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r[moHC&mZm(omoemydkif)

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t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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r[moHC&mZm(omoemydkif)

t&Sifr[m&|om& t|KyÜwåd

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1
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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armifarmuf\crnf;awmfum; "r®ygv trnf&Sdaom trwf


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2
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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armifarmufum; ynm&yfrsm;udk b0yg&rD&Sdonfha,mufsm;xl;ç a,m


usfm;jrwfwOD; jzpfonfhtwkdif; ynm&yfrsm;udk ay;wkdif;&-&wkdif;,lEkdif
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3
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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tm; xkwduAsm-r*Fvmpum; avQmufMum;pyfqkd&ef apckdif;awmfrlav


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4
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

ooFu&kdwfusrf;*efwkdYukd¤if;? tzGifhusrf;rsm;? tjcHt&Hç tcuftvuf


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5
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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vufwkdYukd rsm;pGm awGY&[efrwlacs/ xkdrQru i,f&G,folwkdY"r®wm


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6
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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]]&|om&}}rnf\/ «0&puúygvrSm-odef;Ckdjyefyif jzpfonfudk Zmwf


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7
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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oefYouf? wdrfa,mifeufom;? rIdufjrufpifMu,f? a&ozG,fwnfh? rSwf


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8
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
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9
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

ayorkdif;q&mu &Sif&|om& 12-ESpft&G,fwGif wHwm;OD;wnfarmf


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odomonf/

10
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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11
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ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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12
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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13
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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14
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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16
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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17
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ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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18
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ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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19
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ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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20
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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21
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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22
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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23
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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24
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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25
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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26
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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27
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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28
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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29
t&Sifr[m&|om&\t|KyÜwådESifh...
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

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pmEkyfuav;rQjzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufcsxm;onfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfp&m


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c&D;xifudk? zifzifrxkduf? roGm;ykdufí? trkdufwvkdif;? tjzpf


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í¤if;)

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qkdrIcJtif? eESifhwifonf? b0ifaZmpdwf? ]]wd}}ESifh]][dwf}}um;?


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ponfjzifh tvGefausmfapmonf[k Mobm&aom &|om&ax&f em;


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0,fikHvsuf/ /

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tm*kHtm*g? ynmrsufpd? owdjzefYrkd;? ÓPft&kd;udk? ajzmifhxkd;


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/...ay.../ vudkEIef;axGç aeudkEIef;oifh? ajrESifhyrm? usifhtyf


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onf/ BuD;vnf; BuD;avmufayonf(us,frnfpkd;í xkwfrjyvkdufNyD)/


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(1)rjynfhbJydwf? (2)jynfhrydwfESifh? (3)rydwfrjynfh? (4)ydwf


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