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Chapter 1 Sets
Chapter 1 Sets
What is a Set?
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
The objects in a set are called the elements or members of the set.
Examples
Example
The set of real numbers x that satisfy the equation.
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Examples
The set of two-digit positive integers has 90 elements.
Examples
The set of real numbers (including all rational and irrational numbers) is an
infinite set.
Notation: n(A)
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Two Methods of Writing a Set
Enumeration or Roster Method
This means to clearly write down all the individual elements that belong to the set.
Rule Method
This means to describe the set in a way that doesn't provide a complete, explicit list
of all its individual elements. Instead, you define the set by using a rule, condition,
or characteristic that its elements must satisfy.
Note:
Instead of using “|” in writing sets, you could use “;”.
An Empty set (null set) is different from a set with a “0” element.
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The Universal Set
A set U that includes all of the elements under consideration in a particular
discussion.
A Universal Set is a collection of all elements or members of all the related sets.
Examples
Suppose you are rolling a fair six-sided die. The universal set, in this case,
is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} because it includes all the possible outcomes when
rolling the die.
Notation:
Meaning: x is a member of A, or x is
an element of A, or x belongs to A.
Examples
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Negated by writing:
Equality of Sets
Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A=B, if they have the same elements.
Otherwise, A≠B.
Examples
The set A of odd positive integers is not equal to the set B of prime
numbers.
The set of odd integers between 4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8. (5 and 7)
Note:
Prime Number: A prime number is a natural number greater than 1
that has only two distinct positive divisors: 1 and itself. In other
words, a prime number cannot be evenly divided by any other
number except for 1 and itself.
Examples include 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.
Odd Number: An odd number is a natural number that is not
divisible by 2. These numbers leave a remainder of 1 when divided
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by 2.
Examples of odd numbers include 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.
Subsets
A subset is a set that contains only some or all of the elements of another set. In
simpler terms, if you have a set of items, a subset is a smaller group of items from
that set.
Notation:
a Proper Subset is a subset that is smaller than the original set because it does not
include all the elements of the original set.
A is Proper Subset of B if
Unions
A Union is a mathematical operation that combines two sets to create a new set that
contains all the unique elements from both sets.
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The Union of two sets A and B is
Intersection
It represents the overlap or shared elements between the sets.
Examples
Let A be the set of even positive integers and B be the set of prime positive
integers. Then:
Disjoint sets are sets that have no elements in common. In other words, if two sets
are disjoint, their intersection is the null set (a set with no elements).
Complements
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The complement of a set is the set of all elements that are not in the given set but
belong to a universal set. The universal set is a larger set that contains all the
elements under consideration.
Note that:
Venn Diagrams
Is a pictorial representation where sets are represented by enclosed areas in a
plane.
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Possible Venn Diagram for Two Sets
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The Intersection of Two Sets
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Two Basic Counting Rules
If A and B are Finite sets.
Difference
The difference of A and B denoted by A - B, is the set of elements which belong to A
but which do not belong to B.
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Symmetric Difference
It consists of those elements which belong to A or B, but not both A and B.
Laws of Sets
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