1 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.

Br2(l) → Br2(g)

Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine
molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases.

porous pot
allows gas hydrogen
air
molecules porous pot
to diffuse
air air

higher level

large
same level
beaker

coloured
liquid

diagram 1 diagram 2

higher
level
air

carbon dioxide

large beaker

diagram 3

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.

Diagram 1

There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is
the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the
pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube.

Diagram 2

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Diagram 3

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and
movement of particles.

(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, which are spread far
apart move in a random manner at high speed.

(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in a nitrogen
molecule.
Use × to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.

[2]

(ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen
differ from those in gaseous nitrogen?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.

(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the
molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is
increased.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

constant
pressure
applied metal foil
gas escapes
gas syringe gas through small
hole in foil

The following results were obtained.

temperature rate of diffusion

gas
/ °C in cm3 / min

nitrogen 25 1.00
chlorine 25 0.63
nitrogen 50 1.05

Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) The diagram shows the lattice of a typical ionic compound.

– + – +
+ – + –
+ – + –
– + – +
– + – +
+ – + –

(i) Explain the term ionic lattice.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) In this lattice, the ratio of positive ions to negative ions is 1:1.
In the lattice of a different ionic compound, the ratio of positive ions to negative ions
is 1:2.
Suggest why this ratio varies in different ionic compounds.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Give three physical properties of ionic compounds.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Strontium oxide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the
charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative
ion.
The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 2.

Use o to represent an electron from a strontium atom.

Use x to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

[3]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Both strontium and sulfur have chlorides of the type XCl 2. The table below compares some
of their properties.

strontium chloride sulfur chloride

appearance white crystals red liquid
formula SrCl 2 SCl 2
melting point / °C 874 –120
boiling point / °C 1250 59
conductivity of liquid good poor
dissolves to form reacts to form a
solubility in water
a neutral solution solution of pH 1

(a)
a) Use the data in the table to explain why sulfur chloride is a liquid at room temperature,
25 °C.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Strontium is a metal and sulfur is a non-metal. Explain why both have chlorides of
the type XCl 2.
The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 2.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Deduce the name of the acidic compound formed when sulfur chloride reacts with
water.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Explain the difference in the electrical conductivity of liquid strontium chloride and
liquid sulfur chloride.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 The structure of an
Scandium fluoride and silicon(IV) oxide have giant structures.

(a) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound.

(i) The valency of scandium is three. Draw a diagram which shows the formula of the
compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons
around the negative ion.
Use x to represent an electron from a scandium atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.

[3]

(ii) The melting point of scandium fluoride is 1552 °C. Explain why scandium fluoride
has a high melting point.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Silicon(IV) oxide has a macromolecular structure.

(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide. You may use a diagram.

[3]

(ii) How does the electrical conductivity of these two compounds differ?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Explain the difference in conductivity.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Arachnids, crustaceans, insects and myriapods are all classified as arthropods.

Scorpions, such as Heterometrus swammerdami shown in Fig. 1.1, are arachnids.

tail

cephalothorax

jaw

abdomen
pedipalp eyes

Fig. 1.1

(a) State three features, shown by H. swammerdami and visible in Fig. 1.1, that arachnids
share with other arthropods.

3 [3]

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 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows seven species of arachnid.

A B C

not to scale

Fig. 1.2

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) Abdomen with a tail Abaliella dicranotarsalis E

(b) Abdomen without a tail go to 2

Legs much longer than abdomen and
2 (a) go to 3
cephalothorax
Legs not much longer than abdomen and
(b) go to 4
cephalothorax
3 (a) Hairs on the legs Tegenaria domestica

(b) No hairs on the legs Odielus spinosus

4 (a) Cephalothorax or abdomen segmented Chelifer tuberculatus

(b) Cephalothorax and abdomen not segmented go to 5

Abdomen and cephalothorax about the same
5 (a) Poecilotheria regalis
size
(b) Abdomen larger than cephalothorax go to 6

6 (a) Body covered in long hairs Tyroglyphus longior

(b) Body not covered in hairs Ixodes hexagonus

[4]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 6.1 shows three different insects.

Vespula flavopilosa Vespula rufa Callicera rufa

insect 1 insect 2 insect 3

Fig. 6.1

(a) Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.

(i) Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely
related.

[2]

(ii) Explain how the appearance of the three insects suggests that insects 1 and 2 are
more closely related.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Vespula flavopilosa gives a painful sting. The insect shown in Fig. 6.2 is very similar in
appearance to Vespula flavopilosa but does not give a sting.

Chrysotoxum cautum

Fig. 6.2

(b) Chrysotoxum cautum is very similar in appearance to Vespula flavopilosa. Explain how
this is an advantage.

[2]

(c) It is thought that Chrysotoxum cautum evolved from an insect that did not have any
stripes.

Suggest how these insects became striped.

[5]

[Total: 11]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Fig. 1.1 shows an animal cell and a plant cell as seen with a light microscope.

animal cell plant cell

Fig. 1.1

(a) Table 1.1 shows some structural features of the animal cell and the plant cell in Fig. 1.1.

Complete the table by

• finishing the row for nucleus

• adding three structural features, visible in Fig. 1.1, and indicating whether they are
present (✓) or absent (✗) in the animal cell and in the plant cell.

Table 1.1

structural feature animal cell plant cell

cell wall ✗ ✓

nucleus

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) The cells were kept in a dilute salt solution. They were then transferred to distilled water.

Explain what will happen to each of these two cells when they are placed into distilled water.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Magnesium is a plant nutrient. Scientists think that magnesium is involved in the transport of
sucrose from the leaves to the rest of a plant.

(i) Name the tissue that transports sucrose in plants.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

The scientists grew some tomato plants with their roots in a solution that contained all the
mineral nutrients that plants require. After a while, the plants were divided into two groups.

• Group A continued to receive the solution containing all the nutrients.

• Group B received a solution that did not contain any magnesium.

After 12 days, measurements were made on the leaves and the results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

3.5 120

3.0 100
rate of movement of 2.5 sucrose concentration
sucrose out of the leaves in the leaves 80
/ arbitrary units 2.0 / arbitrary units
60
1.5
40
1.0

0.5 20

0.0 0
A B A B
group group

Fig. 1.2

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Describe the effect of magnesium deficiency on the transport of sucrose out of the leaves
and the sucrose concentration in the leaves.

transport of sucrose out of the leaves ................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

concentration of sucrose in the leaves ...............................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) The plants in Group B remained in the magnesium-deficient solution for longer than
12 days. At the end of this time they showed symptoms of magnesium deficiency.

Describe and explain the symptoms that the plants would show.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 16]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Some plants can be grown in water using the technique of hydroponics. The roots are in water and
supplied with the ions that they need at the concentrations that support maximum growth. Some
ions can be absorbed both by diffusion and by active transport.

(a) (i) State two features of diffusion that do not apply to active transport.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain how roots are adapted to absorb ions.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations
of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided
the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in
each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are
given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

concentration of mean mass of onions / g

percentage
sodium chloride solution before after soaking change in mass
/ g dm–3 soaking for 3 hours
0 147 173 +17.7
25 153 165 +7.8
50 176 172 –2.3
100 154 149 –3.2
150 149 142 –4.7
200 183 175

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most concentrated
solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in Table 2.1.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in Fig. 2.1.

20
percentage change in mass

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
–5

–10
concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3

Fig. 2.1

(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (b)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution
that has the same water potential as the onions.

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Using the term water potential, explain why the onions:

gained mass when soaked in dilute solutions of sodium chloride

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

lost mass when soaked in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 15]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.

(i) Calculate the time of fall.

time = ............................

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.

40

30
speed
m/s

20

10

0
0 1 2 3
time/s

Fig. 1.1

(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.

mass = ............................
[5]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.

(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
the method would need to be changed.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[6]

[ Total : 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.

(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]

(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.

density =
[1]

[ Total : 6 ]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 In a laboratory, an experiment is carried out to measure the acceleration of a trolley on a horizontal
table, when pulled by a horizontal force.

trolley
force

Fig. 1.1

The measurements are repeated for a series of different forces, with the results shown in the table
below.

force / N 4.0 6.0 10.0 14.0

acceleration 0.50 0.85 1.55 2.25

m / s2

(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot these points and draw the best straight line for your points. [2]

16

force / N

12

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
acceleration
m / s2

Fig. 1.2

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) The graph shows that below a certain force there is no acceleration.

(i) Find the value of this force. ............................................................................................ [1]

(ii) A force smaller than that in (b)(i) is applied to the stationary trolley. Suggest what happens
to the trolley, if anything.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Show that the gradient of your graph is about 5.7.

gradient = ...........................................................[1]

(d) (i) State the equation that links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a.

[1]

(ii) Use your gradient from (c) to find the mass of the trolley.

mass = ...........................................................[2]

(e) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a speed / time graph for a trolley with constant acceleration.

speed

0
0
time

Fig. 1.3
[1]

[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 A person is standing on the top of a cliff, throwing stones into the sea below.

cliff

sea

Fig. 2.1

(a) The person throws a stone horizontally.

(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw a line to show the path which the stone might take between leaving the
person’s hand and hitting the sea.

(ii) On the line you have drawn, at a point halfway to the sea, mark the stone and the
direction of the force on the stone.
[3]

(b) Later, the person drops a small stone and a large stone vertically from the edge of the cliff.

Comment on the times taken for the two stones to hit the water.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) 800 m from the point where the person is standing, a navy ship is having target practice.

The person finds that if a stone is dropped vertically at the same time as the spurt of smoke
from the ship’s gun is seen, the stone hits the water at the same time as the sound from the
gun is heard.

Sound travels at 320 m / s in that region.

Calculate the velocity with which the stone hits the water.

velocity = ...........................................................[4]

[Total: 9]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com