The Great Divergence is a multifaceted historical phenomenon that has profoundly

influenced human development and economic progress. It denotes periods when

certain regions of the world experienced significant advancements in technology,
economics, and societal development while others lagged behind. This essay explores
the factors that contributed to the emergence of major Arab civilizations in the VII
century and why a similar phenomenon did not occur during the European Great
Divergence in the XIX century. Additionally, we examine whether the Great Divergence is
over, analyze trends toward global equality, and assess Asia's role in the evolving global
landscape.

1. Great Divergence and Arab/Muslim World:

What are the drivers that helped to create the major Arab civilizations in the VII
century?

The VII century witnessed the rise of major Arab civilizations, an era of remarkable
intellectual, economic, and cultural growth. Several key drivers played pivotal roles in
this development:

Intellectual Renaissance| Arab scholars in the VII century, including luminaries like
Al-Kindi, Al-Razi, and Ibn Sina, left an indelible mark on human intellectual history
through their groundbreaking contributions to mathematics, medicine, and philosophy.
Their work not only advanced the frontiers of knowledge but also laid the foundation
for a flourishing intellectual environment in the Arab world. Al-Kindi, known as the
"Philosopher of the Arabs," made significant strides in translating Greek philosophical
works, making them accessible to a broader audience. Al-Razi, often regarded as the
father of modern pharmacy, made pioneering contributions to medicine and
pharmacology, emphasizing the importance of experimentation and empirical evidence.
Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna in the Western world, authored the monumental
"Canon of Medicine," a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that served as a standard
reference for centuries. These scholars, along with many others, played pivotal roles in
fostering an atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and exchange. Their collective efforts
culminated in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, a renowned center of knowledge
dissemination where scholars from diverse backgrounds converged to translate, study,
and expand upon the works of antiquity. This remarkable intellectual milieu not only
preserved the wisdom of the past but also propelled the Arab world to the forefront of
scientific and philosophical innovation during a pivotal era in human history.

Trade and Commerce| Geographically situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and
Europe, the Arab lands played a pivotal role in facilitating extensive trade during the VII
century. This strategic positioning made them a nexus for economic exchange, and it
was during this time that the Silk Road and trans-Saharan routes gained immense
prominence. These ancient trade routes, connecting regions as far as China to the
Mediterranean, crisscrossed through Arab territories. The result was a vibrant and
interconnected network of commerce that transcended cultural and geographical
boundaries. This economic activity led to a surge in prosperity, as goods, ideas, and
cultures intermingled. Urban centers flourished as hubs of trade, culture, and
innovation, serving as magnets for diverse populations seeking economic opportunities
and intellectual exchange. The convergence of people and ideas in these urban centers
contributed significantly to the growth and development of Arab civilizations, turning
them into dynamic and cosmopolitan societies at the forefront of global trade and
cultural exchange.

Tolerance and Cultural Exchange| Arab societies during the VII century earned a
well-deserved reputation for their remarkable tolerance and open-mindedness toward
diverse cultures and religions. This inclusive environment fostered an atmosphere of
mutual respect and encouraged the free exchange of ideas, a vital catalyst for
intellectual growth. Unlike many other regions of the time, Arab lands embraced a
pluralistic ethos, where individuals from various backgrounds, beliefs, and traditions
coexisted harmoniously. This cultural tapestry was a fertile ground for intellectual
exploration, as scholars from different religious and philosophical traditions engaged
in dialogues and debates, transcending the boundaries of their respective backgrounds.
This spirit of tolerance and intellectual curiosity was not only a hallmark of Arab society
but also a driving force behind the advancements in mathematics, science, and
philosophy that emerged during this era. It allowed for the preservation and
transmission of knowledge from ancient civilizations, propelling Arab civilizations into a
position of global intellectual leadership and contributing to the rich tapestry of human
thought.

Political Unity| The establishment of the Islamic Caliphate under the Rashidun and
Umayyad dynasties marked a crucial turning point in history, providing the political
stability necessary for fostering both economic and cultural development. The Caliphate
served as a unifying force, bringing together diverse regions and populations under a
common governance structure. This political stability laid the foundation for economic
growth by creating a secure environment for trade, investment, and innovation. It
allowed merchants and entrepreneurs to flourish, leading to increased economic
activity and prosperity. Furthermore, the stability of the Caliphate provided the cultural
stability necessary for the development of art, literature, and scholarship. It encouraged
the translation of ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic, preserving and expanding
upon the knowledge of past civilizations. This convergence of political union, economic
prosperity, and cultural exchange within the Caliphate played a pivotal role in the rise of
major Arab civilizations during the VII century, leaving a lasting legacy of intellectual and
cultural achievements.

→ While these factors contributed to the flourishing of Arab civilizations, a similar

trajectory did not unfold during the European Great Divergence in the XIX century.

2. European Great Divergence [Why the same did not happen during the European
Great Divergence in the XIX century?]:
The European Great Divergence in the XIX century followed a different path with distinct
drivers:

Industrial Revolution| Europe's journey through the XIX century was marked by a
monumental transformation, the Industrial Revolution. This pivotal period saw a seismic
shift from agrarian to industrial economies, driven by a wave of technological
advancements that reshaped the continent and the world. The advent of
mechanization, powered by steam engines and later electricity, revolutionized
manufacturing processes, increasing productivity and efficiency to unprecedented
levels. This radical transformation fueled significant economic growth, driving Europe
into the forefront of global industrialization. Factories and mills sprung up, cities
expanded, and new industries emerged, from textiles to steel production. The Industrial
Revolution not only spurred economic expansion but also redefined the way societies
functioned, as rural populations migrated to urban centers in pursuit of factory jobs.
This profound change set Europe on a trajectory toward modernization and economic
dominance, laying the groundwork for the European Great Divergence in the XIX
century..

Colonialism| The XIX century witnessed a significant aspect of the European Great
Divergence as European powers embarked on a quest for global dominance through
the establishment of vast colonial empires. This imperialistic approach had far-reaching
consequences, as European nations sought to exploit the abundant resources of their
colonies. The scramble for overseas territories allowed Europe to extract valuable raw
materials, such as precious metals, spices, timber, and agricultural products, on an
unprecedented scale. This exploitation of colonies bolstered the economic fortunes of
European nations, fueling industrialization and further widening the economic gap
between Europe and other regions. However, the impact of colonialism was not
confined to economic disparities; it also had profound social and political implications,
often resulting in the subjugation and oppression of indigenous populations. European
colonialism, while contributing to the European Great Divergence, exacerbated global
disparities, leaving a legacy of inequality and exploitation that continues to influence
international relations and global economic patterns today.
Scientific and Technological Innovation| Europe's ascent during the XIX century's
Great Divergence was indelibly linked to its unwavering emphasis on science and
technology. This dedication to innovation underpinned Europe's economic and military
supremacy during this era. Visionary figures like James Watt, whose steam engine
revolutionized industry and transportation, and Thomas Edison, the prolific inventor
who brought electric lighting to the world, symbolized this extraordinary period of
progress. Their inventions reshaped the landscape of daily life and industry. In addition,
Charles Darwin's groundbreaking work on evolution and natural selection transformed
the way humanity perceived its place in the natural world. Europe's commitment to
scientific exploration and technological advancement not only fueled economic growth
but also bolstered its military prowess, solidifying its dominance on the global stage.
This era of innovation not only defined the European Great Divergence but also left a
lasting legacy of scientific discovery and technological progress that continues to shape
our world today.

Geopolitical Factors| Europe's fragmented political landscape during the XIX century
played a paradoxical yet instrumental role in driving the European Great Divergence.
The presence of numerous competing nation-states, each vying for supremacy and
territorial expansion, created an environment ripe for innovation and growth. This
intense competition spurred innovation across various fields, from technology and
industry to military strategy and exploration. Nations sought to outdo one another,
leading to rapid advancements that fueled economic expansion and scientific discovery.
This environment of rivalry and competition not only contributed to Europe's economic
and military dominance but also played a crucial role in the expansion of European
powers beyond their borders through colonialism. The fragmented political landscape,
while fraught with geopolitical tensions, ultimately facilitated the progress and
innovation that defined the XIX century in Europe, setting it apart from other regions in
the Great Divergence.

Is the Great Divergence Over?

The question of whether the Great Divergence is over remains a topic of ongoing
debate, closely linked to global trends:

The Rise of Asia| The rapid growth and industrialization of Asian economies,
particularly exemplified by China and India, have been seismic shifts in the global
economic landscape. China's ascent, in particular, stands out as it has now become the
world's second-largest economy, challenging the long-held dominance of Western
powers. China's economic transformation, characterized by massive infrastructure
development, export-driven manufacturing, and a burgeoning middle class, has been
nothing short of remarkable. Meanwhile, India, with its large and youthful population,
has emerged as a significant player in the global information technology and service
sectors. These Asian economic powerhouses have not only fueled their own
development but have also become major players in international trade, investment,
and technology. Their rise signifies the shifting center of gravity in the global economy,
with Asia playing an increasingly influential role, challenging the traditional
Western-centric order and heralding a new era of economic multipolarity.

Technology and Globalization| Advances in technology and the relentless march of

globalization have reshaped the global landscape, accelerating the spread of
knowledge, trade, and investment in unprecedented ways. These twin forces have
worked synergistically to blur the traditional lines of economic divergence. The digital
age has allowed information and ideas to flow freely across borders, transcending
geographical barriers. This accessibility to knowledge has empowered individuals and
businesses worldwide, facilitating innovation and leveling the playing field to some
extent. Simultaneously, globalization has deepened economic interdependence among
nations, fostering intricate networks of trade and investment. This integration has
enabled economies to tap into each other's strengths and resources, reducing
disparities and creating opportunities for growth. However, while technology and
globalization have indeed bridged some economic gaps, they have also given rise to
new challenges, including concerns about data privacy, economic imbalances, and the
need for fair trade practices. Nevertheless, these transformative forces have undeniably
played a central role in redefining the contours of the global economy and reshaping
the dynamics of economic divergence.

Income Inequality| Despite significant overall global economic growth, a persistent

concern that looms large is the continued existence of income inequality. This inequality
manifests itself within individual nations and extends across borders, raising pressing
questions about the equitable distribution of wealth. The gap between the wealthiest
individuals and the rest of society continues to widen, with consequences for social
cohesion and economic stability. Within nations, income inequality often results from
disparities in access to education, job opportunities, and social services. Internationally,
the divide between affluent and less-developed nations remains substantial, further
exacerbating the problem. Income inequality not only poses ethical and social
challenges but also has economic implications, as it can hinder economic growth and
contribute to social unrest. Addressing this persistent issue requires concerted efforts,
including policy reforms, social investments, and international cooperation to ensure
that the benefits of global economic growth are more equitably shared among all
segments of society.
Environmental Challenges| Environmental issues, such as climate change and resource
depletion, have emerged as pressing global challenges in the contemporary era. These
challenges transcend national borders and have the potential to disrupt the delicate
balance of global economic dynamics. Climate change, driven by human activities, poses
threats ranging from extreme weather events to sea-level rise, impacting industries,
infrastructure, and food security. Resource depletion, including the unsustainable
extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, not only strains ecosystems but also threatens
the availability of essential resources for industries and economies. Recognizing the
interconnectedness of these issues, international cooperation has become imperative.
Nations must collaborate to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental degradation,
transition to sustainable practices, and develop innovative solutions. Failure to address
these challenges collectively could lead to economic instability and exacerbate global
inequalities. Thus, the need for international cooperation to safeguard the environment
and ensure a sustainable future has never been more evident.

→ The contemporary global landscape is marked by intricate dynamics, with Asia's rise,
technological progress, income inequality, and environmental concerns reshaping the
balance of power.

Conclusion:
The Great Divergence has left an indelible mark on human history, characterized by
periods of unequal development. The Arab civilizations of the VII century and the
European Great Divergence in the XIX century offer valuable insights into the factors
that shape economic and cultural progress. In the 21st century, the question of whether
the Great Divergence is truly over remains open. The rise of Asia, advancements in
technology, persistent income inequality, and pressing environmental challenges
underscore the complex nature of today's global landscape. Addressing these
challenges and fostering international cooperation will be essential in shaping a more
equitable and prosperous world in the years to come.

References:
The rise and fall of the medieval Islamic Empire - Petra Sijpesteijn & Birte Kristiansen