Prepared by the following reactions: Salt

1. Acid + reactive metal preparation

2. Acid + base
3. Acid + carbonate
AgCl, PbCl 2
Soluble Salt CaSO 4, BaSO 4, PbSO 4 Insoluble Salt
All carbonates except SPA

Adding excess insoluble metal, base Titration Precipitation

or carbonate to acid (only for SPA salts )

1. Add excess insoluble metal, base or carbonate 1. Pipette a fixed volume(25cm3) of alkali into a conical flask 1. Mix the two solutions.
to acid and add a few drops of indicator. Pb(NO 3)2(aq + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl 2(s) + NaNO 3(aq)
2. Filter to remove the excess (unreacted M, B 2. Add dilute acid from a burette to the conical flask containing Ba (NO 3)2(aq) + ZnSO 4(aq) BaSO 4(s) + Zn(NO 3)2(aq)
or C) the alkali and indicator. AgNO 3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO 3(aq)
3. Heat filtrate to get a saturated solution) 3. Record the volume of acid that exactly neutralises the fixed
4. Cool the hot saturated solution for volume of alkali as shown by the colour change of the 2. Filter to obtain the insoluble salt(residue)
crystallisation to take place. indicator. 3. Wash with distilled water to remove
5. Filter to collect crystals. Wash with a little cold 4. Repeat the titration without the use of indicator to get a impurities.
distilled water to remove impurities. Dry the solution of the salt. 4. Dry the salt with filter paper.
5. Heat salt solution to get a saturated solution)
crystals between sheets of filter paper.
6. Cool the hot saturated solution for crystallisation to take
place.
7. Filter to collect crystals. Wash with a little cold distilled water
and dry between sheets of filter paper.
To prepare chlorides – use HCl
Colour of indicator in
To prepare sulfates - use H2SO4
Indicator Strong acidic solution Strong alkaline solution
To prepare nitrates – use HNO3
Litmus red blue
Methyl Orange red yellow
 oxides

Metal oxides Non-metal

oxides

Basic oxides(bases ) Amphoteric oxides Neutral oxides acidic oxides

Can only react with acids to form Can react with both acid and Cannot react with acid Reacts with bases to form
salt and water alkalis to form salt and water. or alkali salt and water

e.g Aluminium
oxide, zinc oxide, e.g water, Dissolves in water to form
Soluble Bases Insoluble bases nitric oxide NO, CO acids
lead (II) oxide
(alkalis)

Acidic soil can be treated with bases

1. Produces OH- in water
2. Has bitter taste and soapy feel such as quicklime(CaO) or slaked. lime 1. Produces H+ in water
3. Turns red litmus blue Ca(OH)2. The bases react with acid to 2. Has sour taste
4. pH>7 3. Turns blue litmus red
raise the pH of the soil. 4. pH<7
5. Reacts with acid to form salt
and water only 5. Reacts with base to form salt and water only
6. Reacts with ammonium salts to 6. Reacts with carbonates to form salt, water
form salt, water and ammonia and carbon dioxide gas
gas 7. Reacts with reactive metals to give salt and
Ionic equation for reaction of any acid with any alkali hydrogen gas
H+(aq) + OH -(aq) H 2O(l)
Alkalis:, KOH, Ca(OH) 2 HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
aqueous ammonia - NH4OH ,NaOH H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
NaOH Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3- (aq)