Definition:-

Klebsiella is a type of Gram-negative bacteria that can cause

different types of healthcare-associated infections, including
pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site
infections, and meningitis.

Spread:-
• To get a Klebsiella infection, a person must be exposed
to the bacteria. For example, Klebsiella must enter the
respiratory (breathing) tract to cause pneumonia, or the
blood to cause a bloodstream infection.

• In healthcare settings, Klebsiella bacteria can be spread

through person-to-person contact (for example, from
patient to patient via the contaminated hands of
healthcare personnel, or other persons) or, less
commonly, by contamination of the environment. The
bacteria are not spread through the air.

Signs and symptoms:-

Because K. pneumoniae can infect different parts of your body,

it can cause different types of infections with different
symptoms.
1. Pneumonia:
o fever
o chills
o coughing
o yellow or bloody mucus
o shortness of breath
o chest pain
2. UTI:
o frequent urge to urinate
o pain and burning when urinating
o bloody or cloudy urine
o passing small amounts of urine
o pain in your back or pelvic area
o discomfort in your lower abdomen
3. Skin tissue infection:
o fever
o redness
o swelling
o pain
o flu-like symptoms
o fatigue
o wounds or ulcers, which are sores on the lining of your
stomach, small intestine, or esophagus
4. Meningitis:
o high fever
o headache
o stiff neck
- Other symptoms may include:
o nausea
o vomiting
 o photophobia (sensitivity to light)
o confusion
o seizures (although rare)

Risk factors:-
• getting older
• taking antibiotics for a long time
• taking corticosteroids
• being hospitalized
• using a ventilator (breathing machine)
• using an intravenous (IV) or urinary catheter
• getting surgery
• having wounds
• having diabetes
• having a alcohol use disorder
• having COPD
• having chronic liver disease
• having lung disease
• having kidney failure
• having dialysis
• getting a solid-organ transplantation
• having cancer
• getting chemotherapy
• Many of these conditions can suppress your immune system,
especially when left untreated.

Nursing intervention:-
o Maintain clear air way
 o Teach the patient how to do cough exercise
o Give him a blanket if he had a fever
o Encourage him to drink water
o Give him his prescribed medication

Treatment:-
Klebsiella infections that are not drug-resistant can be
treated with antibiotics. Infections caused by KPC-
producing bacteria can be difficult to treat because fewer
antibiotics are effective against them. In such cases, a
microbiology laboratory must run tests to determine which
antibiotics will treat the infection.

Prevention:-
➢ To prevent spreading Klebsiella infections between
patients, healthcare personnel must follow specific
infection control precautions.
➢ These precautions may include strict adherence to hand
hygiene and wearing gowns and gloves when they
enter rooms where patients with Klebsiella–related
illnesses are housed. Healthcare facilities also must
follow strict cleaning procedures to prevent the spread
of Klebsiella.

➢ To prevent the spread of infections, patients also should

clean their hands very often, including:

➢ Before preparing or eating food

➢ Before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth
 ➢ Before and after changing wound dressings or bandages
➢ After using the restroom
➢ After blowing their nose, coughing, or sneezing
➢ After touching hospital surfaces such as bed rails,
bedside tables, doorknobs, remote controls, or the
phone

COVID

Definition:-
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused
by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Spread:-
virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact
with each other, for example at a conversational distance.
The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in
small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or
breathe. Another person can then contract the virus when
infectious particles that pass through the air are inhaled at short
range (this is often called short-range aerosol or short-range
airborne transmission) or if infectious particles come into direct
contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth (droplet transmission).

Signs and symptoms:-

Possible symptoms include: