Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency from a superconducting terahertz

metamaterial
Caihong Zhang, Jingbo Wu, Biaobing Jin, Xiaoqing Jia, Lin Kang, Weiwei Xu, Huabing Wang, Jian Chen,
Masoyoshi Tonouchi, and Peiheng Wu

Citation: Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 241105 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4985618

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985618
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apl/110/24
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 110, 241105 (2017)

Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency from a superconducting

terahertz metamaterial
Caihong Zhang,1 Jingbo Wu,1 Biaobing Jin,1,a) Xiaoqing Jia,1 Lin Kang,1,2 Weiwei Xu,1,2
Huabing Wang,1,3 Jian Chen,1 Masoyoshi Tonouchi,4,a) and Peiheng Wu1,2
1
Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering,
Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
2
Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
3
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 3050047, Japan
4
Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
(Received 22 March 2017; accepted 27 May 2017; published online 14 June 2017)
We demonstrate in this paper the tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) made
from a superconducting (SC) niobium nitride (NbN) film induced by an intense terahertz (THz)
field. As the variation of the incident THz field alters the intrinsic ohmic loss of the SC NbN film,
the field-dependent transmittance is observed. To elaborate the role of the bright and dark modes, a
hybrid coupling model is introduced to fit the experimental transmission spectra and extract the
characteristic parameters of each mode. It is shown that the resonator for the bright mode is altered
greatly due to strong direct coupling to the incident intense THz field, whereas the dark mode reso-
nator has little interaction with the incident THz field via a weak near-filed coupling to the bright-
mode resonator. This implies that we can partially control a mode or a part of metamaterial by
introducing the intense THz field, which offers an effective manner to selectively control the elec-
tromagnetic property of the metamaterial. This work may bring many potential applications for the
tunable EIT-like metamaterial. Published by AIP Publishing.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985618]

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which
renders an opaque medium a transparent window within a
broad absorption spectrum, is a nonlinear phenomenon arising
from the destructive quantum interference between two differ-
ent excitation pathways of the excited states in a three-level
atomic system.1–3 The sharp resonance and steep dispersion
can be utilized for slow light and optical data storage.4
However, the realization needs the extreme experimental con-
dition which makes its application unfeasible. In 2008, a clas-
sic analogue based on a metamaterial which makes artificial
medium have a similar transmission behaviour, namely, EIT-
like behaviour, was first proposed in the visible region.5,6
In each unit cell of the EIT-like metamaterial, bright mode
and dark mode resonators are included. Then, a number of
improved designs facilitating the fabrication and measurement
have been done from the microwave to invisible regions
which promise more practical applications in switches, modu-
lators, biosensors, and data storage.7–16
Superconducting (SC) metamaterials mimicking EIT
behaviour have been studied at microwave and terahertz
(THz) frequencies.17–19 They show high transmission and
large product of group delay and bandwidth due to the low
loss of the SC thin film. Meanwhile, temperature tuning has
been demonstrated, as the surface impedance of the SC film
is sensitive to working temperature. It is well known that the
superconducting film and devices can be tuned flexibly by
means of the magnetic field, optical pump, temperature, elec-
tric current, and electric field.8,20–30 These diverse tuning
methods are more attractive at THz frequencies and are
a)
Electronic addresses: bbjin@nju.edu.cn and tonouchi@ile.osaka-u.ac.jp
worth to study thoroughly because the conventional tuning
methods applicable in microwave, infrared, and visible
regions do not take effect in this band.
In this paper, we present a tunable EIT-like behaviour
in a SC THz metamaterial by the applied THz field. Owing
to the recent development of the generation technique of
intense THz transient and high-field THz time domain spec-
troscopy (TDS), we have carried out some work on the non-
linearity of the SC film and metamaterial in the THz
region.34,35 These results clearly showed that the transmis-
sion of the SC THz metamaterial can be varied with the
strength of the input THz field. The ratio of transmission at
low and high fields can be more than 10 dB so that it could
be used as a switch. Here, the intense THz pulse is incident
normal on the plane of metamaterial [Fig. 1(a)] and used to
induce the nonlinearities of the NbN thin film and thereby
the tunability of EIT-like behavior. To better understand the
role of bright and dark modes in this metamaterial, a hybrid
coupling model based on the coupled mode theory is intro-
duced to analyze the experimental results. The results show
that the external THz wave mainly alters the ohmic loss of
bright mode but almost not the ohmic loss of the dark mode.
This effect has not been found by other tuning methods. It
means that we can easily and selectively control certain part
of the metamaterial that is made from one kind of film, rather
than fabricating more complicated metamaterial using two or
more kinds of films.16,31
The sample in our work is a planar EIT metamaterial
consisting of dark (double split ring resonators, DSRR) and
radiative resonators (cut wire, CW) which are both made
from superconducting NbN thin film on a 1 mm-thick MgO

0003-6951/2017/110(24)/241105/5/$30.00 110, 241105-1 Published by AIP Publishing.

241105-2 Zhang et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 241105 (2017)

FIG. 1. (a) Experimental schematic of the nonlinear THz TDS measurement

and (b) Schematic of the unit cell, which has a period of p ¼ 120 lm. The
geometrical parameters are l ¼ 64 lm, w ¼ 48 lm, s ¼ 4 lm, t1 ¼ t2 ¼ 8 lm,
g ¼ 15 lm, and d ¼ 90 lm.

(h100i orientation) substrate. The sample fabrication began

with depositing a 50 nm-thick NbN film (critical temperature
Tc ¼ 15.4 K) on a MgO substrate using RF magnetron sput-
tering. Then, the NbN film was patterned with standard
photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) methods.
Figure 1(b) shows the structure of a single unit, which has
the same dimension as our previous report in Ref. 17. The
unit cell has a period (p) of 120 lm. The geometrical param-
eters are l ¼ 64 lm, w ¼ 48 lm, s ¼ 4 lm, t1 ¼ t2 ¼ 8 lm,
g ¼ 15 lm, and d ¼ 90 lm.
To obtain the THz transmission spectrum, the trans-
mitted high-field THz TDS system was utilized to measure
the metamaterial under normal incidence. The intense
THz radiation was generated by optical rectification of
tilted-pulse-front 800 nm pulses from an amplified Ti:
sapphire laser source in the LiNbO3 crystal.32–35 A pyro
electric detector (Spectrum Detector) was used to measure
the THz pulse energy. Based on the result, the estimated
maximum THz field (E0) on the sample surface is about
30 kV/cm. A pair of wire grids was utilized to vary the
strength of the incident THz field for field dependent
measurements.
Figure 2 shows the obtained temporal pulses after
transmission and the corresponding Fourier transform spec-
tra of the sample at 4.5 K with different incident THz field
strengths. Notably, there are obvious resonant oscillations
after the main transmitted pulse with low incident THz field
of 1/16E0 [Fig. 2(a)]; the oscillation frequency just falls into
the transparency window in Fig. 2(b). It indicates that the
THz wave at the transparency frequencies is indeed slowed
down and the energy stored in the dark resonators is released
through the coupling with radiative resonators gradually.
The low damping in the dark resonator results in the large
group delay and slow light. An interesting finding is that as
the incident THz field grows up to the maximum value (E0),
the transmission peak value of the transparency window
slightly decreases and the two resonance dips become much
broader. Interestingly, the transmission peak does not have
much change compared to the strong variation of the trans-
mission dips.
Besides, to acquire more field-dependent characteristics
we also measured the sample at different temperatures.
Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the measured transmission spec-
tra for the various THz field strengths at 10 K and 12 K,
respectively, which are qualitatively similar to that at 4.5 K
plotted in Fig. 2(b). However, the resonance dips at 10 K and
12 K are not as sharp as those at 4.5 K, meaning that the
FIG. 2. The transmitted temporal pulses (a) and corresponding transmission
spectra (b) of the sample under various incident THz fields at 4.5 K. The
symbol curves are experimental data and line curves are the fitted transmis-
sion in (b).
resonance of two hybrid modes is much weaker. As the
temperature approaches Tc, the thermal agitation plays a
more important role in destroying the superconductivity,
resulting in the suppression of resonance. Meanwhile, as
the incident THz field strength increases, the range of the
variation declines dramatically compared with that at 4.5 K.
Hence, although the similar field-dependent effect could be
obtained at different temperatures, the tuning range becomes
smaller than that at lower temperatures.
Obviously, these experimental results are more com-
plex compared with the previous nonlinear SC THz meta-
material because two coupled resonators are embedded in
one unit cell of the EIT metamaterial. To understand
how the two resonators interact in this metamaterial, we
introduce a hybrid coupling model to fit the experimental
transmission spectra.8,36,37 In this model, two coupled sub-
resonance modes a~1 ¼ a1 eixt and a~2 ¼ a2 eixt are adopted to
analyze the bright and dark modes of our EIT metamaterial.
The corresponding central frequency, dissipative loss, and
radiative loss for each resonance mode are written as xj, Cj,
and cj (j ¼ 1, 2), and r is the near-field coupling between the
two resonators.
Suppose a plane light wave (~ s þ ¼ sþ eixt ) impinges nor-
mally to the sample, the dynamic equations for two individ-
ual resonance modes could be written as
241105-3 Zhang et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 241105 (2017)

FIG. 3. The transmission spectra under various incident THz fields at 10 K

(a) and 12 K (b). The symbol curves are experimental data and line curves
are the fitted data.

d~
a1 pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 
¼ ðix1  c1  C1 Þ~
a 1 þ ij~
a 2 þ i c1 s~þ þ i c2 a~2 ;
dt
(1)
d~
a2 pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 
¼ ðix2  c2  C2 Þ~
a 2 þ ij~
a 1 þ i c2 s~þ þ i c1 a~1 :
dt
(2)

The second term on the right hand side of Eqs. (1)

and (2) describes the near-field interaction between the two
resonators, and the third term describes the coupling between
the resonator and input plane wave s~þ and the re-radiated field
of the other resonator. Thus, the transmission coefficient for
the system can be obtained by
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
t ¼ 1 þ ið c1 a1 þ c2 a2 Þ=sþ : (3)
According to the above hybrid model, both the radiative
loss and ohmic loss could be obtained at the same time.
The experimental transmission spectra under various THz field
strengths and at 4.5 K, 10 K and 12 K were fitted by this model,
respectively. The fitting curves shown in Figs. 2(b) and 3 agree
well with the experimental results. In Figs. 4(a)–4(c), we plot-
ted the obtained fitting parameters as a function of incident
THz field strength. It is observed that as the external THz
wave strength increases, the ohmic loss of bright mode C1 dra-
matically increases for all of three temperatures. In contrast,
the ohmic loss of dark mode C2 gradually increases with the
increasing THz field only when the temperatures approach Tc.
As for the other parameters at 4.5 K, they almost keep constant
FIG. 4. (a) The extracted fitting parameters of the hybrid model used for
experimental transmission data at 4.5 K. (b) The fitted ohmic loss of the
bright resonator at various temperatures. (c) The fitted ohmic loss of dark
resonator at various temperatures.
with the change in the THz field. When the external wave
impinges the structure, the bright mode first “sees” and has a
stronger direct coupling with the incident THz wave, and then
gets high energy from the external wave. Therefore, C1 is
altered dramatically. However, the dark resonator gets the
external energy mainly by the coupling with the bright resona-
tor; here, as the coupling j is very weak, hence, the dark mode
gets much smaller energy from the external THz radiation
compared with the bright resonator; thus, it is relatively harder
to be altered, and therefore, C2 almost keeps the same at 4.5 K.
As the temperatures increases towards Tc, the thermal effect
comes to play an increasing role in suppressing the supercon-
ductivity of NbN; hence, a relatively lower external THz field
is needed to alter the ohmic loss of the NbN film and
241105-4 Zhang et al.
metamaterial structure than that at a lower temperature.
Therefore, C2 is gradually altered by the incident THz field at
higher temperature, e.g., at 12 K in Fig. 4(c). As c and r mainly
depend on the structure, when the structure is fixed, c and j
remain almost the same value.
From the above analysis, we can find that although the
THz transient is incident to the whole metamaterial, the field
dependence of bright and dark modes is quite different. This
is because the incident wave is directly coupled to the bright
mode and then transfer to the dark mode via a very small j.
Therefore, at low temperatures, the bright mode ohmic loss
C1 is first altered under the certain incident THz wave, while
the dark mode ohmic loss C2 remains the same. Until the
temperature and incident THz strength go up to a certain
value, the dark mode ohmic loss C2 is then gradually to be
altered. In addition, in the classical EIT-like metamaterial,
strong circulating current is usually excited in the dark reso-
nators, which corresponds to the transparency window, while
the current excitation in the bright resonators is very weak.
Our metamaterial displays such behavior as well; the trans-
mission peak is dominated by the dark mode. Hence, the
transmission peak does not change too much at low tempera-
tures, e.g., 4.5 K. In brief, the THz field induced field depen-
dence of the complex conductivity of the NbN film in the
metamaterial is much different from other manners, that is,
the THz field could selectively control the sub-resonator
even if the THz wave is incident to the whole of the metama-
terial. However, in previous reports, e.g., when temperature,
magnetic field, or optical laser is utilized to control or tune
the whole metamaterial, the whole part of the metamaterial
is altered by the external condition simultaneously.
To further verify the above discussion, the commercial
software is used to numerically simulate the transmission
spectra of our EIT metamaterial using the measured field-
dependent complex conductivity of the 50 nm thick NbN
film at 4.5 K.33,34 The complex conductivity of the NbN film
in DSRR and CW in the three cases below is chosen: (i) the
NbN conductivity in both DSRR and CW at the THz field of
E0/16, (ii) the NbN conductivity in DSRR is at E0/16 and
that in CW is at E0, and (iii) the NbN conductivity in both
DSRR and CW is at E0. Figure 5(a) shows the simulated
transmission spectra for these three cases. It is clear that as
the THz field is weak and the superconductivity of NbN in
both of the two modes is very strong in case (i), so the trans-
mission peak and dips are all pronounced which agrees well
with the experimental result (dashed gray line) in Fig. 5(b).
In case (ii), the strong THz field suppresses the superconduc-
tivity of NbN in CW, which results in a much broader dip in
the transmission spectra. However, the NbN in DSRR still
has strong superconductivity; therefore, the transmission
peak does not drop significantly. The simulated spectra agree
well with the experimental result (dashed black line) in Fig.
5(b) when the whole EIT-like metamaterial is illuminated by
the strong THz field of E0. Therefore, it still shows an EIT-
like transmission spectrum in this case. For further explana-
tion, we also simulate the transmission property in the case
(iii) when the superconductivity of NbN in both the DSRR
and CW is suppressed. It is clear that the transmission peak
disappears due to the relatively high ohmic loss of NbN in
DSRR in this case. Therefore, the simulation gives more
Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 241105 (2017)
FIG. 5. (a) The numerical simulated transmission spectra when the NbN
complex conductivity in the three cases below is chosen: (i) the NbN con-
ductivity in both DSRR and CW part at THz field of E0/16, (ii) the NbN con-
ductivity in DSRR is at E0/16 and that in CW is at E0, and (iii) the NbN
conductivity in both DSRR and CW is at THz field of E0, here, DSRR means
the left spit ring resonators, and CW is the right cut wire resonator. All the
superconductivity of NbN is measured at THz fields of E0/16 and E0 at 4.5 K
for the 50 nm thick NbN film. (b) The experimental transmission spectra of
the EIT-like sample under THz fields of E0/16 and E0 at 4.5 K.
evidence to the conclusion that the intense THz field could
selectively alter one of the sub-resonator.
In summary, we have demonstrated the tunable EIT-like
transmission properties of SC THz metamaterial by intense
THz field and temperature. A hybrid coupling model based
on the coupled mode theory is introduced to fit the experi-
mental results. Using the hybrid model, we obtained the
loss of the two resonators, respectively. It is found that the
intense THz field could partly alter the ohmic loss of bright
and dark resonator, respectively. It implies that we can par-
tially control the metamaterial by introducing the intense
THz field, which offers an effective manner to actively and
selectively control the metamaterial, and thus may bring
SC EIT-like metamaterial into a variety of potential
applications.
This work was supported by the MOST973 (No.
2014CB339800), National Instrumentation Program under
Grant No. 2012YQ14005, the National Natural Science
Foundation (Nos. 61501219, 61371035, 11227904, and
61521001), the Priority Academic Program Development of
Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and Jiangsu
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manipulating
Technique of Electromagnetic Wave.
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