmoVmV.
CXm. 1. _r ñdV: Jmdmcm OmUma Amho.
2. Vmo AmnU hmoD$Z _mÂ`mH$So> Amcm.
* gm_mÝ`ê$n :
AmnU ~mocV AgVmZm AZoH$ eãX dmnarV AgVmo. Ë`m
eãXm§Mo AZoH$ Cn`moJ AWm©à_mUo hmoV AgVmV. Ë`mà_mUo
Ë`m eãXm§Zm Zmdo {Xcr AmhoV. Zm_-gd©Zm_-{deofU-
{H«$`mnX B. Ë`mn¡H$s Zm_ d gd©Zm_ `m§Mm dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ
H$aV AgVmZm ~è`mM doim Ë`m§À`m ê$nmV ~Xc H$ê$Z
Z§Va {d^ŠVr àË`` qH$dm Aì`d OmoSy>Z Ë`m Zm_mÀ`m qH$dm
gd©Zm_mÀ`m ~Xccoë`m ê$nmcm Ë`mMo gm_mÝ`ê$n Ago
åhUVmV.
{d^ŠVrMo àË`` OmoS>VmZm Zm_mÀ`m _yi ê$nmV ~Xc
hmoVmo.
CXm. KmoS>çmg = KmoS>m + g, _wcmcm = _yc + cm
nwñVH$m§V = nwñVH$m + V, {dQ>mM§ m = {dQ>m + Mm
(gm_mÝ`ê$no KmoS>çm, _wbm, {Xì`m, nwñVH$m, {dQ>m)
3. {deofU
{deofU åhUOo Zm_m~Ôc {deof _m{hVr gm§JyZ Zm_mMr
ì`mßVr _`m©{XV H$aUmam eãX hmo`.
{deofU Á`m Zm_m{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr gm§JVo, Vo Zm_
_amR>r
`m {deofUmMo {deoî` AgVo. H$mhr dmŠ`mV {deofU g§»`m {deofUo åhUVmV.
Zm_mÀ`m AmYr `oVo Am{U H$mhr dmŠ`mV Zm_mZ§Vahr `oVo. CXm. nmM _wco, EH$ Vmg, e§^a én`o
CXm. qMM Am§~Q> AgVo. JUZmdmMH$ {deofUmMo nwÝhm VrZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
{deofU ho {deoî`mÀ`m qcJ- dMZmà_mUo ~XcVo. A) nyUmªH$dmMH$ {deofUo - CXm. EH$, XmoZ, VrZ BË`mXr
{deofUmMo _w»` VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. ãm) AnyUmªH$dmMH$ {deofUo - CXm. AYm©, nmd, nmD$U,
MVH$moa BË`mXr
(A) nyUmªH$dmMH$ (ãm) AnyUmªH$dmMH (H$) gmH$ë`dmMH$

(1) JUZmdmMH$

H$) gmH$ë`dmMH$ {deofU - CXm. XmoK,o {VÝhr, Mmèhr,

nmMr, BË`mXr.
(A) JwU{deof (~) gmd©Zm_m{_H$ {deofU (H$) g§»`m{deofU

(2) H«$_dmMH$ {deofU :

(2) H«$_dmMH$ (3) Amd¥ÎmrdmMH$ (4) n¥WH$ËddmMH$ (5) A{ZpíMV

nXmW©, dñVy `m§Mm H«$_ XmI{dUmar {deofUo.

n{hcm ßc°Q>, Xwgam ~§Jcm, nÞmgmdo \y$c.
(3) Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$ {deofU :
{deofU

nXmW©, dñVy§À`m g§»`oMr {H$Vr doim Amd¥Îmr Pmcr hr

XmI{dUmao {deofUo
CXm. {ÛJw{UV AmZ§X, Mm¡nQ> én`o, BË`mXr
(4) n¥WH$ËddmMH$ {deofU
EH$mM nXmWm©Mo qH$dm dñVyMo ^mJ, n¥WŠ>H$aU XmI{dUmar
{deofUo.
CXm. EHo$H$ g¡{ZH$, Xhm Xhm én`o, AH$am AH$am én`o
(5) A{ZpíMV {deofU :
A) JwU{deofU :
hr {deofUo nXmW©, dñVy BË`mXs¨Mr {ZpíMV g§»`m {H$Vr
Á`m {deofUmZo Zm_mMm JwU Xe©{dcm OmVmo Ë`mg
Amho ho Xe©{dV ZmhrV. CXm. H$mhr _wco, gd© nwéf, WmoS>o
JwU{deofU åhUVmV.
én`o BË`mXr.
CXm. 1. ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r XJS>r KmQ> hmoVm.
2. _wcm§Zm Am§~Q> ~moao AmdS>V ZmhrV. * BVa eãXm§Mm {deofU åhUyZ dmna :
~) gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU : 1. Zm_gm{YV {deofUo :
Or {deofUo gd©Zm_mnmgyZ ~Zcocr AgVmV Ë`m§Zm Zm_mMm dmna Zm_mMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo.
"gmd©Zm{_H$' {deofU åhUVmV. CXm.Am½Œ`mMm noR>m OJà{gÕ Amho.
CXm. ho PmS>, Vmo njr, _mPo Jmd BË`mXr H$m{í_ar emcr OJà{gÕ AmhoV.
H$) g§»`m{deofU : 2. YmVwgm{YV {deofUo :
Zm_mMr g§»`m gm§JUmar {deofUo åhUOo g§»`m{deofU YmVy åhUOo {H«$`mnXmMo _yi ê$n. YmVy§Zm àË`` OmoSy>Z
hmo`. g§»`m{deofUmMo à_wI nmM ^mJ H$aVm `oVmV. Ë`mMm dmna Zm_mMr {deof _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo.
JUdmMH$, H«$_dmMH$, Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$, n¥WH$dmMH$, CXm. PmS>mdaVr {nH$cocm Am§~m cmJcocm hmoVm.
A{ZpíMV VgoM JUZmdmMH$ {deofUmMo nyUmªH$ËdmMH$ `mVrc nrH$ hm YmVy Amho.
AnyUmªH$dmMH$ d gmH$ë`dmMH$ Ago ^mJ nS>VmV. 3. Aì``gm{YV {deofUo :
(1) JUdmMH$ {deofU : `mV {deofUmV Aì``m§Mm dmna {deofU åhUyZ Ho$cm
JUZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnacr OmUmar {deofUo JUZmdmMH$ OmVmo. CXm. da, Imcr, _mJo, nwT>o BË`mXr

_amR>r ● 5
4. {dYr {deofUo :
Zm_mZ§Va `oUmao {deofU hmo`.
CXm. qMM Am§~Q> AgVo.
4. {H«$`mnX
{H«$`mnX åhUOo dmŠ`mMm AW© nyU© H$aUmam {H«$`mdmMH$
e~X.
{H«$`mnXm{edm` dmŠ`mMm AW© nyU© hmoV Zmhr.
* ewÕ {H«$`mnXo : YmVycm àË`` cmJyZ Oo nyUm©W©Xe©H$
ê$n V`ma hmoVo Ë`mg "ewÕ {H«$`mnX' åhUVmV.
* {_l {H«$`mnX : nyUm©W© ê$n OmoSy>Z Oo {H«$`mnX V`ma
hmoVo Ë`mg {_l {H«$`mnX åhUVmV.
* {H«$`mnXmMo {Z`{_V d A{Z`{_V {H«$`mnXo Ago
XmoZ àH$magwÕm nS>VmV.
* {H«$`mnXmÀ`m _yi ê$nmcm YmVy Ago åhUVmV. CXm.
hg
* YmVycm àË`` OmoSy>Z V`ma hmoUmam eãX Oa nyU© {H«$`m
Xe©{dV Zgoc Va Ë`mg YmVwgm{YVo qH$dm H¥$XÝVo åhUVmV.
CXm. _yi YmVy - Om, Á`mnmgyZ, OmVmV.
_yi YmVy H$a - H$aVm, H$ê$Z, H$aVmZm
* AH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - H$_m©Mr JaO Zgcoco {H«$`mnX
* gH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - H$_m©Mr JaO Agcoco {H«$`mnX
* AH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - CXm. Ë`m chmZ _wcm§Zm XyY
AmdS>Vo
* gH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - CXm._r nwñVH$ dmMVmo.
* H$Vm© emoYVmZm - {H«$`mnXmÀ`m _yi ê$nmcm Umam
àË`` cmdyZ H$moU? hm àíZ {dMmamdm.
* H$_© emoYVmZm - {H«$`m Á`mda KS>Vo Vo H$_©.
* {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - EH$mM doir XmoZ KQ>H$mda {H«$`m
KS>Vo. CXm. _wcmZo _wcrcm Am§~m {Xcm.
* dñVw d mMH$ H$_m© c m àË`j H$_© åhUVmV. Va
ì`pŠVdmMH$ H$_m©cm AàË`j H$_© åhUVmV.
* C^`{dY {H«$`mnXo - gH$_©H$ d AH$_©H$ Aem XmoÝhr
nÕVr dmnaVm `oVmV.
* g§`wŠV {H«$`mnX åhUOo YmVwgm{YV d ghm` {H«$`mnX
{_iyZ V`ma hmoVo. CXm. gwYra, EdT>m noê$ ImD$Z Q>mH$.
* ghm`H$ {H«$`mnXm§Zm Jm¡U {H«$`mnX Agohr åhUVmV.
6 ●
* à`moOH$ {H«$`mnX : H$Vm© ñdV: H$arV ZgyZ hr {H«$`m
Xþgè`m H$moUmH$Sy>Z H$amd`mg cmdV AgVmV. CXm. AmB©
Ë`m _wcmcm hg{dVo.
* eŠ` {H«$`mnX - {H«$`m H$aÊ`mg H$Ë`m©Mr eŠ`Vm
AgVo. åhUyZ Ë`mg eŠ` {H«$`mnX åhUVmV. CXm. Ë`m
AmOmar _wcmcm AmVm WmoS>o ~gdVo.
* ^mdH$V¥©H$ {H«$`mnXo (AH$V¥©H$ {H«$`mnXo)
CXm. Jmdr OmVmZm gmVmaOdi COmS>c.o
_r Kar nmohmoMÊ`mnydr©M gm§Omdco.
{nÎmm_wio _i_iVo.
* H$aUê$n {H«$`mnX (hmoH$maXe©H$)
Á`m {H«$`mnXm_YyZ hmoH$ma Xe©dcm OmVmo Ë`mg H$aUê$n
{H«$`mnX åhUVmV. CXm. Zoh_r Iao ~mocmdo.
* AH$aUê$n {H«$`mnX (ZH$maXe©H$)
dmŠ`mVrc Á`m {H«$`mnXm_YyZ ZH$ma Xe©{dcm OmVmo Ë`mg
AH$aUê$n {H«$`mnX åhUVmV.
CXm. H$Yrhr ImoQ>o ~mcy Z`o.
* A{Z`{_V {H«$`mnXo - H$mhr {H«$`mnXm§Mr _yi {H«$`mnXo
{ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm `oV ZmhrV Aer {H«$`mnXo
CXm. _wcm§Zr añË`m§V Ioiy Z`o. Ago dmJUo ~ao Zìho.
* H$maH$ g§~§Y d H$maH$ {d^ŠVr
dmŠ` - PwO § nmIè`mZo qOH$cr
darc dmŠ`mV qOH$cr `m {H«$`mnXmMm nmIè`mZo d PwO §
`m XmoZ Zm_m§er àË`j g§~§Y Amcm Amho. {O§H$Umam H$moU?
Va nmIè`m qOH$Ê`mMr {H«$`m H$aUmam åhUyZ Vmo H$Vm©.
qOH$Ê`mMr {H«$`m H$moUmda KS>V?o Va PwO§ `m eãXmda åhUyZ
Pww§O ho H$_©. `m dmŠ`mV nmIè`mZo d Pw§O `m§Mr H$maH$
{d^ŠVr Amho. H$maU Ë`mMm g§~§Y {H«$`mnXmer Amho. H$Vm©
d H$_© `m H$maH$ {d^ŠVr hmoV.
dmŠ`mV Zm_mMm d gd©Zm_mMm _w»` {H«$`mnXmer Omo
g§~§Y AgVmo Ë`mcm H$maH$mW© dm H$maH$ g§~§Y d Ë`m
{d^ŠVrcm H$maH$ {d^ŠVr åhUVmV.
* CnnX g§~Y§ /CnnX {d^ŠVr
dmŠ`- åhUOo MmoarÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§À`m KmoaÊ`mMm
Ìmg Var Q>icm.
darc dmŠ`mV MmoarÀ`m `m eãXmMm g§~§Y {Z{_ÎmmZo `m
_amR>r
eãXmer Amho. VgoM KmoaÊ`mMm `m eãXmMm g§~§Y Ìmg

arVr
nyU©
AnyU©
gmYm
àH$ma dV©_mZH$mi
`m eãXmer Amho. åhUOoM MmoarÀ`m d KmoaÊ`mMm `m XmoZ

_r J¥hnmR> {chrV Amho.

_r J¥hnmR> {c{hcm Amho.

_r J¥hnmR> {c{hVmo.
eãXm§Mm g§~§Y `m dmŠ`mVrc Q>icm `m {H«$`mnXmer ZgyZ

_r J¥hnmR> {chrV AgVmo.

{Z{_ÎmmZo d Ìmg `m XmoZ CnnXm§er Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m
g§~§Ym§Zm CnnX g§~§Y qH$dm CnnX {d^ŠVr Ago åhUVmV.
{d^ŠVrÀ`m ê$nm_wio dmŠ`mVrc eãXmeãXm§_Yrc ho Oo
g§~Y§ qH$dm ZmVr OmoS>cr OmVmV Ë`m§Zm ì`mH$aUmV {d^ŠVrMo
AW© Ago åhUVmV.

_r J¥hnmR> {c{hcm.
_r J¥hnmR> {c{hV hmoVmo.
_r J¥hnmR> {chrV Ago
_r J¥hnmR> {c{hcm hmoVm

^yVH$mi
* CnnXmW© : dmŠ`mVrc Zm_ qH$dm gd©Zm_ `m§Mo
{H« $ `mnXmer Agco c m g§ ~ § Y åhUOo H$maH$mW© hmo V .
{H«$`mnXm{edm` BVa eãXm§er Agcoë`m g§~§Ym§Zm CnnXmW©
åhUVmV.
{d^ŠVr
{d^ŠVr EH$dMZr àË`` AZoH$dMZr àË`` H$maH$mW©

_r J¥hnmR> AgoZ.
_r J¥hnmR> {chrZ.
_r J¥hnmR> {chrV OmB©Z.
_r J¥hnmR> {c{hcm AgoZ

^{dî`H$mi
àW_m - - H$Vm©
{ÛVr`m g, cm, Vo g, cm, Zm, Vo H$_©
V¥Vr`m Zo, E, er Zr, er, B©, hr H$aU
MVwWr© g, cm, Vo g, cm, Zm, Vo g§àXmZ
n§M_r D$Z, hÿZ D$Z, hÿZ AnmXZ
fð>r Mm, Mr, Mo Mm, Mr, Mo g§~§Y [aVrH$mimV {H«$`m gVV KS>V AgVo Ago Xe©{dco OmVo.
gá_r V, B©, Am V, B©, Am A{YH$aU 5. {H«$`m{deofU
g§~moYZ - Zmo hmH$ {H« $ `mnXm~Ôc A{YH$ _m{hVr Xo U mè`m eãXmcm
{H«$`m{deofU åhUVmV. {H«$`m{deofU hm {H«$`oMo d¡{eï>ç
* H$mi XmIdUmam A{dH$mar eãX g_Ocm OmVmo. {H«$`m Ho$ìhm Hw$R>o
dmŠ`mVrc {H«$`mnXmdê$Z H$mimMm ~moY hmoVmo Ë`mg H$mi d H$er hmoVo ho Vmo XmIdVmo.
åhUVmV.
_yi H$mi VrZ AmhoV.
1. dV©_mZH$mi - _r OodU H$aVmo.
2. ^yVH$mi - _r OodU Ho$co.
3. ^{dî`H$mi - _r OodU H$aoZ.
YmVyMr gd© H$mimVrc ê$no

_amR>r ● 7
 {H«$`m{deofU 2. ar{VdmMH$ : {H«$`m H$er KS>Vo VgoM {H«$`m KS>Ê`mMr
A) AWm©dê$Z àH$ma (6) ~) ñdê$nmdê$Z àH$ma (2) ar{V/nÕV XmI{dVmV. CXm.gmn AmnmoAmn KamVyZ {ZKyZ
Jocm.
1) H$mcdmMH$ (3) 1) {gÕ {H«$`m{deofU `mMo VrZ CnàH$ma AmT>iVmV.
(1) H$mcXe©H$ (1) àH$maXe©H$ : `mV {H«$`m{deofUmV {H«$`m H$em
2) gm{YV {H«$`m{deofU àH$mamV hmoVmo ho Xe©{dVmV.
(2) gmVË`Xe©H$
(1) àË``gm{YV CXm. OcX, hiy, gmdH$me, CJrM, Ogo, Vgo, Oodr
(3) Amd¥ÎmrXe©H$ (2) gm_m{gH$
2) ar{VdmMH$ (3) BË`mXr.
(3) ñWm{ZH$ (2) AZwH$aUXe©H$ : `m àH$mamV {H«$`m AZwH$aU
(1) àH$maXe©H$
(2) AZwH$aUXe©H$ H$aVmZm Xe©{dVmV.
(3) {ZíM`mW©H$ CXm. nQ>nQ>, Q>nQ>n, PQ>H$Z, ~Xm~X BË`mXr.
3) ñWcdmMH$ (2) (3) {ZíM`mW©H$ : `m àH$mamV {H«$`m{deofUmV {ZíMV
(1) pñWVrXe©H$ (1) hmoVmZm Xe©{dco OmVo.
(2) J{VXe©H$ (2) CXm. I{MV, IamoIa, ZŠH$s, Iwemc, BË`mXr
4) g§»`mdmMH$ (n[aUm_dmMH$) 3) ñWcdmMH$ : `m àH$mamV {H«$`m KS>Ê`mMo ñWi qH$dm
{R>H$mU Xe©{dVmV.
5) {ZfoYmW©H$ CXm. na_oída gd©Ì Amho.
`mMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
6) àíZmW©H$ (1) pñWVrXe©H$ : `m àH$mamV {H«$`oMr pñWVr Xe©{dcr
OmVo.
(1) {H«$`m{deofU Aì``m§Mo dJr©H$aU XmoZ àH$mamV Ho$co CXm. Imcr, da, H$moR>o, _Ü`o, _mJo, nwT>o, `oWo, VoWo
OmVo. n{hcm àH$ma AWm©dê$Z nS>Vmo, Va Xþgam ñdê$nmZwgma (2) J{VXe©H$ : `m àH$mamV {H«$`oMr JVoMr pñWVr
àH$ma nS>Vmo. Xe©{dcr OmVo.
A. AWm©dê$Z nS>Umao àH$ma CXm. BH$Sy>Z, {VH$Sy>Z, cm§~, Xÿa, dê$Z, ImcyZ BË`mXr
1) H$mcdmMH$ : (CXm. _r CÚm Jmdmcm OmB©Z) 4) g§»`mdmMH$ (n[aUm_dmMH$) {H«$`m{deofU Aì``o
H$mcdmMH$ {H«$`m{deofUmV {H«$`m KS>Ê`mMm H$mi (doi) 5) {Zfo Y mW© H $ : ZH$ma qH$dm {Zfo Y Xe© d Umar
Xe©{dVmV. Ë`mMo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. {H«$`m{deofU Aì`` AmhoV.
(1) H$mcXe©H$ : {H«$`m Ho$ìhm KS>cr ho Xe©{dco OmVo. CXm. 1. Vw Z BWo hmoVmg Zm {VWo
CXm. AmYr, AmVm, VyV©, hëcr, amÌrg, {XdgmMm, Ho$ìhm 2. Vmo Z MwH$Vm `oVmo.
BË`mXr. 6) àíZmW©H$ {H«$`m{deofU Aì``o :
(2) gmVË`Xe©H$ : {H«$`o_Ü`o gmVË` Xe©{dUmao eãX. H$m, Zm, H$mo R > o , H$go Ago eãXm§ M m dmna àíZ
CXm. {ZË`, gXm, gd©Xm, AmOH$mc, {Xdg^a BË`mXr {dMmaÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`mg àíZmW©H$ {H«$`m{deofU åhUVmV.
(3) Amd¥{ÎmXe©H$ : nwZamd¥Îmr Xe©{dUmè`m {H«$`m- CXm. Vwåhr OodU H$amc Zm?
{deofUm§Zm Amd¥{ÎmXe©H$ åhUVmV. CXm. dma§dma, {\$ê$Z, Vwåhr Am_À`mH$So> `mc Zm?
nwZ: nwÝhm, jUmojUr, EH$Xm, XmoZXm, gmcmogmc. ~) {H«$`m{deofU Aì``mMo ñdê$nmZwgma XmoZ àH$ma
(dmŠ`mVrc {H«$`m KS>Ê`mMo ñWi qH$dm {R>H$mU nS>VmV.
XmI{dVmV. CXm. na_oída gd©Ì Amho.) 1. {gÕ {H«$`m{deofU : _yi ñdê$nmV Vgo Amcoco
8 ● _amR>r
{H«$`m{deofU
CXm. Vmo _mJo Jocm/_mJo, nwT>o, `oWo, VoWo BË`mXr
2. gm{YV {H«$`m{deofU : BVa eãXmnmgyZ ~Zcoco
{H«$`m{deofU
CXm. _moR>çmZo, EH$Xm, H$moRy>Z B.
`mMo VrZ CnàH$ma nS>VmV.
(1) àË`gm{YV {H«$`m{deofU
1) Zm_gm{YV : amÌr, {Xdgm, gH$mir, dñVwV:
ì`pŠVe:
2) gd©Zm_gm{YV : {H$Ë`oH$Xm, Ë`m_wio, hçmdê$Z
3) {deofUgm{YV : EH$Ì, _moR>çmZo, BVŠ`mV
4) YmVwgm{YV : aS>VmZm, hgVmZm, JmVmZm
5) Aì``gm{YV : H$moRy>Z, BH$Sy>Z, dê$Z, ImcyZ
(2) gm_m{gH$ {H«$`m{deofU :
{ÛéŠVrZo V`ma hmoUmar {H«$`m{deofU
CXm. `WmeŠVr, à{V{XZ, JmdmoJmd, JëbmoJëcr,
J¡ahOa
(3) ñWm{ZH$ {H«$`m{deofU
{ZXmZ, IamoIa `m AWm©Zo BVa dmnacoco doJio eãX
`mg H$moUr H$moUr ñWm{ZH$ {H«$`m{deofU åhUVmV.
CXm. Vr H$m` _mVr JmVo!
6. eãX`moJr Aì``o
Oo eãX (qH$dm àË``) OmoS>ë`m_wio EImÚm eãXmMo
dmŠ`mVrc H$m`© qH$dm Ë`mMm BVa eãXm§er Agcocm g§~§Y
{ZpíMV hmoVmo, Ë`mcm g§~§YeãX ho Zmd Amho. _amR>r
ì`mH$aUmV `mg eãX`moJr Aì`` Ago åhUVmV. CXm. da,
Imcr, _wio, gmR>r BË`mXr
eãX`moJr Aì`` - nmonQ> PmS>mda ~gcm
{H«$`m{deofU Aì`` - nmonQ> da ~gcm
* eãX`moJr Aì``mMo àH$ma
1. H$mcdmMH$
A. H$mcXe©H$ : AmYr, Z§Va, AmVm, nmdVmo, nwT>o, nydr©,
CXm. XþnmaZ§Va nmdgmg gwédmV Pmcr.
~. J{VdmMH$ : _YyZ, ImcyZ, nmgyZ, AmVyZ, n`ªV,
CXm. Q>~o cmImcyZ C§Xra Jocm.
_amR>r ● 9
2. ñWcdmMH$ : AcrH$So>, ncrH$So>, _Ü`o, nwT>o, g_moa,
Odi, ~mhoa, R>m`r, nmer, ZOrH$, g_rn B.
CXm. {\«$O_Ü`o ^mOr Amho.
3. hoVydmMH$ : H$[aVm, gmR>r, AWr©, H$maUo, {Z{_Îm,
àrË`W©, ñVd BË`mXr.
CXm. nmÊ`mgmR>r Vmo Xmhr {Xem {\$acm.
4. H$aUdmMZ (gmYZ) - `moJo, H$adr, hmVr, Ûmam,
H$Sy>Z.
CXm. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z doi nmicr OmV Zmhr.
5. ì`pŠVaoH$dmMH$ : {edm`, {dZm, ì`{V[aŠV, dmMyZ,
naVm, IoarO.
CXm. Vw_À`m{edm` _r naV OmUma Zmhr.
6. VwcZmdmMH$ : Va, V_, nojm, _Ü`o, narg.
CXm. gwYranojm Vmo hþema Amho.
7. `mo½`VmdmMH$ : g_, OmoJm, gmaIm, g_mZ, `mo½`,
à_mUo, ãmahþHy$_ BË`mXr
CXm. Vw_À`mgmaIm _mUyg emoYZy gmnS>Uma Zmhr.
8. H¡$dë`dmMH$ : Zm, _mÌ, nU \$ŠV, M Ho$di B.
CXm. _cmnU ho noZ hdo Amho
9. g§~§YdmMH$ : {df`r, {der, g§~§Yr BË`mXr
CXm. J{UVm{df`r _wcm§À`m _ZmV ^rVr AgVo.
10. g§J«hdmMH$ : gÕm, XoIrc, nU, hr, ~marH$,
BË`mXr.
CXm. VwåhrXoIrc ho H$m_ H$aVm H$m?
11. gmhM`©dmMH$ : gh, g§Jo, gH$Q>, ~amo~a, g{hV,
{Zer, gdo, g_doV BË`mXr
CXm. am__§{Xa hZw_mZmgh AgVo.
12. ^mJdmMH$ : nmoQ>r, n¡H$s AmVyZ BË`mXr
CXm. Vw_À`mn¡H$s Iao H$moU ~mocV Amho.
13. {d{Z_`dmMH$ : ~Ôc, EodOr, ~Xcr, OmJr BË`mXr
CXm. no{ÝgbrEodOr noZ dmnam
14. {XH²$dmMH$ ({Xem) : àV, àVr, H$So>, cmJr B.
CXm. Vw_À`mH$So> H$moUrVar Amco Amho.
15. {damoYdmMH$ : drU, CcQ>o, gwcQ>o, {déÕ BË`mXr
CXm. Vw_À`m{déÕ H$moUr H$mhr ~mocco Va Mmcoc H$m?
16. n[aUm_dmMH$ : ^a
CXm. {Xdg^a amhwc IoiV hmoVm.
 * Imcrc eãX`moJr Ad`d {d^ŠVrH$m`© ñdénmV C^`mÝd`r Aì``o
{d^ŠVr Aì``
àYmZgyMH$ (4) Jm¡UËdgyMH$ (4)
{ÛVr` àV, cmJr
(1) g_wƒ`~moYH$ (1) ñdê$n~moYH$
V¥Vr`m H$adr, H$Sy>Z, Ûmam, _wio, à_mUo, `moJo,
(2) {dH$ën~moYH$ (2) CÔoe~moYH$
gh, ~amo~a
(3) Ý`yZËd~moYH$ (3) g§Ho$V~moYH$
MVwWr© H$[aVm, H$So>, àV, ~Ôc, gmR>r, àrË`W©,
(4) n[aUm_~moYH$ (4) H$maU~moYH$
EodOr, ñVd
* àYmZËdgyMH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`` : `mV XmoÝhr dmŠ`
n§M_r nmgyZ, {edm`, IoarO, H$Sy>Z,
àYmZ AgVmV.
dmMyZ, nojm
1. g_w ƒ `~mo Y H$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`` : (n{hë`m
nð>r {df`r, g§~§Yr
{dYmZmV A{YH$ ^a)
gá_r Imbr, _Ü`o, R>m`r, g_moa, ^modVr, EodOr
Am{U, d, AZ, AmUIr, Z, {Z, {edm`, Am{UH$ B.
* gm{YV eãX`moJr Aì`` CXm. T>J Amco Am{U nmdgmcm gwédmV Pmcr.
1. Zm_gm{YV - H$S>-H$So>, _Ü`-_Ü`o, {df`-{df`r, 2. {dH$ën~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`` (XmoZ {dYmZm§Mo
2. {deofUgm{YV - `mo½`, {déÕ, g{hV, g_mZ, {dH$ën R>aVmV) AWdm dm, {H$, qH$dm, AJa
gmaIm, g_ CXm. Xoh Omdmo AWdm amhmo
3. YmVwgm{YV - H$a-H$[aVm, XoI-XoIrc, cmJ- _cm Am§~m AmdS>Vmo qH$dm g\$aM§X AmdS>Vo.
cmJyZ, nmd-nmdVmo. 3. Ý`yZËd~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``o : (H$_rnUm, CUrd
4. {H«$`m{deofUmgm{YV - _mJyZ, nwT>yZ, dê$Z, ImcyZ, XmI{dUmao eãX)
AmVyZ CXm. {H§$dm, na§Vw, nU, ~mH$s, Var
5. g§ñH¥$V eãXgm{YV - namoj, {dZm, g_j, g_rn dmŠ` : _r ~gñQ>±S> daVr Jocmo nU ~g Jocr hmoVr.
* ewÕ eãX`moJr Aì`` : _amdo nar H$s{V©ê$no Camdo.
gm_mÝ`ê$n Z hmoUmao eãX`moJr Aì``o. 4. n[aUm_~mo Y H$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``o (n[aUm_
CXm. Zm, hr, XoIrc, gwÕm, M BË`mXr KS>{dVmV Ago eãX)
7. C^`mÝd`r Aì`` CXm. åhUyZ, `mH$[aVm, g~~, AVEd, Vñ_mV, Voìhm,
XmoZ Zm_o, dmŠ`o qH$dm EH$dJr©` eãX OmoS>Umè`m eãXmcm BË`mXr.
C^`mÝd`r Aì`` åhUVmV. OmoS>Uo åhUOo EH$Ì AmUUo. dmŠ` - gwZrc n{hcm Amcm åhUyZ Ë`mcm ~jrg
Ago EH$Ì AmUUo n`m©` XoD$Z {damoY ì`ŠV H$ê$Z qH$dm {_imco.
BVa H$mhr _mJmªZrhr hmody eH$Vo. * Jm¡UËdgyMH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``
CXm. Am{U, d, nU, åhUyZ BË`mXr EH$ àYmZ d EH$ Jm¡U dmŠ` AgVo Voìhm Jm¡UËdgyMH$
CXm. am_ Am{U grVm dZmV Joc.o Aì`` V`ma hmoVo. `mMo Mma CnàH$ma hmoVmV.
* C^`mÝd`r Aì``o A{dH$mar AgVmV. 1. ñdê$n~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`` : (_mJrc eãXmMm
* C^`mÝd`r Aì``mMo nwT>rc àH$ma nS>VmV. Iwcmgm H$aUmao eãX)
CXm. åhUyZ, åhUOo, Oo, H$s. BË`mXr
dmŠ` : EH$ {cQ>a åhUOo hOma {_{c{cQ>a
g_W© åhUOo am_Xmgñdm_r hmo`.
2. CÔoe~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`` : (CÔoe qH$dm hoVy

10 ● _amR>r
 1. g_mZmWr© eãX
Am»`m{`H$m cmoH$H$Wm, X§VH$Wm
AMni ImoS>H$a, M§Mc
AnamY JwÝhm
A{^ZoVm ZQ>
A½Zr AmJ, AZc, nmdH$
AZW© A[aï>, g§H$Q>
A{daV gVV, AI§S>
AaÊ` amZ, dZ, H$mZZ, {d{nZ, O§Jc
AMc pñWa, em§V, nd©V
Anm` Ìmg, BOm
A_¥V nr`yf, gwYm, g§OrdZr
Ad{MV AMmZH$, EH$X_
Ah§H$ma K_|S>, Jd©
AmB© _mVm, OZZr, _mD$cr, _m`,
OÝ_XmÌr
AmZ§X hf©, _moX, Vmof, g§Vmof, Am_moX
AmíM`© Zdc, AM§~m, {dñ_`
Amkm hþHy$_, AmXoe
AmnÎmr g§H$Q>
AmgZ ~¡R>H$
Amagm Xn©U
AmH$me Z^, JJZ, A§~a, Am^mi
Am`wî` OrdZ
Amg BÀN>m, _Zrfm
AmgŠ>Vr cmo^, hì`mg
A§Yma {V{_a, H$mimoI, V_
A§V eodQ>, AIoa
A§Jma {ZImam
A§V[aj AdH$me
AmoT>mi CZmS>, ^Q>H$m
AZmW {ZamYma, nmoaH$m
AË`mMma AÝ`m`, Owby_

_amR>r ì`mH$aU 61
d
eãXg§J«h
Bemam gyMZm, IyU IQ>mQ>mon à`ËZ, _ohZV, YS>nS>
BZm_ ~jrg ImMm ^oJm, {Mam
B§Ð gwa|Ð, Xod|Ð Im§~ ñV§^
BhcmoH$ _¥Ë`wcmoH$ I§V IoX, Xþ:I
CËgmh hþê$n »`mVr à{gÕr, H$rVr©
CnXoe gëcm Jm`H$ JdB©
C§Xra _yfH$ J«§W nwñVH$
CUrd H$_VaVm, Ý`yZ, Ý`yZVm JéS> d¡ZVo`, {ÛOamO, IJ|Ð
CXa nmoQ> J¥{hU KaYZrU
CndZ ~JrMm, ~mJ, CÚmZ, dm{Q>H$m JUnVr JOmZZ, c§~moXa, {dZm`H$, EH$X§V,
CXmg pIÞ, Xþ:Ir Jm¡argwV, Jm¡arZ§XZ, {d¿ZhVm©,
D$Om© eŠ>Vr àW_oe
CËH$f© ^a^amQ>, àJVr, {dH$mg Jmd IoSo>, J«m_
CnÐd Ìmg, N>i JmUo JrV
Eoíd`© lr_§Vr, d¡^d Jwhm Jw§\$m
EH$OyQ> EH$s, EoŠ>`, EH$Vm Jm` YoZy, Jmo_mVm
Am¡jU AmodmiUo. Jm¡ad gËH$ma
H$a_UyH$ _Zmoa§OZ Jmoï> H$Wm, H$hmUr
H$ï> _ohZV J§Y dmg, n[a_i
H$_i n§H$O, amOrd, nX²_,A§~wO, Ka gXZ, J¥h, {Zdmg, ^dZ, Joh,
gamoO, H$m¡_w{XZr, ZraO Amc`, {ZHo$VZ
H$R>moa {ZX©`, {Zðw>a KmoS>m h`, Aíd, dmê$, VwaJ
H$Q>r H§$~a Moham _wI, dXZ, AmZZ, Vm|S>
H$mR> Vra, {H$Zmam, VQ Mm¡Wam AmoQ>m
H$mZ H$U©, lmoÌ Mm¡\o$a MhÿH$So>, gd©Ì, ^modVmcr
H$mdim H$mH$, dm`g, EH$mj M§Ð eer, gmo_, eem§H$, B§Xÿ,
gwYm§ey, gwYmH$a
H$mamJ¥h Vwé§J, ~§{Xdmg, H¡$XImZm
Mm§XUo H$m¡_wXr, M§{ÐH$m, Á`moËñZm
H$mð> cmHy$S>
N>~r gm¢X`©
{H$_`m OmXÿ, M_ËH$ma
N>S>m Vnmg, emoY
{H$ëcm JS>, VQ>, XþJ©
{N>Ð ^moH$
H¥$nU H§$Oyf, {MŠ>H$y$
N>§X ZmX, AmdS>
H¥$e Aeº$, hS>Hw$im
O`Kmof O`O`H$ma
IJ njr, {ÛO, A§S>O, {dh§J
Oam åhmVmanU

62 _amR>r ì`mH$aU _amR>r ì`mH$aU 63

d d
eãXg§J«h eãXg§J«h
OI_ d«U, BOm W§S> Jma, erV, erVc
OrU© OwZo Ïmdm KmoiH$m, JQ>, M_y, g_wXm`
{Oìhmim _m`m, __Vm, ào_ XJS> IS>H$, nmfmU
Á`oð> _moR>m, d[að> Xm{JZm Ac§H$ma, ^yfU
{OÞg nXmW© {XZ {Xdg
PmS> d¥j, Vé XrZ Jar~
Pm§Oa nhmQ> Xmam ~m`H$mo, nËZr
Pw§~S> JXr© X§S>dV Z_ñH$ma, àUm_
P|S>m ÜdO, {ZemU, nVmH$m XmV X§V, aXZ
PmoH$m qhXmoim X`m H$éUm
Qw>_Xma aå` XwOm Xþgam
Q>§MmB© H$_VaVm Xþ{Z`m OJ, {díd
R>gm IyU XþOm^md ^oX^md
R>J cwQ>mê$ Xod B©ída, na_oída, gya, B©e
R>oHo$Xma H§$ÌmQ>Xma, _Š>VoXma X¡Ý` Xm[aX«ç
R>H$ c~mS> Ðì` n¡gm
S>moim Mjy, Z`Z, ZoÌ, cmoMZ, Aj XþX©em XþamdñWm, Xþ:pñWVr
S>moHo$ _ñVH$, {ea, _mWm XþY©a H$R>rU, AdKS>, JhZ
S>m¡c Vmoam, EoQ> Ydc nm§T>ao, ew^«
S>m|Ja nd©V YZ n¡gm, g§nÎmr, g§nXm, {dÎm, Ðì`
T>rJ amg YZwî` Mmn, YyZ, H$moX§S>m, VraH$_R>m
T>J _oK, OcX,A§~wX, n`moX YaUr n¥Ïdr, YaVr, _hr, dgwYm,
Vcdma IS²>J, g_eoa dgw§Yam, ^y_r, Y[aÌr, O_rZ, ^y
Vcmd H$mgma, Vio, VQ>mH$, gmag ZJa eha, nya, nwar
VéU OdmZ, `wdH$ ZOamUm ^oQ>, Cnhma
Vmao VmaH$m, Mm§XÊ`m, ZjÌ ZdZrV cmoUr
V§XþéñV {ZamoJr Zmai lr\$i, Zm[aHo$c
VhmZ V¥fm, cmcgm ZmW YZr, ñdm_r
Vmé OhmO, Jc~V ZXr g[aVm, V{Q>Zr, OrdZXm{`Zr
Vmcr_ ì`m`m_emim {ZO©Z AmogmS>
V¥U JdV {ZP©a Pam
Vi ñWmZ, {R>H$mU {Z_©i ñdÀN>, {ZîH$c§H$, {d_c
WH$dm {eUdQ>m, erU ZrM VwÀN>, Mm§S>mi, AY_

64 _amR>r ì`mH$aU _amR>r ì`mH$aU 65

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Zm¡Xc Ama_ma ~§Yy ^mD$, ^«mVm
ZoVm Zm`H$, nwT>mar ~«rX ~mUm, à{Vkm
nmUr Oc, CXH$, dm[a, Zra, ~ha h§Jm_, gwJr
OrdZ, n`, gcrc ~hrU ^{JZr
nJS>m à^md ^ma AmoPo
naoS> H$dm`V ^md qH$_V
nmZ nU©, nÌ, nëcd ^mZ OmJ¥Vr, Ü`mZ
nmiV nhmam ^adgm {dídmg, ImÍmr
nd©V ZJa, {Jar, eoc, AMc, AÐr ^yfU A{^_mZ, _moR>onU
n[a_c gwdmg, gwJ§Y {^Ìm ^rê$, ä`mS>, ^oH$S>
nma§JV {ZnwU, Va~oO ^w§Jm ^«_a, A{c, {_qcX, ^¥§J
nmonQ> ewH$, amKy, amdm, H$sa ^mD$~§X ZmVodmB©H$, Amá, gJogmo`ao
n§H$ {MIc _Y _H$a§X
n§º$r am§J, Amoi, n§JV _§{Xa XoD$i, Xodmc`
n§{S>V emór, {dÛmZ, ~w{Õ_mZ _cyb {ZñVoO, pIÞ
àha doi _Zgw~m ~oV, {dMma
ào_ _m`m, cmo^, ñZoh _{h_m Wmoadr, _moR>onUm, _mhmËå`
àmV:H$mi gH$mi, Cfm, nhmQ> _wÐm {e¸$m
àVmn namH«$_, em¡`© _§Jc n{dÌ
àH$me COoS>, VoO _Ëga Ûof, Agy`m
àOm cmoH$, a`V, OZVm _Om J§_V, _m¡O
àn§M g§gma _|T>m _of
àVrH$ {MÝh, IyU _moH$mQ> _moH$im
àmMrZ nwamVZ, OwZmQ> _mo{hZr ^wai
\y$c nwîn, gw_Z, Hw$gw_ _mUyg _mZd, Za, _Zwî`, _ZwO
\$aH$ ^oX, {^ÞVm _mgm _rZ, _Ëñ`
~H$ ãmJim _wcm_m con
~oV `moOZm {_Ì XmoñV, gd§JS>r, gmWrXma,
~§YZ {Z~ªY, _`m©Xm gmo~Vr, ñZohr
~mn dS>rc, {nVm, OZH$, VmV, _wcJm gwV, nwÌ, VZ`, Z§XZ, coH$
OÝ_XmVm _wcJr gwVm, nwÌr, VZ`m, Xþ{hVm, H$Ý`m,
~oT>~ ~oS>m¡c coH$, VZwOm
~¡c d¥f^, nmoi, Im|S> _§Jc n{dÌ

66 _amR>r ì`mH$aU _amR>r ì`mH$aU 67

d d
eãXg§J«h eãXg§J«h
`wdVr VéUr dmam A{Zc, g_ra, _ê$V
`mMH$ {^H$mar dËg dmgê$, ~mcH$
`mVZm Xþ:I, doXZm dMH$ YmH$, Xamam
`mZ A§Vami`mZ drO {~Ocr, gm¡Xm{_Zr, Mncm, M§Mcm,
añVm _mJ©, dmQ>, nWH$, gS>H$ {dÚwV, V{S>Vm, {dÚwëcVm
amjg X¡Ë`, XmZd, Agya {ejH$ JwwéOr, Jwé, _mñVa
amOm Z¥n, ^yn, Zaoe, ^ynVr, ^ynmi, ed àoV
_{hnVr eº$r ~i, VmH$X, Omoa, gm_Ï`©, D$Om©
amÌ {Zem, aOZr, `m{_Zr, amV eÌy A[a, [any, d¡ar
éj H$moaSo>, Zrag erK« OcX
a§H$ Jar~ ea ~mU, Vra, gm`H$
cT>mB© cT>m, Pw§O, g§Kf© eoO {~N>mZm, A§Wê$U, eæ`m
cmO ea_, ^rS> {eH$ñV namH$mð>m
cmS>H$m AmdS>Vm gOm {ejm
cmdÊ` gm¢X`© gmZ chmZ, N>moQ>o, Bdco
da Zdam, nVr, ^«Vma gëcm_gcV {dMma{d{Z_`
dfm© nmD$g, nmdgmim ñd¡a A_`m©X, ñdÀN>§X
daXmZ XoUJr, loð>XmZ gmoZo H$ZH$, H$m§MZ, ho_
{dZdUr {dZ§Vr g_yh g§K, JQ>, M_y, g_wXm`, Xb, Q>moir
dmX{ddmX ^m§S>U g§emoYH$ emók
doe nmofmI g§Xoe {Zamon
ì`Wm Xþ:I g§H$ën ~oV, _Zgw~m
{dcJ gwQ>o, AcJ ñdm_r _mcH$
{dfÊU pIÞ, H$ï>r ñdoX Km_, K_©
ì`mHy$i Xþ:Ir, H$mgmdrg gy`© adr, ^mñH$a, {XZH$a, g{dVm,
{demc {dñV¥V, {dñVrU© ^mZy, Am{XË`, {XZ_Ur,dmga_Ur,
{dZ` Z_«Vm {_Ì, _mVªS>
{dÐÿn Hw$ê$n qgh dZamO, Ho$gar, emXþ©c, _¥J|Ð
{dc§~ Cera g§J«m_ `wÕ, g_a, g§Ja, cT>mB©
dm`Xm H$ama ór Zmar, A~cm, _{hcm, ccZm,
H$m{_Zr, d{ZVm
dmcr ajUH$Vm©
g‚mZ g§V
dmgZm BÀN>m
g¡Ý` \$m¡O, Xc
dmam dm`y, dmV, ndZ,
godH$ Xmg, ZmoH$a

68 _amR>r ì`mH$aU _amR>r ì`mH$aU 69

d d
eãXg§J«h eãXg§J«h
gr_m dog, _`m©Xm, erd, hÔ eara A§J, Xoh, H$m`m
gw§Xa gwaoI, N>mZ, XoIUo AmR>dU ñ_¥Vr, ñ_a
gwaoc JmoS> AmH«$moe AmH$m§V, AmH«§$XZ
gmono gwJ_, gwc^, gwH$a AW© Ame`, hoVy, ~moY, YZ
gmo~V gmW, g§JV dS>rc {nVm, OZH$, OÝ_XmVm, VmV
hmV hñV, H$a, ^wO
g§Ý`mgr gmYy
~mJ CÚmZ, ~JrMm. dm{Q>H$m
ñVwVr àe§gm, H$m¡VwH$
AmZZ _wI, dXZ, Moham
gmoÁdi {Z_©i
A{daV gVV, AI§S>
ñdÀN> ZrQ>, {Z_©i, gm\$ Adf©U XþîH$mi, AZmd¥ï>r
g§hma Zme, {dZme, gd©Zme, {dÜd§g A{^dmXZ àUm_, Z_ñH$ma, Z_Z, à{UnmV
gmn gn©, ^wO§J, Ahr AmXa AmnwcH$s, AmXa, {Oìhmim
g_` doi AQ>H$i A§XmO, H$`mg, VH©$, AZw_mZ
g_wÐ gmJa, qgYy, aËZmH$a, OcYr, A_mn ^anya, {dnyc
n`moYr, Oc{ZYr AH«$mi{dH«$mi ^`§H$a, ^ogya
harU _¥J, gma§J, Hw$a§J AmdmO ad, ZmX, ÜdZr
hVme {Zame AOrOr {dZdUr
hÎmr JO, Hw§$Oa AmR>dU ñ_¥Vr, ñ_aU
hmV H$a, hñV, ~mhÿ, nmUr, ^wOm AQ>H$md AS>Wim, {damoY, AmS>H$mR>r
hþema MVwa, MmUmj AZwamJ ào_, àrVr
hmoS>r Zm¡H$m, Zmd, Va AmH«$_U hëcm, MT>mB©
qh_V Y¡`©, YmS>g AZwH§$nm X`m, H$Ud, ghmZw^yVr
A{VWr nmhþUm, Aä`mJV
{h_ ~\©$
AKmoa ^`§H$a, ^`mZH$, ^rVràX
j_m _m\$s
AOmU AS>mUr, Ak
jwYm ^yH$
A^§J AI§S>, A{dZmer, Aj`
jo_ H$ë`mU, {hV, Hw$ec
Aícm¿` qZÚ
jra XÿY AmVwaVm CËgwH$Vm, AYraVm
j` PrO, èhmg Am~mi hoigm§S>, h`J`, Xþc©j, Cnojm
jrU Aeº$ Am{_f àcmo^Z, cmcyM
kmZr gwk, ehmUm, OmUH$ma Am`wY eó, hË`ma
AO© àmW©Zm, {dZ§Vr Amoemim IOrc, eaq_Xm
Aíd KmoS>m, dmê$ Am|Ji dmB©Q>, KmUoaSo>, Aew^
Anhma cmMcwMnV, Am{W©H$ \$gdUyH$ A§J eara, VZ, Hw$S>r
Aä`mg ì`mg§J, gamd AmMm`© JwéOr, {ejH$

70 _amR>r ì`mH$aU _amR>r ì`mH$aU 71

d d
eãXg§J«h eãXg§J«h
 B§JO
« r
Section-I (Grammar)
^mJ - 1 (ì¶mH$aU)
dm³¶mVrc à˶oH$ eãX hm {d{eîQ> H$m¶© H$aV AgVmo.
˶mÀ¶m H¥$Vrà‘mUo eãXm§À¶m AmR> OmVr V¶ma Ho$coë¶m
AmhoV. ˶m nwT>rcà‘mUo :-
(1) Noun (Zm‘)
(2) Pronoun (gd©Zm‘)
(3) Adjective ({deofU)
(4) Verb ({H«$¶mnX)
(5) Adverb ({H«$¶m{deofU)
(6) Preposition (eãX¶moJr A춶)
(7) Conjunction (C^¶mÝd¶r A춶)
(8) Interjection (Ho$dcà¶moJr A춶)
(1) Noun (Zm‘) : H$moU˶mhr dñVwÀ¶m, 춳VrÀ¶m
AWdm ñWimÀ¶m Zmdmcm Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV. gd©
àH$maÀ¶m dñVy qH$dm nXmW© "Zm‘' åhUyZ AmoiIco
OmVmV.
* Zm‘mMo EHy$U nmM àH$ma nS>VmV.
(i) Common Noun (gm‘mݶ Zm‘) : EH$mM
àH$maÀ¶m gd© 춳Vr, àmUr, dñVy, {R>H$mU AWdm
nXmW© ¶m§g Oo Zmd AgVo ˶mg gm‘mݶ Zm‘ Ago
åhUVmV. Ex. : a girl, a boy, a pen, a book
(ii) Proper Noun ({deof Zm‘) : {d{eîQ> 춳Vr,
{R>H$mU, Xoe, àmUr, nd©V, ZÚmÀ¶m Zmdmcm {deof
Zm‘ åhUVmV.
Ex. : Ram, India, Sunita, Pune
(iii) Material Noun ({deof Zm‘) : {d{eîQ>
춳Vr, {R>H$mU, Xoe, àmUr, nd©V, ZÚm§À¶m Zmdmcm
{deof Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV.
Ex. : Milk, Sleep, Oil, Gold, Gas, Air.
« r●1
B§JO
(iv) Abstract Noun (^mddmMH$ Zm‘) : H$ënZoZo
AWdm {dMmamZo H$iUmè¶m JmoîQ>rÀ¶m Zm‘mg
^mddmMH$ Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV.
Ex. : Kidness, Bravery, Truth, Sleep.
(v) Collective Noun (g‘yhdmMH$ Zm‘) : 춳Vr
qH$dm dñVy§À¶m g‘wXm¶mMo CëcoI Á¶m eãXm§Zr
Ho$cm OmVmo ˶mg g‘yhdmMH$ Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV.
Ex. : People, Flock, Class, Army.
(2) Pronoun (gd©Zm‘) : Zm‘mEodOr dmnaë¶m
OmUmè¶m eãXmg gd©Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV.
* gd©Zm‘mMo nwT>rc àH$ma nS>VmV.
(i) Personal Pronoun - (nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm‘):
Ex. : I, We, You, He, She, It, They.
(a) First personal Pronouns (àW‘nwéfr)
Ex. : I, We.
(b) Second personal pronouns ({ÛVr¶nwéfr
gd©Zm‘o) you (Vy) you (Vwåhr)
(c) Third personal pronouns (V¥Vr¶nwéfdmMH$
gd©Zm‘)
Ex.: He, She, It, They.
(ii) Demonstrative pronouns (Xe© H $
gd©Zm‘) : OdiÀ¶m AWdm XÿaÀ¶m dñVy, 춳Vr
gm§JʶmgmR>r Or gd©Zm‘o dmnaVmV ˶m§Zm Xe©H$
gd©Zm‘ Ago åhUVmV.
Ex. :This, That, These, Those.
(iii) Interrogative pronouns (àíZmW© H $
gd©Zm‘) : àíZ V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r Cn¶w³V R>aUmè¶m
eãXm§Zm àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm‘o Ago åhUVmV.
Ex.: Who, What, Why, When.
(iv) Relative pronouns (g§~Y
§ r gd©Zm‘) : XmoZ
dm³¶ OmoS>ʶmgmR>r ¶m gd©Zm‘mMm dmna H$aVmV.
Ex.: Who, Whom, That, Which,
 Whose, But, As. {H«$¶mXe©H$ eãXmg {H«$¶mnX Ago åhUVmV.
(v) Reflective pronouns (n[aUm‘H$maH$ gd©Zm‘) {H«$¶mnXm{edm¶ H$moUVoM dm³¶ nyU© hmoD$ eH$V
: n[aUm‘H$maH$ gd©Zm‘ åhUOo n[aUm‘H$maH$ dm³¶mVrc Zmhr.
H$˶m©Mr H¥$Vr XmIdUmao gd©Zm‘ hmo¶. (a) Ordinal Verbs Ex.: come, go, eat.
Ex.: yourself, themselves, herself, my- (b) Auxiliary Verbs Ex.: to be, to have, to
self, itself. do.
(vi) Distributive pronouns ({d^mOH$ (c) Phrasal Verbs Ex.: find out, to make
gd©Zm‘) : EH$m doir EH$ 춳Vr AWdm dñVy on.
gm§JUmè¶m gd©Zm‘mg {d^mOH$ gd©Zm‘ Ago (5) Adverb ({H«$¶m{deofU) :
åhUVmV. {H«$¶mnXm{df¶r AWdm {deofUm~Ôc A{YH$
Ex.: each, every, either, neither. ‘m{hVr gm§JUmam eãX åhUOo {H«$¶m{deofU hmo¶.
(vii) Indefinite pronouns (A{ZpíMV gd©Zm‘) * {H«$¶m{deofUmMo àH$ma nwT>rcà‘mUo -
: A{ZpíMV 춳Vr dñVyMo dU©Z H$aUmè¶m Zm‘m§Zm (i) Adverb of manner ({ÛVr¶dmMH$
A{ZpíMV gd©Zm‘o Ago åhUVmV. {H«$¶m{deofU) : {H«$¶m, H$em nÕVrZo KS>mdr åhUOo
Ex.: none, anyone, all, some, nobody, {H«$¶oMr nÕV, [aV gm§JUmè¶m eãXmg [aVdmMH$
nothing, few.
{H«$¶m{deofU Ago åhUVmV.
(3) Adjective ({deofU) Ex.: happily, quickly.
Zm‘m~Ôc A{YH$ ‘m{hVr gm§JUmam eãX åhUOo (ii) Adverb of place (ñWcdmMH$ {H«$¶m{deofU)
{deofU hmo¶. : {H«$¶oMo ñWi gm§JUmè¶m eãXmg ñWcdmMH$
(i) Adjective of quality (JwU{deofU) : Zm‘mMo {H«$¶m{deofU Ago åhUVmV.
JwUdY©Z H$aUmao {deofU åhUOo JwU{deof hmo¶. Ex.: where, here, there.
Ex.: wise, brave, good. (iii) Adverb of time (g‘¶Xe©H$ {H«$¶m{deofU)
(ii) Adjective of quantity (g§ » ¶mdmMH$ : {H«$¶m Ho$ìhm KS>cr åhUOo {H«$¶oMr doi gm§JUmè¶m
{deofU) : Zm‘mMr A{YH$ ‘m{hVr g§»¶mê$nmZo eãXmg g‘¶Xe©H$ {H«$¶m{deofU Ago åhUVmV.
gm§ J Umè¶m {deo f Umg g§ » ¶mdmMH$ {deo f U Ex.: soon, then, today
åhUVmV. (iv) Adverb of frequency (nwZamd¥ÎmrXe©H$
Ex.: Some, many, much. {H«$¶m{deofU) : ¶m àH$mamV {H«$¶m {H$Vr doim
(iii) Adjective of number (g§»¶m{deofU) : KS>cr ho ¶m {deofUmVyZ H$iVo.
(a) Cardinal (g§»¶mdmMH$) Ex.: never, always, often.
Ex.: one, two, three (v) Adverb of Degree (n[aUm‘dmMH$
(b) Ordinal (H«$‘dmMH$) {H«$¶m{deofU) : {H«$¶oMm n[aUm‘ d Vrd«Vm ¶m
Ex.: First, Second {deofUmVyZ H$iVo. Ex.: quite, very, too.
(c) Multiplicative (vi) Interrogative Adverbs (àíZmW© H $
Ex.: Single, Double {H«$¶m{deofU) : àíZ {dMmaʶmgmR>r dm³¶mV ¶mMm
(4) Verb ({H«$¶mnX) : Cn¶moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. Ex.: wh-words,
Á¶m eãXmVyZ H¥$Vr qH$dm pñWVr 춳V hmoV,o ˶mcm (6) Prepositions (eãX¶moJr A춶) :
{H«$¶mnX Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM dm³¶mVrc Zm‘mÀ¶m qH$dm gd©Zm‘mÀ¶m nydu dmnaco OmUmao

2 ● B§JO
« r
 Am{U ˶m Zm‘mMm qH$dm gd©Zm‘mMm dm³¶mVrc
Xþgè¶m EImÚm eãXmer H$m¶ g§~§Y Amho, ho
Xe©dUmao eãX åhUOo Prepostions hmo¶.
(1) Simple Prepostions - (gmYo eãX¶moJr
A춶)
Ex.: by, at, for, in, of, out, on, from.
(2) Compound Prepositions (g§ { ‘l
eãX¶moJr A춶)
Ex.: across, above, below, about.
(3) Phrasal Prepositions (eãXg‘yhr eãX¶moJr
A춶)
Ex.: instead of, because of, according
to
(7) Conjuction (C^¶mÝd¶r A춶)
eãXm§Zm qH$dm dm³¶m§Zm OmoS>Umè¶m eãXm§Zm
C^¶mÝd¶r A춶 Ago åhUVmV.
* C^¶mÝd¶r A춶mMo àH$ma nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(i) Co-ordinating conjuctions (g‘mZ
XOm©Mr C^¶mÝd¶r A춶)
Ex.: for, but, yet, and, nor, or.
(ii) Co-Relative conjuctions
(nañnag§~Y
§ Xe©H$ C^¶mÝd¶r A춶)
Ex.: either-or, no sooner-than, neither-
nor, not only-but also.
(iii) Subordinating conjuctions (Jm¡U XOm©Mr
C^¶mÝd¶r A춶)
Ex.: because, since, till.
(iv) Compound conjuctions
Ex.: even if, so that, as
(8) Interjection (Ho$dcà¶moJr A춶)
Á¶m eãXm§‘YyZ ^mdZoMm AMmZH$ CÐoH$ hmoVmo, ˶m
eãXm§Zm Ho$dcà¶moJr A춶 åhUVmV.
Ex. : Oh!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Hello!, Well!,
Ah!, Hi!, My God!
✫ ✫ ✫
« r●3
B§JO
2. THE SENTENCE (dm³¶)
AW©nyU© eãXm§Mm g‘yh åhUOo dm³¶ hmo¶. Aem
dm³¶m‘ܶo H$Vm©, H$‘© d {H«$¶mnX AgVmV. AmkmWu
dm³¶m‘ܶo H$Vm© ZgVmo, VgoM AH$‘©H$ {H«$¶mnX
Agcoë¶m dm³¶m‘ܶo H$‘© ZgVo.
Kinds Of Sentences (dm³¶m§Mo àH$ma)
B§J«Or‘ܶo dm³¶mMo à‘wI Mma àH$ma AmhoV.
(1) Assertive / declarative sentence
({dYmZmWu dm³¶)
(2) Interrogative sentence (àíZmW©H$
dm³¶)
(3) Imperative sentence (AmkmWr© dm³¶)
(4) Exclamatory sentence (CX²JmadmMH$
dm³¶)
à˶oH$ dm³¶mMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr nwT>rcà‘mUo-
(1) Assertive sentence ({dYmZmWu dm³¶)
¶m dm³¶àH$mamV {dYmZ qH$dm à{VnmXZ Ho$coco
AgVo. eãXmMm H«$‘ H$Vm©, {H«$¶mnX d H$‘© Agm
AgVmo. {dYmZmWr© dm³¶o hmoH$mamWu d ZH$mamWu
Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMr AgVmV.
Ex. : (1) He reads a book.
(2) The boy bought a new dress.
(3) The flowers are beautiful.
(4) The cow eats grass.
(5) He is not a wise man.
(2) Interrogative sentence (àíZmW©H$ dm³¶)
¶m dm³¶àH$mamV eãXmMm H«$‘, {H«$¶mnX, (gmøH$mar
{H«$¶mnX) H$Vm© d H$‘© Agm AgVmo. H$maU ¶m
dm³¶ àH$mamV àíZ {dMmacocm AgVmo. H$mhr
àíZm§‘ܶo 'Wh' eãX gwédmVrcm dmnacocm AgVmo.
Yes/No-Type d wh-type Ago àíZmW©H$
dm³¶mMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
Ex. : (1) Is Pune a big city ?
(2) Does he read ?
 (3) Can I help you ? (2) Past Tense (^yVH$mi)
(4) Where did he go ? (3) Future Tense (^{dî¶H$mi)
(5) What is your name ? à˶oH$ H$mimMo à‘wI Mma CnàH$ma -
(1) Simple Tense (gmYm H$mi)
(3) Imperative sentence (AmkmWu dm³¶) (2) Continuous Tense (AnyU/© Mmcy H$mi)
Á¶m dm³¶m§Mm dmna Amkm XoʶmgmR>r H$aVmV. Aem (3) Perfect Tense (nyU© H$mi)
dm³¶m§Zm AmkmWu dm³¶o Ago åhUVmV. ¶m (3) Perfect Continuous Tense (nyU©-AnyU©
dm³¶m§‘ܶo H$Vm© dmnacocm ZgVmo. dm³¶aMZm H$mi)
{H«$¶mnX d H$‘© Aer AgVo. (1) Present Tense (dV©‘mZ H$mi)
Ex. : (1) Call the police. (i) Simple Present Tense - (gmYm dV©‘mZ
(2) Don't move. H$mi)
(3) Do it. (ii) Present Continuous Tense - (Mmcy/
(4) Phone me. AnyU© dV©‘mZ H$mi)
(iii)Perfect Present Tense - (nyU© dV©‘mZ
(4) Exclamatory sentence : (CX²JmadmMH$ H$mi)
dm³¶) (iv)Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Á¶m dm³¶m§‘YyZ Vrd« ^mdZm 춳V hmoVo, ˶mg - (nyU-
© AnyU© dV©‘mZ H$mi)
CX²JmadmMH$ dm³¶ åhUVmV. dm³¶aMZm H$‘©, H$Vm© (2) Past Tense (^yV H$mi)
d {H«$¶mnX Aer AgVo. dm³¶mMr gwédmV How (i) Simple Past Tense - (gmYm ^yVH$mi)
AWdm What ¶m eãXmZo hmoVo. (ii) Past Continuous Tense - (Any U ©
Ex. : (1) How lucky I am ! ^yVH$mi)
(2) What a nice idea it is ! (iii)Past Perfect Tense - (nyU© ^yVH$mi)
(3) How bold boy he was ! (iv)Past Perfect Continuous Tense -
(4) What a beautiful picture it is ! (nyU-© AnyU© ^yVH$mi)
(5) How lazy he is !
 (3) Future Tense (^yV H$mi)
(i) Simple Future Tense -
(gmYm ^{dî¶H$mi)
3. TENSE (H$mi) (ii) Future Continuous Tense -
(AnyU© ^{dî¶H$mi)
{H«$¶mnXmÀ¶m ê$nmdê$Z Vr {H«$¶m Ho$ìhm KS>cr
(iii)Future Perfect Tense -
Amho, ho g‘OUo åhUOo H$mi hmo¶. [H«$¶mnXmÀ¶m
(nyU© ^{dî¶H$mi)
ê$nmdê$Z {H«$¶m KS>cc
o m H$mi d doi g‘OUo, ¶mcmhr
(iv) Future Perfect Continuous Tense -
AmnU H$mi Ago åhUVmo. H$mimVyZ {H«$¶oMr doi,
(nyU-© AnyU© ^{dî¶H$mi)
AdñWm d pñWVr g‘OVo.
H$mimMo à‘wI VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
(1) Present Tense (dV©‘mZ H$mi)

4 ● B§JO
« r
 Table of Tense
Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continuous
Present 1) I write 1)I am writing 1) I have written 1) I have been
writing
2) He writes 2) He is writing 2) He has written 2) He has been
writing

Past 1) I wrote 1) I was writing 1) I had written 1) I had been

writing
2) He wrote 2) He was writing 2) He had written 2) I had been
writing

Future 1) I shall write 1) I shall be writing

1) I shall have 1) I shall have
written been writing
2) He will write 2) He will be writing 2) He will have 2) He will have
written been writing

(A) Present Tense - (dV©‘mZ H$mi)
(1) Simple Present Tense - (gmYm dV©‘mZ H$mi)
S + V + O = Sent
gmܶm dV©‘mZH$mimV dm³¶ ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r cjmV
¿¶m.
(1) ¶m àH$mamV dm³¶ H$Vm© + {H«$¶mnX + H$‘© ¶m
nÕVrZo ~Z{dco OmVo.
(2) gmܶm dV©‘mZH$mim‘ܶo V¥Vr¶ nwéfr EH$dMZr
H$Vm© Agoc, Va {H«$¶mnXmg - s, - es à˶¶ OmoS>VmV.
(3) àíZmW©H$ d ZH$mamWu dm³¶mV 'does' dmnaVmV
d {H«$¶mnXmMo ‘yi ê$n H$aVmV.
Cn¶moJ -
(1) dV©‘mZmVrc gd¶r gm§JʶmgmR>r :
Ex.(i) I always take my tea without sugar.
(ii) Anita gets up at six' O clock every
morning.
(2) {ÌH$mcm~m{YV g˶ gm§JʶmgmR>r :
Ex.(i) The sun sets in the west.
« r●5
B§JO
(ii) Two and two make four.
(3) Mmcy H$m‘H$mO qH$dm H¥$Vr XmI{dʶmgmR>r :
Ex.(i) My friend works in the school.
(ii) The milk comes here from the vil-
lages.
(2) Present Continuous Tense (Mmcy
dV©‘mZH$mi)
S + H.V + V + ing + O = Sent
Mmcy dV©‘mZH$mimV dm³¶o ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r
cjmV ¿¶m.
1) ~mocon¶ªV gwê$ AgUmar nU AnyU© am{hcocr {H«$¶m
¶m H$mimV gm§JVm ¶oV.o
2) ¶m H$mimV H$Vm© + dV©‘mZH$mir ghmæ¶H$mar
{H«$¶mnX (am/is/are) + {H«$¶mnXmMo -ing ê$n
+ H$‘© Aem nÕVrZo dm³¶ V¶ma H$aVmV.
3) àíZmW©H$ dm³¶o ghmæ¶H$mar {H«$¶mnXmZo gwê$ hmoVo
d ZH$mamWu dm³¶mV ghmæ¶H$mar {H«$¶mnXmg 'not'
OmoS>VmV.
 Cn¶moJ -
(1) ~mocno ¶ªV -
Ex. (i) My brother is eating a mango.
(ii) They are playing a criket match.
(2) Mmcy Agcocr H¥$Vr XmI{dʶmgmR>r -
Ex. (i) My friend is reading a book.
(ii) I am learning to make a kite.
(3) gmܶm ^{dî¶H$mimVrc {H«$¶m gm§JʶmgmR>r -
Ex. (i) My sister is coming today.
(ii) I am going to Pune tomorrow.
(3) Present Perfect Tense (nyU© dV©‘mZH$mi)
S + have / has + V3 + O = Sent
nyU© dV©‘mZH$mimV dm³¶o ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r
cjmV ¿¶m.
1) dV©‘mZmV nyU© Pmcocr {H«$¶m gm§JʶmgmR>r ¶m
H$mimMm dmna hmoVmo.
2) ¶m H$mimV H$Vm© + have/has {H«$¶mnXmMo
{Vgao ê$n + H$‘© Aem nÕVrZo dm³¶o V¶ma H$aVmV.
3) V¥Vr¶ nwéfr EH$dMZr H$Vm© AgVmZm has d
BVa H$V} AgVmZm have dmnaVmV d {H«$¶mnXmMo
{Vgao ê$n H$aVmV.
Cn¶moJ -
(1) ^yVH$mimV nyU© Pmcocr na§Vw dV©‘mZmer g§~{§ YV {H«$¶m
¶m H$mimVyZ gm§JVm ¶oV.o
Ex. (i) The boys have completed their
work.
(ii) He has suggested the new way.
(4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(nyU© AnyU© dV©‘mZH$mi)
S + have/has + been + V + ing + O = Sent
gXa H$mimV dm³¶o ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r cjmV
¿¶m.
1) ny U © dV© ‘ mZH$mi Am{U Mmcy dV© ‘ mZH$mi
øm§À¶mVrc {‘l {H«$¶m gm§JʶmgmR>r øm H$mimMm
6 ●
dmna hmoVmo.
2) ¶m H$mimV H$Vm© + have/has + been +
{H«$¶mnXmMo -ing ¶w³V ê$n + H$‘© Aem nÕVrZo
dm³¶ V¶ma hmoVo.
3) V¥Vr¶ nwéfr EH$dMZr H$Vm© Agoc Va has been
d BVa doir have been dmnaVmV d {H«$¶mnXmg
-ing à˶¶ OmoS>VmV.
Cn¶moJ -
(1) ^yVH$mimV nyU© Pmcocr d dV©‘mZ H$mimV Mmcy
Agcocr {H«$¶m øm H$mimVyZ gm§JVm ¶oV.o
Ex. (i) I have been reading a book.
(ii) He has been completing his work.
(B) Past Tense (^yVH$mi)
(1) Simple Present Tence - (gmYm
^yVH$mi) -
S + V2 + O = Sent
gXa H$mimV dm³¶o ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r cjmV
¿¶m.
1) ¶m H$mimV H$Vm© + {H«$¶mnXmMo ^yVH$mir ê$n +
H$‘© ¶m àH$mao dm³¶ V¶ma hmoVo. 2) àíZmW©H$ d
ZH$mamWu dm³¶mV did dmnaVmV d {H«$¶mnXmMo
‘yi ê$n H$aVmV.
Cn¶moJ -
(1) ^yVH$mimVrc gd¶r gm§JʶmgmR>r :
Ex. (i) He always danced before going to
show.
(ii) The teacher always carried a book.
(2) doi Am{U pñWVr gm§JʶmgmR>r -
Ex. (i) My friend left Mumbai last night.
(ii) I bought new dress yesterday.
(2) Past Continuous Tense (Mmcy ^yVH$mi)
S + H.V. + V + ing + O = Sent
gXa H$mimV dm³¶o ~Z{dVmZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>r cjmV
¿¶m.
B§JO
« r
 Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr
(Syllogism )

1 Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr

 Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm (Syllogism)
l A°[añQ>m°Q>bbm Vm{H©$H$ j_VoMo OZH$ åhQ>bo OmVo, Ë`mZo B.g. nyd© 350 _Ü`o `m~Ôb H$mhr ^m{H$Vo Ho$br
hmoVr.
l {dYmZ - CngJ©, H$Vm©, {dYo` d OmoS>eãX `m§Zr ~Zbobo EH$ dmŠ` AgVo.
CngJ© - dmŠ`mVrb g§»`oMo ñdén ñnï> H$aVmo.
- gd©, H$mhr, EH$hr, H$moUVmhr `m§gma»`m CngJm©Zo dmŠ`mMr gwédmV hmoVo.
H$Vm© hm dñVwpñWVrMo g_W©Z H$aVmo qH$dm ZmH$maVmo {dYo` ho Ë`m dmŠ`mVrb H$Ë`m©{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr
gm§JVo. OmoS>eãX hm H$Vm© d {dYo` `m§_Ü`o {d{eð> g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVmo.
aMZm : CngJ© + H$Vm© + {dYo` + OmoS>eãX
CXm : gd© _wbo hþema AmhoV.

CngJ© H$Vm© {dYo` OmoS>eãX

(Quantifier) (Predicate) (Copula)
l `m KQ>H$mV 2 qH$dm OmñV {dYmZo {Xbr OmVmV. d Ë`m AmYm[aV 2 qH$dm OmñV AZw_mZo {Xobr OmVmV.
gwadmVrg {Xbobr {dYmZo Oar dmñVdmer {dg§JV Agbr Var Vr gË` _mZwZ, {Xbobr AZw_mZo nS>VmiyZ
nhmdrV.
l {dYmZmVrb ametMr g§»`m d {dYmZmMm JwUY_©, `mdê$Z {dYmZoM nwT>rb 4 àH$mao dJuH$aU

à{VH$ {dYmZ ametMr g§»`m JwUY_©

Symbol (Proposition) (Quantity) (Quality)
A gd© A B AmhoV gmd©O{ZH$ (universal) hmoH$mamWu
E EH$hr A B Zmhr gmd©O{ÌH$ ZH$mamWu
I H$mhr A B AmhoV {d{eð> (Particular) hmoH$mamWu
O H$mhr A B ZmhrV {d{eð> ZH$mamWu

- `mdê$Z {dYmZm§Mo dJuH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo

1)$ gmd©{ÌH$ hmoH$mamWu (A Type)
dmK
"gd©' hm CngJ© dmnaVmV
i.e. gd© dmK qgh AmhoV. qgh

Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr 2

2) gmd©{ÌH$ ZH$mamWu (E Type)
gd© H$moUVmhr EH$hr Ago CngJ© dmnaVmV.
CXm. EH$hr _wbJr Jm`H$ Zmhr
_wbJr Jm`H$
3) {d{eï> hmoH$mamWu (I Type)
(Particular Affirmative)
"H$mhr' hm CngJ© dmnaVmV.
CXm - H$mhr _{hbm Jm`H$ AmhoV.
_{hbm Jm`H$
4) {d{eð> ZH$mamWu (O Type)
H$mhr Agm CngJ© dmnaVm
CXm. H$mhr _wbo Jm`H$ ZmhrV.
_{hbm Jm`H$ _wbo Jm`H$
l {ZîH$f© :
{dYmZ {dñVma AmH¥$Vr

1) gmd©{ÌH$ hmoH$mamWu gd© A ho B AmhoV A

B
OR

A
2) gmd©{ÌH$ ZH$mamWu EH$hr A hm B Zmhr B

3) {d{eï> hmoH$mamWu H$mhr A ho B AmhoV A B

OR
4) {d{eï> ZH$mamWu H$mhr A ho B ZmhrV
A B A

l H$mhr _hÎdnwU© {dYmZo d Ë`mÀ`m doZ AmH¥$Ë`m

1) gd© A ho B AmhoV A
B

2) EH$hr A, B Zmhr A B

3) H$mhr A, B AmhoV A B

3 Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr

4) * gd© B, C AmhoV
* gd© A, C AmhoV
A
B * H$mhr C, A AmhoV
C
* H$mhr C, B AmhoV

5) * EH$hr A, C Zmhr
* EH$hr C, A Zmhr
A C * H$mhr B, C AmhoV
* H$mhr C, B AmhoV
B

6) * EH$hr A, C Zmhr

A B C

l Note :
l Ooìhm AmnU AmVrb dVw©imH$Sy>Z (H$Ë`m©H$Sy>Z) ~mhoarb dVw©imH$S>o {dYmZmMo dU©Z H$aV OmVmo, Voìhm gd©
(All) hm CngJ© dmnaVmV CXm. gd© àmUr gOrd AmhoV.
gOrd

àmUr

l Ooìhm AmnU ~mhoarb dVw©imH$Sy>Z (H$Ë`m©H$Sy>Z) AmVrb dVw©imH$S>o ({dYo`H$S>o) {dYmZmMo dU©Z H$aVmo. Voìhm
H$mhr (Some) hm CngJ© dmnaVmV.
CXm. H$mhr àmUr qgh AmhoV.
qgh

àmUr

l gd© A, B AmhoV
gd© B, A AmhoV

A=B 4
Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr
l Types :
l {dYmZo : i) gd© noZ nwñVHo$ AmhoV.
ii) gd© nopÝgb nwñVHo$ AmhoV.
eŠ`Vm nwñVHo$ eŠ`Vm nwñVHo$
I II

noZ nopÝgb noZ nopÝgb

l AZw_mZo : 1) H$mhr nwñVHo$ noZ AmhoV.

2) H$mhr nwñVHo$ nopÝgb AmhoV
3) EH$hr noZ nopÝgb Zmhr/H$mhr noZ nopÝgb AmhoV
(na§Vw `m XmoÝhrn¡H$s EH$mdoir EH$M AZw_mZ `WmW© AgVmo.)

l {dYmZo - i) gd© qgh dmK AmhoV

ii) EH$hr dmK eoir Zmhr
qgh eoir
dmK
l AZw_mZo : l EH$hr qgh eoir Zmhr
l EH$hr eoir dmK Zmhr
l H$mhr dmK qgh AmhoV.
l gd© qgh dmK AmhoV.

l {dYmZo : i) H$mhr eoir KmoS>m AmhoV.

ii) EH$hr hÎmr eoir Zmhr
eŠ`Vm eŠ`Vm
I II

eoir KmoS>m eoir KmoS>m hÎmr

hÎmr

5 Vm{H©$H$ j_Vm MmMUr

 AdH$mer` j_Vm
AdH$mer` j_Vm `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dñVy§Mr pñWVr d AmH$ma
AmoiIÊ`mMr j_Vm Vnmgbr OmVo. AdH$mer` j_Vo_wio {dÚmÏ`m©g IJmob
d AdH$me `m§À`mVrb pñWVr, J{V{df`H$ AÝ`moÝ` g§~§YmMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mg
_XV hmoV.o AdH$mer` j_Vm§Mm Cn`moJ Zm¡H$mZ`Z, AdH$mer` IJmobm§Mo ñWmZ,
JVr, A§Va `m§Mo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VgoM `m j_Vm§Mm Cn`moJ H«$sS>m,
Vm§{ÌH$ A{^`mo½`Vm, J{UV, Z¡g{J©H$ emóo A{^`m§{ÌH$s, hdm_mZ emó,
agm`Zemó, nXmW©{dkmZ B. {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm hmoVmo.
`m j_Vo_Ü`o AnyU© AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$aUo AmH¥$Vr V§VmoV§V OwidUo, KS>rÀ`m
AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr H$ënZm H$aUo, bnbobr AmH¥$Vr emoYUo B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.

1 AdH$mer` j_Vm
{\$aUmao R>moH$io :
1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

CÎma 1-2 2-3 3-1 4-4 5-2

AdH$mer` j_Vm 2
 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

CÎma 6-3 7-4 8-2 9-1 10-3 11-2

3 AdH$mer` j_Vm
 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

CÎma 12-1 13-3 14-3 15-2 16-3 17-4

AdH$mer` j_Vm 4
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r àíZ :
1) 2) 3) 4)

daVr

~mOybm nwT>o

1) 2) 3) 4)
daVr

nwT>o ~mOybm

1) 2) 3) 4)
daVr

nwT>o ~mOybm

1) 2) 3) 4)
daVr

nwT>o ~mOybm
1) 2) 3) 4)
daVr

nwT>o ~mOybm

CÎma 1-3 2-1 3-1 4-2 5-2

5 AdH$mer` j_Vm
 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)

CÎma 6-3 7-1 8-1 9-4 10-2

AdH$mer` j_Vm 6
 1) 2) 3) 4)
11.

1) 2) 3) 4)
12.

13. 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4)
14.

1) 2) 3) 4)
15.

1) 2) 3) 4)
16.

1) 2) 3) 4)
17.

CÎma 11-1 12-2 13-4 14-4 15-2 16-4 17-2

7 AdH$mer` j_Vm
 1) 2) 3) 4)
18.

19. 1) 2) 3) 4)

CÎma 18-1 19-4

AdH$mer` j_Vm 8
 ì`{ŠV_Îd d g_m`moOZ
ì`pŠV_Îd g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmZm EH$ X§VH$Wm cjmV ì`pŠV_Îd n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$
`oVo, Vr åhUOo VrZ A§Y ì`ŠVr d EH$ hÎmrÀ`m nm`mcm ñne© emar[aH$ KQ>H$ _Zmogm_{OH$ KQ>H$
H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm hÎmr Im§~mgmaIm dmQ>cm Va H$mZmcm hmV 1) AZwd§e 1) Hw$Qw>§~
cmdUmè`m gynmgmaIm dmQ>cm Va gm|So>cm hmV cmdUmè`m 2) emar[aH$ Xþ~ionUm 2) eoOmar
nmB©ngmaIm dmQ>cm `m VrZ A§Y ì`ŠVtZr Amnë`m n[aZo hÎmrMm 3) A§V:ómdr J«§Wr 3) g§ñH¥$Vr
AW© cmdcm; nU `mV Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s hÎmrMo dU©Z MwH$sMo 4) eara agm`Zo 4) gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU
ZgyZ Vo gd©ì`mnr ZìhVo EdT>oM `mMà_mUo ì`{ŠV_Îd hr 5) earamMr R>do U 5) emco` dmVmdaU
g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ AgVo, ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r {d{dY 6) g_d`H$ JQ>
Ñï>rH$moZmMm Aä`mgmMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd dJ©VÎd Ñ{ï>H$moZ
{d{eï> d à~c JwUd¡{eï>çm§À`m AmYmao ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo dU©Z 1) {hßnmoH«o$Q>g - `m§À`m _Vo earamV Mma Ðì` AgVmV.
H$aVmV. CXm. cmOmiy, AmZ§Xr, Xþ:Ir B. aŠV, H$\$, H¥$îU{nÎm d {nÎm
ì`{ŠV_Îdmcm B§J«OrV "ng©Z°{cQ>r' hm eãX dmnaVmV hm A. gwñV : em§V, W§S>, _§X d {Zdm©H$ma
eãX (personality) c°Q>rZ ^mfoVrc ngm}Zm (persona) `m ~. erK«H$monr : VmnQ>, {MS>{MS>m, amJrQ>, {H«$`merc,
eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmcocm Amho. `mMm AW© _wIdQ>m Agm Amho. H$ënZm{ec
ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m H$. CËgmhr : AmemdmXr, AmZ§Xr, hgam, {ZíM`r
JmS©>Z Am°cnmoQ>© :- ì`ŠVrMo n[apñWVrer d¡{eï>çnyU© S>. {dfÊU : Xþ:Ir, CXmgrZ, {ZamemdmXr, ^`J«ñV, pIÞ
g_m`moOZ {ZYm©arV H$aUmè`m {VÀ`m _Zmo^m¡{VH$ `§ÌUoÀ`m d ñd_½Z.
J{Verc g§KQ>Zmcm ì`pŠV_Îd åhUVmV. 2) H«o$ea : Ë`m§Zr ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo VrZ _wc^yV XohàH$ma
_ZZo - ""ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo ì`H$VrMr eara `§ÌUm, gm§{JVco.
dV©ZmMr arVr, {d{dY A{^ê$Mr, Hw$dVr, H¥$Vrj_Vm {deof A. ñWycXohr - cÇ>, R>|JUo, AmZ§Xr, Amam_{à`,
H$c d {d{dY A{^d¥Îmr `m gdmªMr EH$mË_ d AË`§V g_mO{à`,
d¡{eï>çnyU© Jw§\$U qH$dm g_{ï> hmo`.'' ~. gwÑT>Xohr - g_Vmoc eara, CËgmhr, AmemdmXr,
aoŠgamoS> - ""gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm ñdrH$maUr` d ApñdH$maUr` g_mO`moOZerc
cjUm§Mm g_Vmoc åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd.'' H$. H¥$eXoer - C§M, ZmOyH$, H¥$e, eara`ï>r, ^mdmZmerc,
darc gd© ì`m»`m§ _ Ü`o Amcnmo Q > © `m§ M r ì`m»`m cmOmiy, g§doXZerc, {ZamedmXr.
g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho. Am°cnmoQ>© ì`m»`o_Yrc _w»` KQ>H$ 3. {dë`_ eoëS>Z - `m§Zr Xoh`ï>r Am{U ñd^mdY_©
Am°cnmoQ>© _Vo - `m§Mm ì`{ŠV_ËdmMo àH$ma gm§{JVco.
1) J{V{ec g§KQ>Z - _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ KQ>H$ ho Zoh_r A. _oXàYmZ - ñWyc, Jmoc_Q>moc, Amam_, ImÊ`mMr
JVr{ec AgVmV. AmdS>,
2) _Zmo^m¡{VH$ `§ÌUm - AZwd§{eH$ d O¡{dH$ AmYma ~. ñZm`yàYmZ - pIimSy>, YmS>gr, AmË_{dídmgr,
AgVmo. nriXma, eara`ï>r.
3) {ZYm©aHo$ - {ZYm©aHo$ åhUOoM dV©Zmcm H$maUr^yV KQ>H$ H$. ApñWàYmZ - EH$mH$s, g§doXZerc, A§V_w©Ir
4) n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ - g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mÀ`m 4. H$mc© `w§J - `m§Zr nwT>rcà_mUo ì`pŠV_Îd {d^mJUr
à{H«$`oVyZXoIrc ì`pŠV_Îd KS>V OmVo. Ho$cr.

1 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 A. A§V_w©Ir - EH$Q>o, ^md{ZH$, cmOmiy 5) H$mhrOU ZH$mamË_H$ n`m©` pñdH$maVmV. CXm. dJm©Vrc
~. ~{h_w©Ir - gm_m{OH$, {_iyZ{_giyZ, VUmd H$_r ~hþVm§er _wco Zmnmg Pmcr åhUyZ _r Zmnmg Pmcmo.
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmè`m {df_m`moOZ - H$Yr H$Yr Amnë`mVrc _`m©Xm _mÝ`
H$. C^`_wIr - n[apñWVrZwgma ~XcUmè`m ~è`mM ì`ŠVr H$ê$Z n[apñWVrcm H$mhrOU OwidyZ KoV ZmhrV Ë`mg
Ho$di A§V_w©Ir ZgVmV. VgoM ~{h©_wIrhr ZgVmV. {df_m`moOZ åhUVmV. `m_wio VmU dmT>Vmo d¡\$ë` `oD$Z
ì`pŠV_Îd{df`H$ n§MKQ>H$ àmê$n _Zmo{dH¥$V hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
1) MoVmnX {ecm - ZH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm AZw^dÊ`mMr cjUo - VmoVao ~mocUo, ImoQ>o ~mocUo, Im§Xm CS>{dUo, Or^
d¥Îmr åhUOoM MoVmnX{eVm hmo` ~mhoa H$mT>Uo, hmVdmao H$aUo, àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrZwgma {df_m`moOZ
2) ~{h_w©IVm - `m cmoH$m§Zm BVam§V AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo, `m cjUo doJdoJir Agy eH$VmV.
CËgmhr, gH$mamË_H$ {dMma H$aVmV. H$maUo - AZwd§{eH$Vm, à{VHy$c n[apñWVr, AZmamo½`,
3) AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV pñdH$ma - ~moYmË_H$ e¡crMo n[aUm_ ~o{\${H$ar BË`mXr.
4) gh_VrXe©H$Vm - ì`ŠVr_Yrc ghH$m`© Am{U "ñd'Mr ^y{_H$m :
gm_m{OH$ EH$monm `m_Ü`o AmT>iUmam \$aH$ hmo`. `mg g§ajU `§ÌUm Agohr åhUVmV, ì`ŠVr _mZ{gH$
5) gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕr - Amncm AmdoJ {Z`§ÌrV H$aVmo Amamo½` amIÊ`mMr I~aXmar KoVcr OmVo. VËH$mcrZ g_m`moOZ
Am{U {Xem XoVmo `mcm gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕr hmo` nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmV.
1) ZH$mamË_H$ n`m©`
_ZmoJ{VH$r Ñ{ï>H$moZ - hm ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Aä`mg H$aUmam 2) {XImD$nUm
gdm©V cmoH${à` Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmo`. `mV {g½_§S> \«$mBS> `m§Mo _hËdmMo 3) àjonU
Ñï>rH$moZ _mZVmV. {g½_§S> \«$mBS> `m§À`m _Vo A~moY _ZmMm 4) {dñWmnZ
emoY KoVcm nm{hOo, Ë`m§Zr VrZ ~moYmdñWoÀ`m nmVù`m 5) ñdßZa§OZ
gm§{JVë`mV, ~moYmdñWm, nyd©~moYmdñWm, A~moYmdñWm. 6) X_Z
\«$mBS> `m§Zr ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m aMZoMo VrZ KQ>H$ gm§{JVco 7) à{VJ_Z
AmhoV (Id), BX²_ (Edo), Ah_², na_Ah_² (super ego) Aem {d{dY `§ÌUoMm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
g_m`moOZ -
Ooìhm OrdZmV g§Kf© hmoVmV Voìhm ì`ŠVr n[apñWVrer àíZ
VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo, g§Kf© gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$amì`m 1) ì`pŠV_ÎdmgmR>r dmnacm OmUmam Persona hm eãX
cmJUmè`m VS>OmoS>rcmM g_m`moOZ åhUVmV. H$moUË`m ^mfoVyZ Amcm Amho?
1) g_m`moOZ åhUOo OwidyZ KoUo 1) B§J«Or 2) qhXr
2) g_m`moOZmMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV - ~møg_m`moOZ, 3) c°{Q>Z 4) \«|$M
d¡`pŠVH$ g_m`moOZ, gm_{OH$ g_m`moOZ 2) _mZdmÀ`m ì`{ŠV_Ëdmda Imcrcn¡H$s H$moUË`m
g_m`moOZmMo _mJ© - J«§WrMm à^md {XgyZ `oVmo?
1) nwÝhm nwÝhm à`ËZnyd©H$ `e {_idUo CXm. ES>rgZZo 1) _ñVH$ J«§Wr 2) H§$R> J«§Wr
hOmamo doim An`e ghZ H$ê$Z {dOoÀ`m {Xì`mMm emoY 3) d¥H$ñW J«§Wr 4) darc gd©
cmdcm. 3) H$moUË`m emókmZo ì`ŠVrMo dU©Z Mma amgm`{ZH$
2) gd© eŠVrgh à`ËZ H$aUo Ðì`mZwgma Ho$co?
3) n`m©` R>do Uo - E_nrEggrÀ`m V`mar H$aUmè`m _wcmcm 1) Ho$í_a 2) {hßnmoH«o$Q>g
VcmR>çmÀ`m narjmgwÔm Úmì`m cmJVmV 3) eoëS>Z 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
4) `e {_i{dUo 4) H¥$eXohr, gwÑT>, ñWycXohr Ago ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo dU©Z

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 2
 H$moUr Ho$co? 3) hoÝar _ao 4) n`m©` 2 d 3
1) Ho$í_a 2) {hßnmoH«o$Q>g 14) Q>r. E. Q>r. Mr. ^maVr` Amd¥Îmr H$moUr V`ma Ho$cr?
3) eoëS>Z 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 1) C_m Mm¡Yar 2) {ZVm Mm¡Yar
5) JmocmH$ma Xoh, ñZm`wàYmZ Xoh, ËdMmàYmZ Ago 3) {Z{VZ ehm 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
Xoh`ï>rMo àH$ma H$moUr Ho$co? 15) amoerMr emB©À`m S>mJm§Mr MmMUr H$moUË`m gmcr
1) Ho$í_a 2) {hßnmoH«o$Q>g {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Amcr?
3) eoëS>Z 4) Am°cnmoQ>© 1) 1915 2) 1921
6) "ñd'Mr H$ënZm gd©àW_ H$moUr _m§S>cr? 3) 1931 4) 1950
1) {dë`_ OmoÝg 2) Ho$í_a 16) ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr ì`m»`m ì`ŠVrMo n[apñWVrer
3) eoëS>Z 4) Am°cnmoQ>© d¡{eï>çnyU© g_m`moOZ {ZYm©arV H$aUmè`m {VÀ`m
7) ì`pŠV_Îdmda AmYmarV gdm©{YH$ `mo½` ì`m»`m _Zmo e mar[aH$ `§ Ì Uo À `m J{Verc g§ K Q> Z mcm
H$moUr Ho$cr? ì`pŠV_Îd Ago åhUVmV.
1) Am°cnmoQ>© 2) _ZZo 1) eoëS>Z 2) Am°cnmoQ>©
3) aoŠgamoS> 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 3) _ao 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
8) ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda à^md Q>mH$Umam KQ>H$ 17) ...... àH$maÀ`m ì`ŠVr hçm g_mO{^_w I
H$moUVm? _Z_moH$ù`m d ~mocŠ`m AgVmV.
1) Hw$Qw>~§ 2) emim 1) ~{h_wI © r 2) A§V_w©Ir
3) eoOmar 4) darc gd© 3) C^`_wIr 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
9) ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Aä`mg H$aUmam gdm©V cmoH${à` 18) ....... àH$maMo JwU ho ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrc à_wI
_ZmoJ{VH$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$moUr _m§S>cm? à^mdr AgVmV.
1) Am°cnmoQ>© 2) {g½_§S> \«$mBS> 1) àYmZ 2) Xþæ`_
3) _ZZo 4) aoŠgamoS> 3) _Ü`dVu 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
10) ì`pŠV_Îd ho {h_ZJmgmaIo Amho Va {h_ZJmMm 19) ...... hr _ZmMr Xþæ`_ AdñWm Amho Or dmñVd
_moR>m ^mJ A{ddoH$s, AmdoJr Aem gX_Zo ì`mncm VÎdmer g§~{§ YV AgVo.
Amho Omo ~moYmdñWoÀ`m nmVirMm Amho Ago H$moUr 1) ~moYmdñWm 2) nyd~© moYmdñWm
åhQ>co Amho? 3) A~moYmdñWm 4) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
1) {g½_§S> \«$mBS> 2) Am°cnmoQ>© 20) ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo H$m`?
3) _ZZo 4) aoŠgamoS> 1) eara`ï>r d aMZm 2) ~wÕmoH$mMm ñVa
11) ì`pŠV_Îd _mnZmMr ...... V§Ìo dmnacr OmVmV. 3) n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoUo4) darc gd©
1) XmoZ 2) VrZ 21) _mZgemñÍmr`Ñï>çm ì`pŠV_Îd JwUY_© Ë`mÀ`m
3) Mma 4) nmM H$moUË`m d`mÀ`m ñVamda {XgyZ `oVmV.
12) _° Z gmo Q > m ~hþ à mdñWm ì`pŠV_Îd emo { YH$m ho 1) OÝ_mÀ`m doir 2) chmZ d`mV
_Zmo{dH$mam§Mr {M{H$Ëgm V§Ì H$moUr {dH${gV Ho$co? 3) H$m¡_m`© d`mV 4) àm¡T> d`mV
1) _°H${cZco 2) hm°Wdo
3) darc XmoÝhr 4) hoÝar _ao
13) ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr H$Wm dñVy Amg§doXZ MmMUr H$moUr
{dH${gV Ho$cr?
1) _°H${cZco 2) gr. S>r. _mJ©Z
3 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 gmaUr . ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo n§MKQ>H$ àmê$n gmaUr : ì`{ŠV_Ëd _mnZmMr VrZ V§Ìo
{ZåZ Cƒ ñdd¥ÎmV§Ìo {_ZogmoQ>m à`wŠV Ë`mÀ`m ^mdZm, g_OwVr
KQ>H$ 1 MoVmnX{eVm ~hþàmdñWm dV©Z, _Vo, B. Jmoï>r nonanopÝgc
em§V qMVmVwa ì`{ŠV_Îd MmMÊ`m§Ûmao ì`ŠV H$aVmo
g_Vmoc amJrQ> emo{YH$m-2 _yë`_mnZmMr nÕV hr à_m{UV
^mdZmeyÝ`Vm ^md{ZH$ (MMPI-2) AgVo d à`ŠVmZo {Xcoë`m
H$UIanUm H$_Hw$dV à{V{H«$`m§Mr g_yhmÀ`m
KQ>H$ 2 ~{h_w©IVm _mZX§S>mer VwcZm Ho$cr OmVo.
{^S>ñV ào_i àjonU V§Ìo amoem©Mr à`wŠV MmMUrVrc g§{X½Y
EH$m§V{à` _Z{_imD$ emB©À`m gmYZm§Zm à{VH«$`m XoD$Z
A~moc ~mocH$m {R>nŠ`m§Mr Amnë`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo n¡by emB©À`m
KQ>H$ 3 AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV pñdH$ma MmMUr d {R>nŠ>`m§Ûmao CcJS>Vmo
dmñVddmXr H$ënZoV a_Umam H$WmdñVy {MÌmV XmI{dcoë`m
ê$T>rdmXr A{^Zd Amg§doXZ àg§JmÀ`m AmYmao à`wŠV
à{V^meyÝ` gO©Zerc MmMUr g§^mì` g§Kfm©Mo ~m~VrV
EH$_mJu d¡{dÜ`nyU© (TAT) Jmoï> {c{hVmo. _yë`_mnZ
KQ>H$ 4 gh_VrXe©H$ ho ì`ŠVr{Zð> d VÁkmÀ`m
{déÕ g§_VrXe©H$ AZw^dmda AmYmarV AgVo.
{Zðw>aVm X`miy dV©Z _wcmIV {d{eï> n[apñWVrV
g§e`r {dídmgy {dícofU {ZarjU ì`ŠVrZo Ho$coë`m
KQ>H$ 5 gXgX{ddoH$~wÕr {Zd©V©ZmMo (dV©ZmMo),
Amier H$ï>miy {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmao
Ü`o`hrZ Ü`o`dmXr ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo _yë`m§H$Z,
M§Mc ÑT> _wcmIVr_Ü`o àíZm§Zm
{Xcoë`m à{V{H«$`m§À`m
AmYmao ì`{ŠV_ÎdmÀ`m
n¡c§yMm CcJS>m Ho$cm
OmVmo.

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 4
 H$b Am{U AmdS>
H$c Am{U AmdS> `m Jmoï>r _mZdm~m~VM cmJy nS>VmV.
_Zwî` Amnë`m AmdS>r OmonmgVmo Ë`mVyZ Ë`mcm _mZ{gH$
g_mYmZ cm^V AgVo; nU EImÚm joÌmV H$c AgUo d Ë`mMo
AmdS>rV ê$nm§Va hmoUo `m Jmoï>r KSy>Z `oUo IynM Xþc©^ Amho.
hr narjm XoVmZm {ejH$ åhUyZ Vw_Mm H$c Am{U Ë`mVrc
AmdS> Vwåhmg Amho H$m? ho VnmgÊ`mV `oBc © . {ejH$ `m nXmda
éOy hmoVmZm Vwåhmcm Vw_À`m H$c Am{U AmdS>rMm dmna H$ê$Z
{dÚmWu KS>dVm `oVrc. {dÚmWuMr ê$Mr OmonmgVm `oB©c.
{dÚmWu EH$m {ejH$mH$So> nhmVmZm Ë`m§À`m g§H$ënZm EH$
AmXe© d n[anyU© {ejH$ Agm H$aV AgVmo; nU \$ŠV AW©OÝ`
KoD$Z {eH$dUmam {ejH$ hm Iè`m AWm©Zo YmoH$mXm`H$ d
{dÚmWu ñZo h r H$YrM ZgVmo . EH$m {ejH$mg hOmamo
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g_moa Omdo cmJV AgVo. Ë`mVrc {dÚmWu
doJdoJù`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ ñVamVyZ Amcoco
AgVmV Ago AgVmZm àË`oH$ {dÚmÏ`mªMm {dMma d dmJÊ`mMr
àd¥Îmr doJdoJir AgVo. Ago {XgyZ `oVo, CXmhaUM gm§Jm`Mo
Pmë`mg EImÚm {dÚmÏ`m©cm g§{JVmMr AmdS> AgVo; nU
g§JrV {eH$dUmma {ejH$ emioV AgocM Ago Zmhr Va hm
{dÚmWu Vw_À`mH$So> `m{df`r {dMmaUm H$aV Agë`mg Ë`mg
`mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m{df`r Vwåhr MwH$sMo
_mJ©Xe©Z Z H$aVm Ë`mMr AmdS> OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$cr
nm{hOo. VaM Vwåhr AmXe© {ejH$ AgVmV. EH$ ^yJmocmMm
{ejH$ åhUyZ Vwåhmcm n`©Q>ZmMr AmdS> Agoc nU Ë`m
n`©Q>ZmV Aä`mgnyU© n`©Q>Z KS>dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Vw_À`mda
Agoc. H$mhr Z_wZm àíZ Vwåhmg XoV AmhmoV Ë`mà_mUo
{dÚmÏ`mªMr {ejH$m§Zr V`mar H$amdr.
1. g_ra hm dJm©Vrc A{Ve` IoiH$a {dÚmWu nU
Aä`mgmVrc Ë`mMr àJVr IynM _§X Amho EH$
{ejH$ åhUyZ Vwåhr Ë`mg H$go _mJ©Xe©Z H$amc?
1) g_racm IoimnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$ê$Z Aä`mgmV cj
H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mg gm§Jy
2) g_raÀ`m nmcH$mH$adr Ë`mg {ejm H$ê$
3) g_racm ñdV: {ejm H$ê$
4) g_racm Ë`mMo Ioi JwU OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r {H«$S>m
5 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
{ejH$m§Mr _XV KoD$
2. lr. {dZmoX Jm`H$dmS> ga A{Ve` {df` nma§JV
{ejH$ åhUyZ à{gÕ; nU ZwH$VoM Ë`m§Mo {ejH$
{_Ìm§Mr ãmXcr Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mm AmdS>Vm
{df` gmoSy>Z BVa {df`m§Mo AÜ`mnZ H$amdo cmJV
Amho. Aemdoir Vwåhr `m {R>H$mUr AgVm Va H$m`
Ho$co AgVo.
1) hm _mPm {df` Zmhr åhUyZ _w»`mÜ`mnH$mH$So> VH«$ma
H$ê$
2) Ë`m {df`mMr V`mar H$ê$Z AmdS> {Z_m©U H$ê$
d {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH$dy
3) hm {df` Z {eH$dVm {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV: V`mar
H$am`cm gm§Jy
4) amOrZm_m XoD$
3) {eVc hr nmQ>rb _°S>_Mr AmdS>Vr {dÚmWuZr nU
gÜ`m Vr Aä`mg gmoSy>Z ñZohg§_ocZmMr V`mar
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmaIr dJm©V J¡ahOa amhVo. Vwåhr
nmQ>rc _°S>_À`m OmJr Agmc Va H$m` H$amc.
1) gd©àW_ Vrcm {ejm XoD$
2) _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§H$So> {VMr VH«$ma H$ê$
3) {Vcm g_OmdyZ gm§Jy H$s ñZohg§_ocZmV ^mJ KoD$
ZH$mo
4) ñZohg§_ocZm~m~V {VMr ê$Mr nmhÿZ {Vcm
H$moUË`m joÌmV OmñV AmdS> Amho Ë`mg§X^m©V {Vcm
_mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$
4) EH$ {ejH$ åhUyZ Vwåhr Vw_Mr _Vo
1) {dÚmÏ`mªda cmXÿ
2) {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmSy>
3) {dÚmÏ`mªda H$Yrhr cmXUma Zmhr
4) {dÚmÏ`mªZm gm§JUma Zmhr
5) {dkmZ {eH$dUmao _wcmUr ga `m§Zm ^m¡{VH$emó
hm {df` _wimVM AmdS>V ZìhVm; nU AmVm Ë`m§Zm
hm {df` {eH$dmdm cmJVmo `mda Vw_Mo _V Zm|Xdm.
1) Ë`m§Zr _w»`Ü`mnH$m§Zm gm§JyZ _r ^m¡{VH$emó
 {eH$dUma Zmhr Ago gm§Jmdo
2) Ë`m§Zr ^m¡{VH$emómV AmdS> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z {eH$dmdo
3) ñdV: ^m¡{VH$emómMr ZmdS> Z R>odVm Ë`mV H$c
dmT>dmdm
4) n`m©` 2 d 3 `mo½` dmQ>VmV.
6) lr. KmS>Jo ga ho B§JO
« r CËH¥$ð> {eH$dVmV; nU gÜ`m
Vo aOo d a Agë`mZo lr. H$m_Wo g a Oo qhXr
{eH$dVmV Ë`m§Zm B§J«Or {eH$dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
{Xcr Amho. lr. H$m_Wo gam§Zm {df`kmZ Zmhr Ë`m§Zr
Aemdoir H$m` H$aUo `mo½` dmQ>Vo.
1) Ë`m§Zr {df`kmZ dmT>dmdo
2) Ë`m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Zm ñnï> gm§Jmdo H$s Ë`mg
{df`kmZ H$_r Amho.
3) \$ŠV {eH$Ê`mMo H$m_ H$amdo dmMyZ XmIdmdo
4) ñdV: B§J«OrMm Šcmg cmdmdm
7) B{VhmgmMo {ejH$ JmoIco _°S>_ `m§Zm B{Vhmg
{df` dJm©V {eH$dVmZm AmdS>Vmo nU Ë`m§Zm JS>,
{H$ëco gmaIo {df` hmVmiVmZm Ë`m {R>H$mUr ^oQ>
XoÊ`mg AmdS> Zmhr Aemdoir H$m` H$amdo?
1) Ë`m§Zr àmoOoŠQ>Mm dmna H$amdm
2) Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mr AmdS> ~mOycm R>oD$Z {dÚmÏ`mªZm
Ë`m {R>H$mUr Ý`mdo cmJoc
3) {dÚmÏ`mªZm Vmo {df` {eH$dy Z`o.
4) n`m©` 1 d 2 XmoÝhrMm dmna H$amdm
✺ ✺ ✺
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
8) H«$sS>m {ejH$ lr. H$mnSo> ga {dÚmÏ`mªZm IoimÀ`m
doimV _¡XmZ ñdÀN> H$aÊ`mg gm§JVmV Ë`m§Zm Vwåhr
H$m` gm§Jmc?
1) Vgo Z H$aVm IoimMr Vm{gH$m IoimgmR>r dmnaÊ`mg
gm§Jy
2) _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§H$So> VH«$ma H$ê$
3) emim Mmcy hmoÊ`mAJmoXa {enm`m§H$adr _¡XmZ gm\$
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg gm§Jy
4) n`m©` 1 d 3 `mo½` dmQ>VmV.
9) EH$ {ejH$ åhUyZ {ejU joÌmV H$c d AmdS>
AgUo JaOoMo Amho H$maU
1) Vwåhr {dÚmWu KS>dVm
2) Ë`mVyZ Vwåhmg AWm©OZ hmoVo
3) Vmo EH$ noem Amho
4) _cm Vgo JaOoMo dmQ>V Zmhr
10) MPSC Mr V`mar H$aUmam a_oe {ejH$ Pmcm.
Ë`mMm Cn`moJ emioV H$emàH$mao H$ê$Z KoVm `oB©c.
1) Agm dmna H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr
2) emioV ñH$m°caern, MTSE, HTSE narjm g§X^m©V
_mJ©Xe©Z H$amd`mg gm§Jy
3) {d{dY {df`mVrc Ë`m§Mo AÚmdV kmZ Ë`m§Zm
{dÚmÏ`mªZm gm§JÊ`mg gm§Jy
4) n`m©` 2d 3 `mo½` dmQ>VmV.
6
 nwT>rc CVmam dmMyZ Ë`mda AmYm[aV 1 Vo 5 àíZm§Mr
CÎmao Úm.
J[a~rMo AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV, {deof _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§nH¡ $s
~hþVm§e ho {Z`§ÌUmVrc AgVmV. VrM ~m~ lr_§Vr~m~Vhr
åhUVm `oB©c. _cm dmQ>Vo J{a~r Am{U lr_§Vr XmoÝhrhr Zï>
H$aUo eŠ` Amho Am{U Vo Bï>hr Amho `m~m~V H$mhr e§H$m
Zmhr. XmoÝhr AZ¡g{J©H$ AmhoV, _mÌ Ë`m§À`m Zï>VogmR>r H$m`Xm
Zmhr Va H$m_mH$So>M cj Úmdo cmJoc.
_mÂ`m Ñï>rZo J[a~r åhUOo `mo½` nÕVrZo Amdí`H$ Vo AÞ,
{Zdmam d dó `m§Mm ì`ŠVr qH$dm Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>rMm A^md. AÞ
nm¡{ï>H$Vo_Ü`o {^ÞVm AmT>iVo. gd©M _mUgo _mZ{gH$Ñï>çm
dm emar[aH$Ñï>çm g_mZ ZgVmV. åhUyZM _mUgm§Zm g_mZ
J¥hrV YaUmam dm g_mZ AgmdoV Ago _mZUmam H$moUVmhr
AmamIS>m hm AZ¡g{J©H$ d H¥${VV Z AmUVm `oUmam AgVmo.
gdmªZm EH$m nmVirda AmUUo hr à{H«$`m eŠ` d Bï> Zmhr.
Agm à`ËZ hm J[a~rcmM àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z - AndmXmË_H$
H$aÊ`mEodOr gmd©{ÌH$ R>aoc. H$m`©j_ CËnmXH$mg AH$m`©j_
hmoÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$ë`mZo Ogo AH$m`©j_ CËnmXH$ H$m`©j_
hmoV Zmhr, Vgo ho Amho. _w~cH$ CncãYVo_wioM J[a~r Xÿa
hmoD$ eH$Vo. gÜ`m AmnU CËnmXZ V§ÌemómV Z¡g{J©H$ {dH$mg
åhUyZ ~arM àJVr Ho$cr Amho. Á`m {Xder CËnmXZ Am{U
{dVaU ho BVHo$ emór` hmoB©c H$s, gdmªZm Ë`m§À`m j_Voà_mUo
d CÚmoJmà_mUo CncãY hmoB©c.
Q>moH$mMo g_mOdmXr Aem _ZmMo AmhoV H$s, CÚmoJ ho
A§{V_V: H$m_Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$ H$aVrc. _mÌ, AmYw{ZH$
CÚmoJ {díd ho H$m_Jmam§Zm Am{U OJmcm hiyhiy daÀ`m
nmVirda ZoV Amho. Amnë`mcm Ho$di {Z`moOZ d H$m`©nÕVr
g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. d¡`pŠVH$ nwT>mH$ma Am{U
H$ënH$Vm `mgh hþema ZoV¥Ëd `m_wioM gdm}Îm_ n[aUm_ gmÜ`
hmoB©c.
_ycV: ZH$mamË_H$ AgUmao emgZ H$moUË`mhr Iè`m
aMZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r (CnH«$_mgmR>r) gH$mamË_H$ _XV
XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. g_mOmdarc ~moOm Wm§~{dUmar Am{U
àJVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AS>Wio Xÿa H$aUmar _XV ZH$mamË_H$ Agy
eH$Vo. J[a~rÀ`m _wimer AgUmar H$maUo åhUOo gÎmm_mJ© d
{VMm dmna, eoVr Am{U CÚmoJ `m XmoÝhr joÌmVrc CËnmXZ
Am{U {dVaU `mVrc dmB©Q> VS>OmoS>r hmo`.
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
1. J[a~r d lr_§Vr ho XmoÝhr .... AmhoV.
(1) Z¡g{J©H$
(2) AZ¡g{J©H$
(3) na_oídamMr XoUJr
(4) darcn¡H$s gd©
2. J[a~rMr ì`m»`m, nwT>rcn¡H$s H$moUVr ~amo~a Amho?
(1) O{_ZrMm A^md
(2) AÞmMm A^md
(3) Kam§Mm ({Zdmam) A^md
(4) AÞ, dó d {ZdmamMm A^md
3. AZ¡ g {J© H $ d A_cmV AmUVm Z `o U mè`m
{Z`moOZmV H$m` J¥hrV Yaco Amho?
(1) {ZgJ© A_`m©X g§gmYZo nwadVmo
(2) _mUgo g_mZ AmhoV dm AgVmV
(3) eharH$aU hm {dH$mgmMm nm`m Amho
(4) CËnÞmMo g_mZ dmQ>n
4. g_mOdmÚm§À`m _Vo
(1) Am¡Úmo{JH$arH$aU ho gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m {déÕ Amho
(2) ^m§S>dcXma ho H$m_Jmam§À`m {damoYr AmhoV
(3) CÚmoJ ho H$m_Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$ H$aVmV
(4) H$m_Jma hm {dH$mgmMm H$Um AmhoV
5. n[aÀN>oXmda AmYmarV nwT>rcn¡H$s H$moUVo {dYmZ
MwH$sMo Amho?
(A) gaH$ma _ycV: ZH$mamË_H$ AgVo
(~) gaH$ma gH$mamË_H$ _XV XoD$ eH$Vo
(H$) gaH$ma ZH$amaË_H$ _XV XoD$ eH$Vo
(S>) A
(1) \$ŠV ~ (2) \$ŠV A Am{U H$
(3) \$ŠV A, ~ Am{U H$ (4) \$ŠV A
CÎmao : 1) 2 2) 4>> 3) 2 4) 3 5) 1
nwT>rc CVmam dmMyZ Ë`mda AmYm[aV 1 Vo 5 àíZm§Mr
CÎmao Úm.
B`Îmm 6drÀ`m dJm©Vrc {dÚmWver Jßnm _maVmZm S>m°.
gd}e `m§Zr ^m¡{VH$ ~Xc CXmhaUmW© - ~mînZ (Ðd d dm`y),
ÐdU (KZ Vo Ðd), g§ßcdZ (KZ Vo dm`y) Am{U amgm`{ZH$
~Xc CXmhaUmW© - CXmgrZrH$aU (Amåc Am{U AëH$cr
`m§À`mVrb A{^{H«$`m), AdjonU (A_mo{Z`m ŠcmoamB©S>/
12
nmoQ>°{e`_ ŠcmoamB©S> Am{U {gëda ZmB©Q´>oQ> `m§À`mVrc
A{^{H«$`m) Aem H$mhr à`moJm§Mo àmË`{jV XmI{dco.
`m Jßnm§_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªZm Iyn _Om `oV hmoVr; nU Ë`m§Zm
{Xcoë`m ÐmdUmVrc H$Q>m`Z Am{U AZm`Z ho H$go emoYyZ
H$mT>m`Mo, ho OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo hmoVo. {dÚmÏ`mªMm CËgmh ~KyZ
S>m°. gd}e `m§Zr {Xcoë`m ÐmdUmVrc H$Q>m`Z Am{U AZm`Z
ho H$go emoYZy H$mT>m`Mo ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m 3 à`moJm§Mr (EH$mV
H$mJXm§À`m a§Jm§Vrc ~Xc Am{U Xþgè`mV à`moJmXaå`mZ ~Xc)
`moOZm Ho$cr.
S>m°. gd}e `m§Zr WmoSo>go (A§XmOo 0.100 J«°.) KZê$n
A_mo{Z`_ ŠcmoamB©S> Am{U KZê$n nmoQ>{° e`_ ŠcmoamB©S> àË`oH$s
2 doJùçm narjmZù`mV 2.0 KZ g|. _r. {Zam`{ZV nmÊ`mV
{daKidco Am{U Ë`m narjmZù`m§Zm AZwH«$_o "1' Am{U "2'
H«$_m§H$ {Xco. darc àË`oH$ narjmZirVrc 2 W|~ 2 g§MmcrV
àË`oH$s 3 doJù`m H$moaS>çm narjmZù`m§_Ü`o ñdV§ÌnUo KoVco
Am{U AZwH«$_o Ë`m narjmZù`m§Mm EH$ g§M AJXr S>mì`m
~mOycm Am{U Xÿgam g§M COì`m ~mOycm R>odcm. `m XmoÝhr
g§MmVrc narjmZù`m_Ü`o, ñdV§ÌnUo, àË`oH$s 6 W|~ 2 EZ
gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S> (AëH$cr) Q>mHy$Z `m narjmZù`m
g§WnUo Vmn{dë`m Am{U ~mhoa nS>coë`m dm`y§À`m g§nH$m©V,
ñdV§ÌnUo EH$ Amocm cmc {cQ>_g H$mJX, EH$ Amocm hiXrMm
H$mJX Am{U {dac hmQ>S´>moŠcmoarH$ Amåcm_Yrc ~wS>{dcocr
H$mMoMr H$m§S>r BË`mXr AmUco.
n{hë`m à`moJmV, S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m narjmZirdaMm
AJmoXaMm H$mJX {Zim Pmcm (ho {ZarjU Amåc dm`yÀ`m
~m~VrV AJXrM {déÕ hmoVo. Ë`mV Amocm {Zim {cQ>_g cmc
hmoVmo) Am{U Z§VaMm H$mJX Vn{H$ar Pmcm Am{U eodQ>À`m
à`moJmV XmQ> g\o$X A_mo{Z`_ ŠcmoamB©S>À`m dm\$m {ZXe©Zmg
Amë`m; nU Agm H$mo U Vmhr ~Xc COì`m ~mOy À `m
narjmZù`m§ V rc A{^H$maH$m§ _ YÚo A{^{H« $ `m hmo D $Z,
AëH$Y_u A_mo{Z`m dm`y {Z_m©U Pmcm Am{U Agm {ZîH$f©
H$mT>cm H$s, S>mì`m ~mOyMm narjmZù`m§À`m g§MmV Oo ÐmdU
Amho, Ë`mV A_mo{Z`_ _wcH$ Amho Am{U COdrH$S>rc
narjmZù`m§À`m g§MmV Agcoë`m ÐmdUm§_Ü`o A_mo{Z`_
_wcH$ Zmhr.
Z§Va, S>m.° gd}e `m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªZm hoM à`moJ H$ê$Z ~Km`cm
gm§{JVco. Hw$. [a`mÀ`m ~m~VrV, AJmoXaÀ`m ~Xcmì`{V[aŠV,
COdrH$S>À`m g§MmVrc narjmZir_Ü`o Amocm cmc {cQ>_g
13
H$mJX {Zim Pmcocm AmT>icm Am{U lr. adrcm S>mdrH$S>À`m
g§MmVrc narjmZirV hiXrÀ`m H$mJXmÀ`m a§JmV Ano{jV
~Xc AmT>icm Zmhr. S>m°. gd}e `m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªZm ho à`moJ
AMyH$ H$go H$amdoV, ho naV gm§{JVco. Ooìhm {dÚmÏ`mªZr S>m°.
gd}em§À`m gyMZm§Mo AMyH$ nmcH$ H$ê$Z ho à`moJ Ho$co, Voìhm
Ë`m§Zm Ano{jV n[aUm_ {_imco.
1. darc CVmè`mdê$Z Imcrc {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oVo
(1) A_mo{Z`m ŠcmoamB©S> nmÊ`mV \$ŠV {daKiVo
(2) A_mo{Z`m ŠcmoamB©S> nmÊ`mV {daKiVo, VgoM Vo
H$Xm{MV g§ßcdZerc Amho
(3) A_mo{Z`m ŠcmoamB©S> ho \$ŠV g§ßcdZerc Amho
(4>) A_mo{Z`m ŠcmoamB©S> nmÊ`mV {daKiVo, nU
g§ßcdZerc Zmhr
2. A_mo { Z`_ _w c H$mÀ`m ApñVËdm_w i o Imcrc
{ZarjUo AmT>iVmV.
(1) cmc {cQ>_g {Zim hmoUo, hiXrMm H$mJX cmc
hmoUo Am{U {dac S>m`S´>moŠcmo[aH$ AmåcmV ~wS>{dcoë`m
H$mMoÀ`m H$m§S>rnmgyZ XmQ> g\o$X dm\$m `oUo
(2) cmc {cQ>_g {Zim hmoUo, hiXrMm H$mJX Vn{H$ar
hmoUo Am{U {dac hm`S´>moŠcmo[aH$ AmåcmV ~wS>{dcoë`m
H$mMoÀ`m XmQ> g\o$X dm\$m `oUo
(3$) {Zim {cQ>_g cmc hmoUo, hiXrMm H$mJX Vn{H$ar
hmoUo Am{U {dac hm`S´>moŠcmo[aH$ AmåcmV ~wS>{dcoë`m
H$mMoÀ`m H$m§S>rnmgy XmQ> g\o$X dm\$m `oUo
(4) cmc {cQ>_g {Zim hmoUo, hiXrMm H$mJX Vn{H$ar
hmoUo Am{U {dac nmoQ>°{e`_ ŠcmoamB©S> ~wS>{dcoë`m
H$mMoÀ`m H$m§S>rnmgyZ XmQ> g\o$X dm\$m `oUo
3. Hw$. [a`mcm Ano{jV {ZarjU {_imco Zmhr, H$maU
{VZo
(1) cmc {cQ>_g H$mJX COdrH$S>À`m narjmZirVyZ
~mhoa nS>coë`m dm`yÀ`m g§nH$m©V AmUcm.
(2) Amo c m cmc {cQ> _ g H$mJX COdrH$S> À `m
narjmZirÀ`m ~mhoa nS>cëo `m dm`yÀ`m g§nH$m©V AmUcm.
(3$) Amo c m cmc {cQ> _ g H$mJX COdrH$SÀ`m
narjmZim§ ÐmdUmÀ`m g§nH$m©V AmUcm.
(4) darcn¡H$s H$moUVohr Zmhr.
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
4. lr. adrcm Ano{jV {ZarjU {_imco Zmhr, H$maU
Ë`mZo
(1) hiXrMm H$mJX S>mì`m~mOyÀ`m narjmZirVyZ ~mhoa
nS>Umè`m dm`yÀ`m g§nH$m©V AmUcm.
(2) hiXrMm H$mJX COì`m~mOyÀ`m narjmZirVyZ ~mhoa
nS>Umè`m dm`yÀ`m g§nH$m©V AmUcm.
(3$) XmoÝhr (1) Am{U (2)
(4) darcn¡H$s H$moUVohr Zmhr
5. XmQ> g\o$X dm\$m V`ma Pmë`m, H$maU
(A) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_wio
(~) CXmgrH$aU A{^{H«$`o_wio
(H$) A_mo{Z`_ ŠcmoamB©S> g§ßcdZerc Amho åhUyZ
Imcrcn¡H$s H$moUVo n`m©` AMyH$ (~amo~a) AmhoV?
(1) \$ŠV A Am{U ~ (~) \$ŠV ~ Am{U H$
(H$) \$ŠV A Am{U H$ (S>) A, ~ Am{U H$
CÎmao : 1) 2 2) 2> 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3>
nwT>rc CVmamdmMyZ Ë`mda AmYm[aV 1 Vo 5 àíZm§Mr
CÎmao Úm.
dmX{ddmXm_Ü`o Omo ñdV:Mr ~mOy KoD$ eH$V Zmhr Vmo
CXma_VdmXr, Aer CXam_VdmÚm§Mr ì`m»`m EH$Xm am°~Q>©
\«$m°ñQ>Zo Ho$cr hmoVr; nU AcrH$S>À`m ì`m»`m§_Ü`o AJXr CcQ>o
{MÌ {XgVo. AmË_g§Vwï> Am{U {dMmam§Mr {d{dYVm Z _mZUmao
Aer Ë`m§Mr à{V_m {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. CXma_VdmXmÀ`m
g§H$ënZoMr A{Y_mÝ`Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r CXma_VdmÚm§Mr
amOH$s` Xm§{^H$Vm CKS>r nmS>Uo hr Ac§H$m[aH$ Mmc Ioicr
OmVo. Am{U XþX}dmZo Ago åhUmdo cmJVo H$s, Aem MmctMm
Cn`moJ Oo H$aVmV Ë`m§À`mH$So> hëcm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iyn Xmê$Jmoim
Amho. BVahr H$mhr H$miOr H$aÊ`mgmaIo ómoV AmhoV.
"A_o[aHo$Vrc {dÚmnrR>o àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm ZmoH$è`m XoVmZm gZmVZr
cmoH$m§~Ôc nyd©J«hXÿ{fV _V ~miJyZ AgVmV' Ago {dYmZ
{ZH$mocg {H«$ñQ>m°\$ `m§Zr Ý`y`m°H©$ Q>mB©åg_Yrc Amnë`m
~hþM{M©V ñV§^m_Ü`o Ho$co. CXma_VdmXr g§ñWm§Zr {d{dY
{dMmam§Zm Am{U Iè`mIwè`m dmX{ddmXm§Zm Aml` {Xcm
nm{hOo; nU Vgo Z hmoVm Ë`m EH$gwar Am{U amOH$s`Ñï>çm
AMyH$ hmoV AmhoV. CXma_VdmXr àM{cV {dMmam§ncrH$So>
qMVZ H$ê$ eH$co nm{hOoV nU Vo ñdV:cm H$mhr ImoŠ`m§_Ü`o
~§XrñV H$ê$Z KoV AmhoV. AJXr AcrH$So> JwéMaU Xmg `m§Zr
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
AemM àH$maMo Amamon Ho$co hmoVo.
Ago Amamon ~hþVoH$ doim amOH$s` Mmcr AgVmV.
CXma_VdmXr gZmVÝ`m§Zm dJiVmV Am{U dmirV Q>mH$VmV
`m àH$maMo Amamon AZoH$ nÕVrZo Ho$co OmVmV. `m Amamonm§n¡H$s
EH$ àH$maÀ`m Amamonm§~m~mV CXma_VdmÚm§Zm ~MmdmË_H$
n{dÌm KoÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. EImÚm OwÝ`m ì`dñWog§~§Yr
nwamU_VdmÚm§Mo J«h gmYmaUnUo EImÚm nXgmonmZmer-
CVa§S>rer OmoS>cc
o o AgVmV; Ë`mcm Zoh_rM ór-nwéf ^oXmMm,
d§edmXmMm g_qcJtZm Agcoë`m {damoYmMm, OmVr`dmXmMm
Am{U Aëng§»`m§H$m~Ôc d¡amMm Xn© `oV AgVmo. H$mhr doim
CXma_VdmXr ~m¡ÕrH$ dmVmdaUmMo H¥${Ì_ nÕVrZo ewÕrH$aU
H$aVmV Am{U dmXmda nS>Xm Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. na§Vw
g§ñWm§À`m AdH$mem_Ü`o ór-nwwéf ^oX, d§edmX, OmVr`dmX,
naH$s`m§Mm Ûof `m àH$mam§Zm A{Y_mÝ`Vm {_iVm H$m_m Z`o hm
àË`oH$ gä` g_mOmZo nwañH$ma H$amdm Agm {dMma Amho.
nwamU_VdmXr H$mhr {d{eï> JQ>m§Zm cj H$ê$Z {eVm\$sZo
qH$dm CKS>nUo H$mhr _m§S>Ur H$aVmV. ~m¡{ÕH$ dmX{ddmXm§er
H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zgcoë`m _mJmªZr Vo cmoH$m§Zm AñdñW H$aVmV.
`m _m§S>Ur~Ôc gme§H$ AgUo ho CXma_VdmÚm§À`m Ñï>rZo ~amo~a
Amho. Ver e§H$m ì`ŠV Z H$aUo åhUOo _mZdr à{Vð>oÀ`m à{V
Agcocr ~m§{YcH$s gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mgmaIo hmoB©c.
1. CVmè`mdê$Z Vwåhr Agm {ZpíMV {ZîH$f© H$mT>y>
eH$Vm H$s, am°~Q>© \«$m°ñQ> ho EH$ ..... Amho.
(1) AmË_g§Vïw > ì`ŠVr (2) CXma_VdmXr
(3) nwamU_VdmXr (4) coIH$
2. CVmè`m_Ü`o
(1) CXma_VdmÚm§Mr ñVwVr Ho$cr Amho.
(2) CXma_VdmÚm§da Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho
(3) CXma_VdmXr nwamU_VdmÚm§nojm ~ao AgVmV, Ago
{dYmZ Ho$co AmhoV.
(4) nwamU_VdmXr CXma_VdmÚmnojm ~ao AgVmV, Ago
{dYmZ Ho$co AmhoV.
3. A_o [ aHo $ Vrc {dÚmnrR> m § _ Ü`o {ejH$m§ À `m
^aVrgmR>rÀ`m àWm ..... {damoYr AmhoV.
(1) nwamU_VdmÚm§À`m
(2) Iwë`m _ZmÀ`m CXma_VdmÚm§À`m
(3) ~§XrñV _Z Agcoë`m AmË_g§Vïw > CXma_VdmÚm§À`m
(4) Iwë`m _ZmÀ`m nwamU_VdmÚm§À`m
14
4. {ZH$mocg {H«$ñQ>m°\$ ho ..... Amho.
(1) nwamU_VdmÚm§da Q>rH$m H$aUmam CXma_VdmXr
ñV§^coIH$
(2) nwamU_VdmXr ñV§^coIH$
(3) AmË_narjU H$aUmao CXma_VdmXr
(4) AmË_narjU H$aUmao nwamU_VdmXr
5. CVmè`mV coIH$ ..... Amho.
(1) d§edmXr
(2) g_qcJr cmoH$ Z AmdS>Umam
(3) CXma_VdmÚm§À`m daModa dmB©Q> hmoV Mmccoë`m
n[apñWVrZo qMVrV
(4) nwamU_VdmÚm§g§X^m©V qMVrV
CÎmao : 1) 1 2) 4> 3) 1 4) 3 5) 3
àíZ 1 Vo 5:
_mZdmÀ`m ^mfm AÜ``ZmgmR>r VgoM A_yV© {dMma d
{ddoH$m{dMmamMr j_Vm AgUmam _|Xÿ Agm_Ý`arË`m _moR>m
hmoÊ`mcm H$moUË`m Jmoï>r H$maUr^yV AmhoV `m~m~V Aä`mgH$
~amM H$mi `wpŠVdmX H$arV AmhoV. d¡km{ZH$m§Zr nyU©
Am{\«$Ho$À`m [aâQ> ìh°crVrc AË`§V Amoë`m d A{VH$moaS>çm
H$mcI§ S > m § M r gm§ J S> _mZdd§ e r` ny d © O m§ À `m CËH« $ m§ V rZo
AMmZH$nUo KoVcoë`m Cgù`m§er KmVcr. Á`m_wio AmYw{ZH$
_mZdmÀ`m _|XÿMr CËH«$m§Vr Pmcr.
AJXr AcrH$S>Mr CËnÎmr gwMdVo H$s, Am{X_mZdmÀ`m
ñdV:À`m ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUmVrc ZmQ>çnyU© ~Xcm§er AZwH$y cVm
gmYÊ`mÀ`m JaOonmoQ>r _|XÿMm AmH$ma dmT>cm. `w{Zìh{g©Q>r
H$m°coO Am°\$ c§S>Z_Yrc àmÜ`mnH$ _mH©$ _mpñcZ åhUVmV,
""Ag§ {XgV§` H$s, _mZd hdm_mZmÀ`m ~XcmVyZ OÝ_mcm Amco
AgmdoV; H$maU Ë`m§Zm XþîH$mimH$Sy>Z gwH$mi Am{U CcQ>
hmoUmè`m doJdmZ ~Xcm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV hmoVo. `m ~XcmZo
_moR>o _|Xÿ Agcocr Zdr àOmVr ApñVËdmV Amcr VgoM Ë`m§Zm
nyd© Am{\«$Ho$VyZ `wao{e`mV d X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V Omdo cmJco.''
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AmhoV d _mUgmÀ`m CËnÎmrMo ho gdmªV _hÎdmMo Am{X_ ñWmZ
Agmdo, Ago Vo gy{MV H$aVmV.
`m Aä`mgmV Joë`m 5 XecjdfmªVrc hdm_mZmVrc
15
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OmJ{VH$ nmVirMo hdm_mZ ~Xc KSy>Z Amco.
àmÜ`mnH$ _mpñcZ åhUVmV, ""`m àX{jUoVrc ~Xcm§_wio
nyd© Am{\«$Ho$Vrc hdm_mZ JmoS>çm nmÊ`mÀ`m, g_¥Õ d ~hacoë`m
dZm§Zr doT>coë`m Imoc gamodamnmgyZ Vo AmOÀ`mgmaIr
dmiyÀ`m Q>oH$S>çm§Mr A{VewîH$ n[apñWVrVrc [aâQ> ìh°crVrc
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`m ~Xcm§À`m n[aUm_r _moR>o _|Xÿ Agcoë`m Zì`m àOmVrMr
CËH«$m§Vr Pmcr VgoM Am{X_mZdmcm nyd© Am{\«$Ho$~mhoa {dIwaUo
^mJ nmS>c.o ''
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àH$maMo hdm_mZmVrc ~Xcm§Mo {deofV: VrZ H$mcI§S>
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{Vgam ~Xc gmYmaUnUo 1 Xecj dfmªndy u KS>cm Ooìhm hmo_mo
hm`So>c~J}pÝgg CX`mcm Amcr. àmÜ`mnH$ _mpñcZ åhUmco
H$s, Ooìhm hmo_mo go{nEÝgMr àW_ CËH«$m§Vr Pmcr Ë`m JV 150
hOma dfmªVrc AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r ho V§Ì nwaogo AMyH$ Zmhr.
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Agcoë`m, nm¡J§S>mdñWoVrc dmT>rd d¡{eï>çnyU© Cgir
XmIdUmè`m n{hë`m _mZdd§er`m§Zm hmo_mo BaoŠQ>gH$So> ZoUmao
AmYrMo CËH«$m§{V`wŠV n[adV©Z Xe©{dVo.
1. {Xcoë`m n[aÀN>oXmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc gdm©V VH©$g§JV
^mî` {ZdS>m.
(1) _mZdmÀ`m Vw c Zo Z o _mo R > ç m AmH$mamÀ`m _| X ÿ
AgÊ`mÀ`m KQ>Zo~m~V dmX KmcÊ`mMr JaO AmVm
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eŠ` Pmco Amho.
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_mZdr _|XM ÿ m AmH$ma _moR>m AgÊ`mÀ`m KQ>ZM
o o ñnï>rH$aU
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
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ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H$maUo AmhoV.
(4) d¡km{ZH$m§Zm AOyZhr _mZdr _|XÿMm AmH$ma Ë`mÀ`m
earamÀ`m AmH$mamÀ`m Vw c Zo Z o _mo R > m AgÊ`mÀ`m
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JaO Amho.
2. darc n[aÀN>Xo mV CëcoIcoë`m _mZdd§e àOmVtMm
Am{X_ Vo AmYw{ZH$ Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cocm C{MV
g§M {ZdS>m
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hm`So>c~J}pÝgg, hmo_mo BaoŠQ>g
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hm`So>c~J}pÝgg,
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h°{~{cg, hmo_mo go{nEÝg,
(4> ) hmo _ mo h° { ~{cg, hmo _ mo Bao Š Q> g , hmo _ mo
hm`So>c~J}pÝgg, hmo_mo go{nEÝg,
3. O
µ cdm`w_mZmVrc ~Xc ho _|XÀÿ `m Agm_mÝ` dmT>rcm
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d¡km{ZH$m§Zr nwadcocm à_wI nwamdm {ZdS>m
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JmoS>çm nmÊ`mMr, g_¥Õ d ~hacoë`m dZm§Zr doT>cocr
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Q>moH$mÀ`m Am§XmocZmVyZ Omdo cmJco Agmdo d n[aUm_r
Ë`m H$mcI§S>mV OJUmè`m _mZdd§er`m§À`m _|XÿÀ`m
dmT>rcm Omoa {_imcm.
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AWm©Zo _mZd-gÑí` gm§JmS>m Agcoë`m _moR>çm _|XÿYmar
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Cgir XmIdVo.
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AMmZH$ KS>cëo `m Cgù`m§er KmcUo eŠ` Pmco.
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
(4) Ag§ {XgV§` H$s, _mZd Ocdm`w_mZ ~XcmVyZ
OÝ_mcm Amco AgmdoV; H$maU Ë`m§Zm XþîH$mi Vo gwH$mi
Am{U Ë`m§À`m CcQ> hmoUmè`m doJdmZ ~Xcm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo
cmJV hmoVo. `m ~XcmZo _moR>o _|Xÿ Agcoë`m Zì`m àOmVr
ApñVËdmV AmUë`m.
4. 1 d 2 `m§À`m ghg§~§Ym§Mo VH©$g§JV dU©Z H$aUmam
n`m©` {ZdS>m.
(2) 2,00,000 dfmª À `m H$mcI§ S > m Xaå`mZ
{_cmÝH$mopìhM MH«$m§Zr [aâQ> ìh°crVrc Ocdm`y_mZmcm
Amo ë `m d H$mo a S> ç m n[apñWVtÀ`m A{VQ> m o H $m§ À `m
Am§XmocZmVyZ OmUo ^mJ nmS>co.
(2) \$ŠV _moR>çm _|XYÿ mar _mZdd§er` nydO
© m§Zm Q>mHo $mÀ`m
Ocdm`w_mZ ~Xcm§V {Q>H$md YaUo eŠ` Pmco Am{U
åhUyZ Vo Zì`m àOmVr åhUyZ CX`mcm Amco.
(1) 1 `m H$m`m©Zo 2 hm n[a_mU KS>dyZ AmUcm.
(2) 1 d 2 ho XmoÝhr EH$mM H$m`m©Zo KS>dcoco n[aUm_
AmhoV.
(3) 1 d 2 ho XmoÝhr {^Þ H$m`mªer g§~§{YV Agcoco
ñdV§Ì n[aUm_ AmhoV.
(4) 2 `m H$m`m©Zo 1 hm n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUcm Amho.
5. àmÜ`mnH$ _mpñcZ `m§À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma AmYw{ZH$
_mZd Ocdm`w _ mZ ~XcmVy Z OÝ_mcm Amco
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Ë`mÀ`m CcQ> hmoUmè`m doJdmZ ~Xcm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo
cmJV hmoV.o `m_wio _moR>o _|Xÿ Agcoë`m Zì`m àOmVr
ApñVËdmV Amë`m.
àmÜ`mnH$ _mpñcZ `m§À`m darc åhUÊ`mcm nmR>~i
XoUmao/XoUmar nwT>rcn¡H$s {ZarjU/{ZarjUo {ZdS>m.
(A) gÜ`m ApñVËdmZ Agcoë`m _mZdd§er` gXñ`m§Mo
Ë`m§À`m earamÀ`m AmH$mamÀ`m VwcZoV _moR>çm AmH$mamMo
_|Xÿ AmhoV.
(~) S>m`Zmgm°agma»`m AZoH$ àmUr àOmVr Zï> Pmë`m
AmhoV; Ë`m§Mo _|Xÿ VwcZoZo chmZ hmoVo.
(1) \$ŠV A (~) \$ŠV ~
(H$) XmoÝhr A Am{U ~ (S>) XmoÝhr ZmhrV
CÎmao : 1) 2 2) 4> 3) 3 4) 1 5) 1
16
 1 AmH$bZ j_Vm
Question numfrer 1 to 5
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave
lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next
door, who objected to his peace being disturbed
in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin
cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant
for the musicians. I do not know what the law
said on the subject. It may be admitted that the
annoyances were equal in effect, but they were
not the same in motive. In the one case, the mo-
tive was the reasonable one of earning an hon-
est living; there was no deliberate intention of
being offensive to the neighbours. In the other
case, the motive was admittedly to make a dem-
onstration against the neighbours. What is to be
done in such circumstances? It is not an offence
to play the piano in one's own house even for a
living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially
if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if
you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano
next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be
relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which
render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say
that he makes them for a living and without in-
tending to destroy my peace. He does destroy
my peace and it is no comfort to.be assured that
he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man
may play the trombone in his own house all day
if he took reasonable measures to limit the an-
noyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has prob-
ably never lived beside a trombone. I find my
argument is leading me to the side of the tin can
gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my
sympathies are with the musicians. And yet-
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion alto-
gether and leave the incident to make us gener-
ally a little more sensitive about the feelings of
our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to
play the piano; but the amenities of
neighbourliness require that we should mutually
1 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as
we can.
1. Fill the blank space with the best among
the given option.
The probability is strong that the musi-
cians....
(1) were earning their living by playing the
piano
(2) did not know they were causing dis-
comfort to their neighbour
(3) knew they were causing discomfort to
their neighbour
(4) did not care about annoying their
neighbour.
2. Fill the blank space with the best among
the given options. "....or perhaps even
more if you do...." in the last sentence of
the first paragraph suggests that ....
(1) the piano is not being played well
(2) the piano is being played well
(3) it is hard to hear the scales going on
(4) one can't sit listening to the piano all
day
3. Which of the following statements is sup-
ported by the passage?
(1) Hazlitt liked listening to the trombone.'
(2) Hazlitt did not like listening to the trom-
bone.
(3) Hazlitt had little idea about the loud-
ness of the trombone.
(4) The annoyance caused by the trombone
can be limited.
4. Fill the blank space with the bet among
the given options.
The writer is suggesting that....
(1) the musicians were wrong in creating a
disturbance for the neighbour
(2) the neighbour was wrong in beating the
tin can
(3) motive is immaterial not the concern
(4) we should never do things that inconve-
 nience our neighbours
5. Fill the blank space wjjjh the best among
the given alternatives. "It is no comfort
to be assured that he does not mean to"
can be re-written as ....
(1) It is comfort to be assured that he means
to
(2) The assurance does not help
(3) The assurance is not honest
(4) Comfort cannot be assured.
Question number 1 to 5
Hyderabad sits nestled amongst one of the
oldest rock systems of the world. These granite
2rocks are 2500 million years old. Rain, sun and
wind have for aeons, through their collective and
continuous physical and chemical actions,
worked them into weird shapes. Some appear
perched upon each other so precariously that you
feel some giant-children playing at house mak-
ing must have kept them there. From times im-
memorial they have stayed like that without tum-
bling down. They will remain like that long af-
ter we are gone.
Golconda Fort was once a mere hillock, a
hump of a giant camel, a mass of scattered mis-
shapen granite. It was sheer wilderness. There
cow and goatherds used to graze cattle and sheep
belonging to the nearby villages. It was so popu-
lar with graziers that it took the name of 'hillock
of the graziers' - Golla Konda in Telugu, the lo-
cal language. Golla Konda later on became
'Golconda.' Hyderabad is the daughter of
Golconda Fort which stands in ruins now, eight
kilometres away from the centre of the city. The
fort was built about a thousand years ago, dur-
ing the Kakatiyarule (AD 1000-1321) which had
its capital atWarangal-a city about 150
kilometres to the north of Hyderabad.
Rudramba Devi, queen of the Kakatiya dy-
nasty, ruled for 34 years from AD 1262 to 1296.
She withstood the combined attacks of the
Pandyas, the Yadavas and the Hoysalas with the
help of her grandson. Prataparudradeva who
succeeded her (AD 1296 - 1323).
He too was an illustrious ruler but was sub-
jected to repeated attacks by the Sultans of Delhi;
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
there were five during the two decades after AD
1303. Finally, he was defeated by Ulugh Khan,
imprisoned and taken prisoner to Delhi. On the
way he committed suicide. Ulugh Khan later
became the Sultan of Hindustan, and is known
as Mohammad Tughlaq. Since his empire had
extended to the south, Delhi was no longer the
centre of political gravity. He, therefore, ordered
that the capital of India be shifted from Delhi to
Daulatabad. For two decades this city remained
the capital of India.
1. Which of the following statements is false?
(1) The granite rocks have been in exist-
ence for aeons.
(2) The forces of nature have worked the
rocks into strange shapes.
(3) Giant children must have stacked the
rocks precariously upon each other.
(4) Though the rocks are delicately balanced
on each other, they are not likely to tumble
down soon.
2. What is the meaning of the word 'aeon'
used in the passage?
(1) Hundreds of years
(2) Thousands of years
(3) A million years
(4) An eternity
3. About Hyderabad, the passage states
that:
(1) It was built about a thousand years ago.
(2) It was built during the Kakatiya rule.
(3) It came into existence after Golconda
was built.
(4) It is to the south of Warangal.
(1) Only 1 and 2 are correct
(2) Only 3 and 4 are correct
(3) Only 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(4) Only 2, 3 and 4 are correct
5. What is the word used in the passage that
means 'strange and ugly'?
(1) aeons (2) weird
(3) precarious (4) misshapen
Ans : 1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2
2
Question number 1 to 5
Hyderabad sits nestled amongst one of the
oldest rock systems of the world. These granite
2rocks are 2500 million years old. Rain, sun and
wind have for aeons, through their collective and
continuous physical and chemical actions,
worked them into weird shapes. Some appear
perched upon each other so precariously that you
feel some giant-children playing at house mak-
ing must have kept them there. From times im-
memorial they have stayed like that without tum-
bling down. They will remain like that long af-
ter we are gone.
Golconda Fort was once a mere hillock, a
hump of a giant camel, a mass of scattered mis-
shapen granite. It was sheer wilderness. There
cow and goatherds used to graze cattle and sheep
belonging to the nearby villages. It was so popu-
lar with graziers that it took the name of 'hillock
of the graziers' - Golla Konda in Telugu, the lo-
cal language. Golla Konda later on became
'Golconda.' Hyderabad is the daughter of
Golconda Fort which stands in ruins now, eight
kilometres away from the centre of the city. The
fort was built about a thousand years ago, dur-
ing the Kakatiyarule (AD 1000-1321) which had
its capital atWarangal-a city about 150
kilometres to the north of Hyderabad.
Rudramba Devi, queen of the Kakatiya dy-
nasty, ruled for 34 years from AD 1262 to 1296.
She withstood the combined attacks of the
Pandyas, the Yadavas and the Hoysalas with the
help of her grandson. Prataparudradeva who
succeeded her (AD 1296 - 1323).
He too was an illustrious ruler but was sub-
jected to repeated attacks by the Sultans of Delhi;
there were five during the two decades after AD
1303. Finally, he was defeated by Ulugh Khan,
imprisoned and taken prisoner to Delhi. On the
way he committed suicide. Ulugh Khan later
became the Sultan of Hindustan, and is known
as Mohammad Tughlaq. Since his empire had
extended to the south, Delhi was no longer the
centre of political gravity. He, therefore, ordered
that the capital of India be shifted from Delhi to
Daulatabad. For two decades this city remained
3 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
the capital of India.
1. Which of the following statements is false?
(1) The granite rocks have been in exist-
ence for aeons.
(2) The forces of nature have worked the
rocks into strange shapes.
(3) Giant children must have stacked the
rocks precariously upon each other.
(4) Though the rocks are delicately balanced
on each other, they are not likely to tumble
down soon.
2. What is the meaning of the word 'aeon'
used in the passage?
(1) Hundreds of years
(2) Thousands of years
(3) A million years
(4) An eternity
3. About Hyderabad, the passage states
that:
(a) It was built about a thousand years ago.
(b) It was built during the Kakatiya rule.
(c) It came into existence after Golconda
was built.
(d) It is to the south of Warangal.
(1) Only a and b are correct
(2) Only c and d are correct
(3) Only a, b and c are correct
(4) Only b, c and d are correct
4. From the passage, it is clear that :
(a) Rudramba Devi had at least one son.
(b) rudramba Devi was a widow
(c) rudramba Devi had at least one child.
(1) only a is correct
(2) only a and b correct
(3) only c is correct
(4) only b and c are correct
5. What is the word used in the passage that
means 'strange and ugly'?
(1) aeons (2) weird
(3) precarious (4) misshapen
Ans : 1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2
Question number 1 to 5
Love is a great force in private life; it is in-
deed the greatest of all things: but love in public
affairs does not work. It has been tried again
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4) 1) B§Xÿ 2) qgYy 3) \w$Q>~m°b 4) ~°S>q_Q>Z
3) eer 4) gmo_ 17) 1) _w§~B© 2) MoÞB©
5) 1) nmam 2) Mm§Xr 3) Am¡a§Jm~mX 4) ^monmi
3) Vm§~o 4) OñV 18) 1) Am§~m 2) Zmai
6) 1) J§Jm 2) H¥$îUm 3) H$_i 4) Om§^yi
3) JmoXmdar 4) Z_©Xm 19) 1) dmK 2) qgh
7) 1) `H¥$V 2) OR>a 3) hÎmr 4) H$moëhm

CÎma 1-2 2-4 3-4 4-2 5-1 6-4 7-4 8-3 9-1
CÎma 10-3 11-3 12-3 13-2 14-2 15-4 16-4 17-3 18-3
CÎma 19-3

1 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
20) 1) F$JdoX 2) gm_doX 1) A 2) B
3) AWd©doX 4) Am`wd}X 3) C 4) D
21. 1) Z_©Xm 2) Vmnr 5. àíZ{MÝhmEodOr gdm}Îm_ n`m©` H$moUVm?
3) qgYy 4) H¥$îUm gwVma : bmHy$S> : qenr : ?
22. 1) A_o[aH$m 2) H°$ZS>m 1) H$mnS> 2) H$mnyg
3) ~«m{Pb 4) OmnmZ 3) _mb 4) nmoemI
23. 1) qhXr 2) _amR>r 6. bmioMm g§~§Y Vm|S>mer Agob Va H$emMm g§~§Y
3) g§ñH¥$V 4) B§J«Or S>moù`mer Amho?
24. 1) H¥$îUm 2) dmB© 1) ^wd`m 2) nmnÊ`m
3) n§T>anya 4) gm§Jbr 3) ~KUo 4) Aly
25. 1) Xod_mgm 2) JmB© 7. {Xboë`m eãXmV Ajam§Mr AXbm~Xb H$ê$Z `mo½`
3) gwa_B© 4) _mUyg eãX V`ma hmoVmo. V`ma hmoUmè`m eãX JQ>mVyZ
{dg§JV eãX JQ> {ZdS>m.
gamdmgmR>r àíZ : NVESU, TERAH, NOMO, RASM
1. JQ>mV Z ~gUmar g§»`m H$moUVr? 1) NVESU 2) TERAH
A) 83 ~) 73 3) NOMO 4) RASM
H$) 46 S>) 38 8. Imbrbn¡H$s doJim Aja g_yh H$moUVm?
1) 73 2) 83 Echi, Hfko, kinr, Post
3) 38 4) 46 1) Echi 2) Hfko
2. Imbrbn¡H$s {dg§JV n`m©` AmoiIm. 3) Kinr 4) Post
66, 77, 99, 49 9. {dg§JV AjaJQ> AmoiIm.
1) 66 2) 73 1) BEH 2) HKN
3) 94 4) 49 3) TWN 4) SPM
3. {dg§JV OmoS>r AmoiIm. 10. {dg§JV JQ> AmoiIm.
1) 12-21 2) 34-43 A) CHM B) HMR
3) 56-67 4) 69-96 C) LPU D) DIN
4. BVam§nojm doJim AgUmam JQ> {ZdS>m. 1) A 2) B
A) 64-39 B) 74-40 3) C 4) D
C) 88-63 D) 79-54

CÎma 20-4 21-4 22-4 23-4 24-3 25-3

CÎma 1-1 2-4 3-3 4-2 5-1 6-4 7-3 8-4 9-3
CÎma 10-3

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 2
Imbrb _m{bHo$V {dg§JV nX AmoiIm. 11. 1) 392 2) 326
1. GEF OMN RST YWX 3) 414 4) 248
1) GEF 2) OMN 12. 1) 34-43 2) 55-62
3) RST 4) YWX 3) 62-71 4) 83-92
2. AZB WEU GSI QKO 13. 1) Pet 2) Wet
1) AZB 2) WEU 3) Mate 4) Set
3) GSI 4) QKO 14. 1) EIM 2) GKO
3. AZY CXW EUV GTS 3) JNU 4) MQU
1) AZY 2) CXW 15. 1) AMINO 2) ARISE
3) EUV 4) GTS 3) AWAKE 4) VIDEO
4. BCDE CDEB DEBC EBDE 16. 1) Vm§~o 2) A°ë`w{_{ZA_
1) BCDE 2) CDEB 3) nmam 4) bmoI§S>
3) DEBC 4) EBDC 17. 1) Xar 2) g_wÐ
5. ABd EFi JKL MNo 3) _Zmoam (Tower) 4) ZXr
1) ABd 2) EFi 18. 1) nmhUo : S>moim 2) EoH$Uo : H$mZ
3) JKL 4) MNo 3) dmg KoUo : ZmH$ 4) Or^ : Md KoUo
6. ACE GIK MOQ SUV 19. 1) VmOo : {eio 2) gmdH$me : _§X
1) ACE 2) GIK 3) Iao : ImoQ>o 4) AÜ``Z : AÜ`mnZ
3) MOQ 4) SUV 20. 1) {nVi (Brass) 2) nmobmX (Steel)
7. BCD EGF HJI KML 3) Vm§~o (Bronze) 4) H${Wb (Tin)
1) BCD 2) EGF 21. 1) hbH$m - dOZXma 2) JwÝhm - Xmofmamon
3) HJI 4) KML 3) bm§~ - AmIyS> 4) nwéf - ór
8. PQR ONM LKJ IHG 22. 102, 241, 465, 501, 372, 192
1) PQR 2) ONM 1) 501 2) 102
3) LKJ 4) IHG 3) 465 4) 241
9. 1) 28 2) 65 23. 1) 42-4 2) 36-6
3) 126 4) 216 3) 32-2 4) 15-5
10. 1) 73 2) 83 24. 1) FOX 2) GOB
4) 38 4) 46 3) IOX 4) GOX

CÎma 1-3 2-1 3-3 4-4 5-3 6-4 7-1 8-1 9-4
CÎma 10-1 11-1 12-2 13-3 14-3 15-3 16-3 17-3 18-4
CÎma 19-2 20-4 21-2 22-4 23-1 24-2

3 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
25. 1) TPLI 2) YUQM 36. {Oëhm n[afX : _w»`H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar : n§Mm`V
3) RNJF 4) SOKJ g{_Vr : ?
26. 1) LB 2) HC 1) g^mnVr 2) gan§M
3) FD 4) KA 3) JQ>{dH$mg A{YH$mar 4) J«m_godH$
27. 1) SQO 2) JHF 37. qb~y : gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb : qMM : ?
3) TVX 4) MKI 1) b°pŠQ>H$ Amåb 2) gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb
28. 1) RSPQ 2) CDAB 3) Q>mQ>m©[aH$ Amåb 4) gd© n`m©` MyH$
3) HIFG 4) WXVU 38. bmoH$g^m : ImgXma : {dYmZg^m : ?
29. 1) XTP 2) PLH 1) gan§M 2) _w»`_§Ìr
3) MIE 4) CGK 3) Am_Xma 4) g^mnVr
30. 1) JKN 2) KMP 39. 1) {MÌnQ> 2) ao{S>Amo
3) PRU 4) FHK 3) g§JUH$ 4) d¥ÎmnÌ
31. njmMm : Wdm : \w$bm§Mm : ? 40. 1) ao{S>A_ 2) Wmo[aA_
1) Kmog 2) g§K 3) gmo{S>A_ 4) nmobmo{ZA_
3) JwÀN> 4) VmQ>dm 41) 1) ha^am 2) _H$m
32. {d_mZ : AmH$me : AmJJmS>r : ? 3) _yJ 4) dmQ>mUm
1) bmoh_mJ© 2) nmUr 42) 1) drUm 2) gVma
3) g_wÐ 4) _hm_mJ© 3) ~mgar 4) gma§J
33. Ý`m` : Ý`m`mb` : emim : ? 43) 1) J«°_ 2) {_{ZQ>
1) {ejH$ 2) {ejU 3) _rQ>a 4) {bQ>a
3) nwñVHo$ 4) {dÚmWu
34. nmonQ> : T>mobr : H$m|~S>r : ? nnn
1) KaQ>o 2) Ka
3) T>mobr 4) IwamS>m
35. Vmg : {_{ZQ> : {_{ZQ> : ?
1) {Xdg 2) goH§$X
3) _{hZm 4) Vmg

CÎma 25-3 26-4 27-3 28-4 29-4 30-1 31-3 32-1 33-2
CÎma 34-4 35-2 36-3 37-3 38-3 39-2 40-3 41-2 42-3
CÎma 43-2

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 4
 dJuH$aU
1) {Xcoë`m nonanmgyZ doJir AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm.

A) 3 ~) 4 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 2
2) doJir AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 1 H$) 2 S>) 4 B) 3
3) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 4 H$) 2 S>) 1 B) 5
4) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 3 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 4
5) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 2 S>) 1 B) 5
6) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 4 B) 5

5 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 7) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 4 B) 2
8) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 2 H$) 5 S>) 4 B) 1
9) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 2
10) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 5 H$) 1 S>) 4 B) 2
11) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 4 H$) 2 S>) 1 B) 5
12) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 6 B) 5

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 6
13) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 2
14) {dg§JV JQ> AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 5 H$) 3 S>) 2 B) 1
15) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 5 H$) 2 S>) 4 B) 1
16) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 2
17) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 5 H$) 3 S>) 2 B) 1
18) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 4 H$) 3 S>) 5 B) 1

7 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 19) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 2 B) 4
20) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

●
●
●
● ●

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 4 B) 5
21) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 4 B) 5
22) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 4 H$) 3 S>) 2 B) 1
23) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 2 H$) 5 S>) 4 B) 1
24) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 2 H$) 4 S>) 5 B) 1

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 8
25) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 5 H$) 2 S>) 1 B) 3
26) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 4 H$) 2 S>) 3 B) 1
27) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 2 H$) 1 S>) 3 B) 5
28) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 2 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 4
29) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 2
30) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 5 H$) 1 S>) 2 B) 4

9 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 31) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 1 H$) 3 S>) 5 B) 2
32) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 5 H$) 1 S>) 2 B) 4
33) {dg§JmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 2 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 3
34) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 4 B) 5
35) {dg§JmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 3 H$) 2 S>) 5 B) 4
36) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 4 H$) 3 S>) 2 B) 5

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 10
37) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

30 09 20 36 16

A) 3 ~) 4 H$) 1 S>) 2 B) 5
38) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 5 S>) 2 B) 1
39) {dg§JV AmH¥$Vr AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 4 H$) 3 S>) 1 B) 5
40) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 4 ~) 3 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 2
41) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 2 H$) 1 S>) 3 B) 4
42) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 3 H$) 1 S>) 5 B) 4

11 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 43) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 3 ~) 4 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 2
44) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 4 S>) 3 B) 5
45) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 3 H$) 2 S>) 4 B) 5
46) àíZ n`m©` CÎma

A) 3 ~) 2 H$) 5 S>) 1 B) 4
47) àíZ n`m©` CÎma

A) 1 ~) 2 H$) 3 S>) 4 B) 5
48) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 2 ~) 5 H$) 3 S>) 1 B) 4

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 12
49) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 1 ~) 3 H$) 2 S>) 4 B) 5
50) {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm?

A) 5 ~) 4 H$) 3 S>) 2 B) 1
ñnï>rH$aU
1) AmH¥$Vr H«$. (3) KS>çmimÀ`m {déÕ {XeoZo {\$aVo Va Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m KQ>rd«V {XeoZo {\$aV Amho. CÎma n`m©` H«$. (A)
2) AmH¥$Vr H«$ (1) gmoS>ë`mg gd© AmH¥$Ë`m_Ü`o qãmXÿ dVw©imÀ`m ~mhoa d {ÌH$moUmÀ`m AmV AmhoV. CÎma n`m©` H«$. (~)
3) AmH¥$Vr H«$. (2) dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü`o gd© A§H$ A KQ>rd«V {XeoZo nwT>o gaH$V AmhoV. CÎma n`m©` H«$. (B)
4) AmH¥$Vr H«$. (2) dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`_Ü`o EH$ nyU© Mm¡H$moZ, EH$ VrZ ~mOy Agcoë`m H$nmMm AmH$ma d EH$ gai
aofm AmhoV. CÎma n`m©` H«$. (A).
5) {Xcoë`m gd© AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü`o aofm h`m EH$mM ~mOycm c§~ AmhoV. AmH¥$Vr (1) `mg AndmX Amho. CÎma n`m©` H«$ (S>)
6) AmH¥$Vr H«$. (1), (2), (3), (5) `m EH$_oH$m§_Ü`o {\$aV AmhoV. Va Am. H«$. (4) _Ü`o AmVrc aofm CcQ> {XeoV
{\$aV AmhoV CÎma n`m©` H«$. (S>)
7) AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m_Ü`o H$_rV H$_r EH$ AmH¥$Vr q~Xÿ§Zr V`ma Pmcocr Amho. CÎma n`m©` (S>)
8) AmH¥$Vr H«$. (1), (2), (3), (4) `m EH$_oH$m§_Ü`o OmJm ~XcVmV Va Am. H«$. (5) CcQ> {XeoV {\$aV Amho.CÎma n`m©` (H$)
9) AmH¥$Vr (4) dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü`o ~mhoarV q~Xÿ AmVë`m q~Xÿnojm EH$Uo OmñV AmhoV. CÎma n`m©` (A)
10) AmH¥$Vr (1) d (2) Am{U (4), (5) `m nañnam§_Ü`o ~XcV AmhoV, Va AmH¥$Vr (3) hr BVam§nojm doJir AmhoV.
CÎma n`m©` (A)
11) gd© AmH¥$Vr `m AmaemVrc à{V_m AmhoV Va AmH¥$Vr H«$. (3) AmaemVrc à{V_m Zmhr. CÎma n`m©` (A)
12) {Xcoë`m AmH¥$Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AmH¥$VrV q~Xÿ d {MÝho `mV Ag_mZVm Amho. CÎma n`m©` (H$)
13) gd© Ajao H$_rV H$_r VrZ aofm§Zr ~Zcocr AmhoV. Va AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 Mr Ajao XmoZM aofm§Zr V`ma Pmcocr AmhoV. CÎma
n`m©` H«$. B.
14) Am. H«$. 1, 2, 3, 4 _Yrc Mma-Mma H§$g S>mì`m d COì`m {XeoV _w»` H$ê$Z AmhoV Va (5 AmH¥$VrVr) Ë`m§À`mV
Ag_Vmoc Amho. CÎma n`m©` (~)
15) àË`oH$ AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZmV 2 d ~mhoa 1 aofm AmhoV EH$ AmH¥$Vr Ë`mg AndmX Amho. CÎma n`m©` H«$ (A)
16) AmH¥$Ë`m nañnam§_Ü`o OmJm ~XcV AgyZ {MÝhm§À`m OmJm H$m`_ AmhoV. AndmX AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 CÎma n`m©` (A)
17) AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m "V' `m AjamnmgyZ ~Zcoë`m AmhoV. Va AmH¥$Vr 3 "A' `m AjamnmgyZ
~Zcocr Amho. CÎma n`m©` (H$)
18) gd© AmH¥$Ë`m nañnm_Ü`o ~XcV AmhoV. AndmX pñWVrV AmH¥$Vr H«$. (1) _Yrc ~mhoarc KQ>H$ d gdm©V AmVrc
0
KQ>H$ 90 KQ>rdV {XeoV {\$aco AmhoV. åhUyZ CÎma n`m©` (B)
19) AmH¥$Vr H«$ 2 dJiVm Cd©[aV AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü`o Am{Vc KQ>H$m§Mr ~mOy ~mharV KQ>H$mnojm "1' Zo OmñV Amho. CÎma n`m©`
(S>)

13 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
 n¥W¸$aUmË_H$ VH©$j_Vm
Q. 1 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?
gn`m©`
A) 16 ãm) 18
H$) 19 S>) 21

Q. 2 EHy$U {ÌH$moU {H$Vr?

A) 4 ãm) 7
H$) 6 S>) 5

Q. 3 AmH¥$Vr_Yrc {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

A) 27 ãm) 25
H$) 23 S>) 21

Q. 4 {Xcoë`m Aï>H$moZmVrc {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

n`m©`
A) 64 ãm) 32
H$) 24 S>) 16

Q. 5 AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o {H$Vr {ÌH$moU d {H$Vr aofm AmhoV?

n`m©`
A) 10 aofm 34 {ÌH$moU. ãm) 9 aofm 34 {ÌH$moU.
H$) 9 aofm 36 {ÌH$moU. S>) 10 aofm 36 {ÌH$moU.

Q. 6 AmH¥$VrV EHy$U {H$Vr {ÌH$moU AmhoV?

A) 20 ãm) 24
H$) 28 S>) 32

Q. 7 (1) {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrVrc {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

n`m©`
A) 16 ãm) 18
H$) 14 S>) 15
(2) darc AmH¥$VrV g_m§Va^wO Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Agoc?
A) 23 ãm) 21 H$) 22 S>) 18
Q. 8 {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Amho?

A) 8 ãm) 10
H$) 12 S>) 14
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 54
 Q. 9 AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o {H$Vr {ÌH$moU AmhoV?

A) 36 ãm) 40
H$) 44 S>) 48

Q. 10 `m {MÌmVrc {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Agoc?

A) 10 ãm) 12
H$) 14 S>) 16

Q. 11 `m Mm§XUrV {H$Vr {ÌH$moU AgVrc?

n`m©`
A) 5 ãm) 6
H$) 8 S>) 10
Q. 12 EHy$U {ÌH$moU _moOm?
n`m©`
A) 27 ãm) 23
H$) 25 S>) 21

Q. 13 AmH¥$Vr_Yrc {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m AmoiIm?

n`m©`
A) 15 ãm) 14
H$) 13 S>) 12

Q. 14 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {H$Vr {ÌH$moU AmhoV?

n`m©`
A) 32 ãm) 28
H$) 22 S>) 16

Q. 15 {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

n`m©`
A) 27 ãm) 24
H$) 18 S>) 20

Q. 16 EHy$U {ÌH$moU {H$Vr?

n`m©`
A) 14 ãm) 12
H$) 10 S>) 8

55 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
Q. 17 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {H$Vr aofm AmhoV?
A) 16 ãm) 17
H$) 18 S>) 20

Q. 18 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm?

1) AmS>ì`m aofm {H$Vr?
2) Cä`m aofm {H$Vr?
3) {VaH$g aofm {H$Vr?
4) EHy$U gd© aofm {H$Vr?
àíZ 1 CÎmao/ n`m©`
A) 3 ãm) 4 H$) 5 S>) 6
àíZ 2 CÎmao/ n`m©`
A) 6 ãm) 5 H$) 4 S>) 3
àíZ 3 n`m©`
A) 3 ãm) 4 H$) 5 S>) 6
àíZ 4 n`m©`
A) 10 ãm) 11 H$) 12 S>) 15
Q. 19 AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m Úm?

A) 15 ãm) 14
H$) 13 S>) 12

Q. 20 {Xcocr {MÌmH¥$Vr ì`dpñWV Aä`mgyZ Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm?

1) AmH¥$VrV {H$Vr Mm¡H$moZ AmhoV?

2) AmH¥$VrV Am`V {H$Vr AmhoV?

àíZ 1 n`m©`
A) 19 ãm) 20 H$) 17 S>) 18
àíZ 2 n`m©`
A) 30 ãm) 27 H$) 28 S>) 29
Q. 21 AmH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm?

1) {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m _moOm?

2) g_m§Va^wO Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr?

àíZ 1 n`m©`
A) 26 ãm) 18 H$) 16 S>) 20
àíZ 2 n`m©`
A) 10 ãm) 11 H$) 12 S>) 14

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 56
Q. 22 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moUm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Amho?

A) 12 ãm) 22
H$) 26 S>) 18

Q. 23 AmH¥$VrVrc n§MH$moZm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Agoc?

A) 8 ãm) 6
H$) 12 S>) 10

Q. 24 darc AmH¥$VrV n§MH$moZ {H$Vr AmhoV?

A) 2 ãm) 3
H$) 4 S>) 6

Q. 25 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moU d Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m _moOm?

A) 20,26 ãm) 26,20

H$) 23,28 S>) 28,23

Q. 26 darc AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moU {H$Vr?

A) 10 ãm) 19
H$) 21 S>) 23

Q. 27 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m _moOm?

A) 6 ãm) 7
H$) 8 S>) 9

Q. 28 AmH¥$VrVrc {ÌH$moU {H$Vr Vo AmoiIm?

A) 27 ãm) 23
H$) 29 S>) 31

Q. 29 AmH¥$VrVrc {ÌH$moU d Mm¡H$moZ `m§Mr g§»`m Agcocm JQ> AmoiIm?

A) 7,18 ãm) 8,18

H$) 8,15 S>) 7,17

57 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
Q. 30 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV {H$Vr {ÌH$moU d {H$Vr Mm¡H$moZ AmhoV?
A) 44 {ÌH$moU, 10 Mm¡H$moZ.
ãm) 14 {ÌH$moU, 16 Mm¡H$moZ.
H$) 24 {ÌH$moU, 6 Mm¡H$moZ.
S>) 24 {ÌH$moU, 9 Mm¡H$moZ.

Q. 31 darc AmH¥$VrVrc Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m AmoiIm?

A) 8 ãm) 12
H$) 15 S>) 18

Q. 32 EH$_oH$m§eoOmargmaIo a§J Z ^aVm H$_rV H$_r {H$Vr a§JmV {Xcocr AmH¥$Vr a§J{dVm `oB©c?

A) 6 ãm) 5
H$) 4 S>) 3

Q. 33 eoOmarc AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moU d Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m AgUmam JQ> AmoiIm?

A) 36r,7c ãm) 38r,9c

H$) 40r,7c S>) 42r,9c

Q. 34 eoOmarc AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZ d {ÌH$moU `m§Mr g§»`m AmoiIm?

A) 26r,5c ãm) 26r,6c

H$) 28r,5c S>) 28r,6c

Q. 35 eoOmar-eoOmar g_mZ a§J Z dmnaVm H$_rV H$_r {H$Vr a§JmV ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$Vrg a§J{dVm `oB©c?

A) 3 ãm) 5
H$) 4 S>) 6

Q. 36 {Xcoë`m {MÌH¥$VrV {H$Vr {ÌH$moU d Mm¡H$moZ AmhoV Vo emoYm?

A) 28 {ÌH$moU, 3 Mm¡H$moZ. ãm) 24 {ÌH$moU, 5 Mm¡H$moZ.

H$) 28 {ÌH$moU, 5 Mm¡H$moZ. S>) 24 {ÌH$moU, 3 Mm¡H$moZ.

Q. 37 eoOmaÀ`m AmH¥$VrV {H$Vr g_m§Va^wO Mm¡H$moZ cncoco AmhoV? Vo emoYm?

A) 20 ãm) 18
H$) 16 S>) 12

~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 58
Q. 38 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrVrc dVw©im§Mo H|$Ðq~Xy Cä`m d AmS>ì`m aofm§Zr OmoSy>Z {H$Vr Mm¡H$moZ V`ma hmoVrc?

A) 7 ãm) 6
H$) 1 S>) 8

Q. 39 AmH¥$Vr_Yrc Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m emoYm?

A) 11 ãm) 21
H$) 24 S>) 26

Q. 40 ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o {ÌH$moU d g_m§Va^wO Mm¡H$moZm§Mr g§»`m emoYm?

A) 21r,17ñ ãm) 21r,15ñ

H$) 19r,13ñ S>) 19r,17ñ

Q. 41 AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o {H$Vr Mm¡H$moZ AgVrc Vo emoYm?

A) 22 ãm) 18
H$) 20 S>) 14

Q. 42 g_m§Va^yO Mm¡H$moZmMr g§»`m {H$Vr?

A) 8 ãm) 11
H$) 12 S>) 15

Q. 43 {Xcoë`m AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZ d {ÌH$moU {H$Vr AmhoV Vo AmoiIm?

A) 28r,10 c ãm) 28r,8 c

H$) 32r,10 c S>) 32r,8 c

Q. 44 ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o Mm¡H$moZ {H$Vr AmhoV Vo emoYm?

A) 25 ãm) 18
H$) 27 S>) 19

Q. 45 eoOmarc AmH¥$Vr H$mT>Ê`mH$arVm H$_rV-H$_r {H$Vr aofm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho?

A) 13 ãm) 17
H$) 15 S>) 21

59 ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr