A) BASIC DEFINITIONS

I ) BASIC DEFINITION

-: Petrophysics
It is the physical & chemical properties of rocks, which are related to the distribution of pores & fluids, particularly as they are directly related to the detection &evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing layers. Rock: = minerals +fluids Detection: only recognition of the presence or absence of hydrocarbons in rocks. The presence of hydrocarbons in rocks does not necessarily mean that they are present in either commercial or producible quantities. Evaluation : a ) Determination of the hydrocarbon volume in place , b ) Estimation ( if possible ) of the initial rate of production .

II ) BASIC PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATING A RESERVOIR

Petrophysical Parameters (1

Geometrical Parameters (2

a ) Porosity () (PHI) & ( Direct ( Indirect

b) Permeability (K) ( Indirect )

c) Fluid saturations (S) Indirect ) )

Geometrical Parameters

( Permeable bed thickness ( h ( Indirect )

Petrophysical Parameters (1 -: (a) Porosity () (PHI - : i ) General definition Porosity: - It is the pore volume (i.e., the volume of void spaces or pores within a rock or formation) per unit volume of the rock or formation. It is usually expressed as a percentage (%).

.P.V

= -------

x 100%

.B.V

P.V.: Pore Volume B.V.: Bulk Volume (B.V. = P.V. + V ma) V ma: Matrix volume Ex.:- If 1/5 th of the total rock volume was pore space, So: = 1/5 x 100 % = 20% & V ma = 100% - 20% = 80% -: ii ) The basic Petrophysical types of porosity

Total (1 Porosity ( total,

T , ND , D , or (N

Primary(2 Porosity Sonic or) Acoustic Porosity) (Sonic,

Secondary(3 Porosity index ) -) ( sec , or

(4 Effective Porosity ( eff , or

EPT ( 5 Porosity (( EPT

Weighted(6 average Porosity

(7 Crossplot Porosity ((xp

( SPI

(e

( or, S

1 ) Total Porosity ( total, T , ND , D , or N ) : It is the ratio of the total pore volume to the bulk volume of the rock or formation. It can be obtained from a density ( - ) log , neutron log , or both , since these logs respond to total porosity , regardless of porosity type .

D+ N

total = ND = D , or N , or 2
D : Density porosity ( Porosity from a density log ) , N: Neutron porosity (Porosity from a neutron log).

------------

: ( Primary Porosity (Sonic or Acoustic Porosity) (Sonic, or, S ( 2 It is the ratio of the volume of the pores that have formed during the formation of the rock to the bulk volume of the rock or formation. It can be obtained indirectly from a sonic (an acoustic) log, since this log tend to largely ignore vuggy porosity and fractures & respond mainly to intergranular porosity.

( primary

Sonic

( or

-:( Secondary Porosity ( sec ) or Secondary Porosity index (SPI ( 3 It is the ratio of the volume of the secondary pores (pores that have formed after the formation of the rock due to the action of formation water, tectonic forces or stresses, etc.) to the bulk volume of the rock or formation. An estimate of the secondary porosity can be obtained by using a sonic log + Density &/or Neutron log.

Sec

( or SPI ) = total

- s

Examples of Secondary pores : Preferentially dissolved feldspar grains or fossils from sandstones , fracture pores , Vuggy pores , etc., _: ( Effective Porosity ( eff , or e (4 It is the ratio of the volume of the interconnected pore spaces to the bulk volume of the rock or formation. It can be obtained by using a Gamma Ray ( GR ) or Spontaneous Potential ( SP ) log + Density &/or Neutron log.

eff = total - shVsh sh : Shale Porosity . Vsh : Shale Volume proportion .

: (EPT - Porosity ( EPT ( 5 It is the porosity that can be obtained from the EPT ( Electromagnetic Propagation Tool ) . It is mainly water-filled Porosity , since the EPT measurement is affected primarily by the waterfilled porosity.

6 ) Weighted average Porosity : Generally speaking , a reservoir rock may show large variations on porosity vertically ( across the bedding planes ) but does not show very great variations in porosity parallel to the bedding planes . However , a change in sedimentation or depositional conditions can cause the porosity in one portion of the reservoir to be greatly different from that in another area . In such case , a so-called weighte-average porosity will be used to characterize the rock .