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Game Development with Scrum methodology

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DOI: 10.1109/AIT49014.2019.9144963

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 Game Development with Scrum methodology
Dedy Prasetya Kristiadi Ferry Sudarto Dian Sugiarto
Computer Systems Department, Raharja Computer Systems Department, Raharja Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi,
University University Universitas Raharja
Tangerang, Indonesia 15117 Tangerang, Indonesia 15117 Tangerang, Indonesia 15117
Dedy.prasetya@raharja.info Ferry.sudarto@raharja.info dian.sugiarto@raharja.info

Richard Sambera Harco Leslie Hendric Spits Warnars

Computer Science Department, School of
Computer Science
Bina Nusantara University
Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
Richard.sambera@binus.ac.id
Computer Science Department, BINUS
Graduate Program – Doctor of Computer
Science
Bina Nusantara University
Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
spits.hendric@binus.ac.id
Kiyota Hashimoto
Faculty of Technology and Environment
Prince Songkla University
Phuket Campus, Thailand
Kiyota.h@phuket.psu.th

Abstract—Many methodologies are being used in software
development, not only software can follow the process, but now
games could follow the cycle of processes. Starting from the
traditional waterfall model to agile methodology, many game
developers are trying to produce the methodologies that could
solve their problem in game development. In this paper, the type
of methodologies will be shown on current game development.
Also, this paper would suggest agile methodologies especially
scrum over others in game development, and the reason behind
that will be explained. Besides that, there are proposed game
development methodologies that could solve the problem of game
development by involving three phases, including the pre-
production phase, production phase, and post-production phase.
In the production phase, the sub-steps will have four sub-steps
such as design, development, testing and review and the sub-steps
will cycle as long as a result are unsatisfied.
Keywords—Agile methodology, Scrum, Methodology, Game
Development, Game development methodology
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid advancement of technology, processes game
production has been significantly increasing in our daily lives.
Starting from education and business until art and
entertainment, many games have been developed based on
their objective to their target to be entertained or getting some
knowledge. It maybe looks good or not, but the product itself
can cause an of dollars for a company to create a game such as
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Grand Theft Auto 5, and
other top-level games [1]. That game was a very big size for a
project and of a very complex component to make [2]. in
creates a demand for them to ensure the games can be
developed at the minimum cost by using some areas or
methods that accelerate the time of production.
Project Management for the game itself plays a big part in
the production cost, people and time development. One of the
important mentions is the type of methodology chosen to apply
for the project game management that can balance people, time
and cost based on a scale of a project such as how big the
project. Three of these attributes have a strong connection that
can affect the success of the company. Speaking about the cost,
depending on how many people you want to involve in this
project, and how expertise their knowledge in that particular
area of and also the time that you diagrams the project to finish
if the demand is high, the cost needed will higher too. Vice
versa if you want to have a faster time to develop the project,
you need to have a higher number of people to develop and
higher cost to achieve it.
Over the past few years, many companies have started
implementing their projects using agile methods rather than
traditional software development like waterfall model, almost
69% of the responder work for companies had already adopted
[3]. Another result shows that agile process has over 79%
productivity compare to incremental process [4], this shows
that agile has given a beneficial outcome to the company. Agile
methods are characterized by the iterative and incremental
methods, which have frequent release and adaptability in
revising. Unlike the waterfall method that starts in order from
planning into executing that if any changes would delay the
process and took many time and cost, Agile can easily alter
their plan and adapt to the changes. The agile methodology has
some features following such as:
1. Simple as possible, as simple as the goal, which targeted to
deliver the shippable product faster than any methodology.
2. Less documentation, where the less documentation, the
better and deliver output as the main important point.
3. User involvement, where users are fully supported by the
project and make it easy for the development of the
project.
4. An expert team, where the team is an expert team then it
will be more convenient to communicate the project with
less documentation.
The most popular agile methodology is Extreme
Programming (XP), and the other is Scrum Methodology,
despite extreme programming are popular, Scrum methodology
is considered simple to learn and take a little effort to start
using it [5]. Not only that it shows that a survey in an
organization that consists of many types of sizes starting from
1-10 employees until more than 2000 employees around 60%
using scrum methodology and 40% out of them consist,
Waterfall, Rational Unified Process (RUP), XP, V model, and
others [6]. Moreover, an Agile methodology has been
implemented in Object-oriented modeling with UML (Unified

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

Modeling Language) modeling using such as use case diagram,
class diagram, sequence diagram, etc. [7].
II. CURRENT GAME DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY
Thousands of games have been made in the company; we can
also say the method that they use for achieving their ultimate
goal are different. Develop a wonderful game need many
processes, there are some of the company using a regular
methodology that had been founded, but others are using the
modified methodology to make it compatible with their
workplace. Next, are the game development methodology
which was used in the previous research:
A. Model-Driven Development (MDD)
Proposed by Reyno and Cubel, the purpose of using that
methodology was to raise the level of the abstraction of the
game development, especially the prototype from the game
[8]. The game that they made was a 2d platform game. Using
a class diagram with UML diagram extensions, divided into
three parts of the diagram:
1. Structure Diagram that represents each of the
techniques on the game such as player and enemies.
2. Behavior Diagram that fills the specific behavior in
each of the entities.
3. Control Diagram that linked the connection between
the player and the game through the configuration of
each part of the controllers, an example part of an
action that the player has.
The methodology used shows that the MDD can help the
developer build the game faster after defining it into 3
diagrams. The only concern about it is, we have to define the
modeling language that will be used to code the game.
Fig. 1. A reference architecture for the games domain [10]
B. Game Waterfall Model
Using a traditional waterfall model, specified to the game
waterfall model in creating a single-player game [9].
Following the six-phase including Requirement Phase,
Specification Phase, Design Phase, Implementation Phase,
Integration Phase, Operation Phase. Additional testing divided
with 2 the :
1. Level 1, Unit Testing and Integration Testing
2. Level 2, Unit Testing, Integration Testing, and
System Testing
The results found that all the works with a small team of up to
10 people [9], the responsibilities had been divided into
different teams.
C. Component-Based Game Development
Folmer suggests using Component based game development
to create a 3d game [10]. By using 3d rendering engine like
Unreal Engine and Doom Engine. The purpose of using the
methodology is to
1. Reduce overall system development costs and
development time.
2. Having a higher quality of components that can be
modified to look different.
3. Advancing technology that can help to build a game.
By referencing architecture for the games domain in figure 1,
they define some areas of reusability that can be useful for
future game development; there are Network, Graphics GUI,
Artificial Intelligence, Physics, and Sound. Hence, the
conclusion for that is there are several things that need to be a
concern, which is the complexity and integration. Complexity
means the architecture of the game that wanted to build.
Meanwhile, integration means to integrate all of the selected
components successfully took the game.
D. Digital game-based learning
Focusing on the history-based educational game, by
creating a digital game that can make the teacher engage with
the students. By defining it into five phases, including:
1. Analysis, analysis of the requirement and learning
goal.
2. Design, creating a delivery method and teaching
strategy in it.
3. Development, define tools and creating a product.
4. Quality Assurance, testing the game to assure quality.
5. Implementation and Evaluation, implement to
education places and having an evaluation in using the
games.
This method was the only approach and proposed by some of
the researchers to enable the player to learn knowledge and
creating a fun environment since they said history subject is
very boring to learn.
E. Extreme Programming (XP)
One of the practices use is the test-driven pair programming,
having a pair of the programmer doing one task rather than
individual [11]. Test-driven pair programming known as a fast
development cycle and high-quality code. The survey result
shows it has a significantly shorter duration than individual
work.
F. Scrum
As one of Agile methodology, scrum shows many
beneficial out-come to the company since it can reduce the
time of production. Several authors [12,13,14,15] had
implemented this method by following the cycle of the
iteration itself. The result shows that the was recommended from pregame (planning phase), game (development phase),
and play a big part in developing the games. and postgame as shown in figure 2.
Others had modified the scrum; they call it ABC-sprints.
The development phase had been divided into three sprints,
Alpha-Sprint, Beta Sprint, and Completion Sprint. And
reducing the iteration from 30 days to 2 to 4 weeks. The
results were remarkable and showed some recommendations
on using it[16].
III. ADVANTAGES OF GAME DEVELOPMENT WITH
SCRUM METHODOLOGY
Scrum not only prove as one of the most effective agile
software development, but also in the games. The result shows
that in-game studios, agile practices adopted more than 10%
compared to the waterfall by showing 45% projects using
agile practices and 30% project use waterfall, other than that
are using other methodologies [17]. Another researcher also
surveys using post-mortem analysis on game studios with
what kind of agile approach do they use, and the result comes
out as 50% using scrum methodology. Some of them prefer
the modified one because it can be flexible or suit to their
current development [18].
Recent works from McGuire, comparing the waterfall model
and scrum methodology in game development, found that
scrum gives many benefits to the developer than the waterfall
models [19]. The main reason is because the time, the
waterfall cant make one of the developers stuck by waiting for Fig. 2. Details of the scrum process[30].
something to complete, and the game designer is very hard to
track the timeline, meanwhile using the scrums, the product However, in-game development, -There is some innovation on
that the development needed to accomplish had been divided the scrum that intended to create a rapid result, such as the
evenly, and it makes game designer as a project leader could scrum of scrum, ABC Sprint, Software development Project
keep the progress and measure the timeline until the Pattern (sdPP) and improved Game Design Document
production. Clinton Keith, the author of “Agile Game (iGDD), and Distributed Software Development.
Development with Scrum” also mentions that scrum A. The scrum of scrums
methodologies bring the project to become more visible and
can make a common-sense decision, especially creating fun or
unique ideas for the game [20].
Current game development has been extended by
measuring its game to get real benefit acceptance from the
user particularly for the serious game[21] particularly for the
serious game for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)[22]. Some metrics can be applied as well to
measure for making a perfect game which easies to use and
acceptable to the user[23]. Meanwhile, Card game element
also can be applied in order as serious game for decision-
making purposes[24], and performance of serious game can be
extended such as with extension of matchmaking in game[25]
and extension of User Interface (UI), User Experience (UX)
and Gameplay Experience (GX) in seriouswere[26].
IV. CURRENT GAME DEVELOPMENT WITH SCRUM
METHODOLOGY
Scrum has shown good results in game development; there are
several developers now prefer scrum to other methodologies
due to the effectiveness of the result. The classic scrum
process would be involved with the three processes starting
Fig. 3. the explanation on the scrum of scrums method [10].
 Keith was proposing the scrum of the scrum that gives an iGDD Section Description SRS Characteristics
effective result for the team. The background of innovation is Describes briefly the
Relations with other
the number of the development team are dozen[10]. By trying documents, and common
Overview most important aspects
language for better
to follow the progress, the scrum of scrums divided the team of the game
understanding
into sub-team for making progress as shown in figure 3. Organization of game
Describes the elements of
Mechanics requirements (objects
the game
TABLE I. EACH SPRINT DETAILS ON ABC SPRINTS [18] organization)
game gamer profile.
Basic Functionality, Proof of
Alpha Sprint
Concept, Beta Sprint Backlog Describes what the
Feature-complete Game, Final player perceives directly
ABC - Aesthetics
Beta Sprint Assets, Completion Sprint through their sense, like -
Sprints Backlog what he sees and hears
Bug-free, Balanced, Polished Highly aspects of the Decision making based on
Completion Sprint
and finalized Game game and what you hope tradeoffs of game parts.
Experience
to achieve from these Quality attributes on video
aspects games.
Narrates the aspects of Knowledge of game parts
Each sub-team will send one representative to update the the design assumptions for reviews. Limitations
complete list, the problem with a solution, and the next steps. Assumption and
and limitations of the or boundaries of the video
Constraints
This helps others can effectively work based on the list and game, either technical or games.
keep updating to others. business.
By improving the Game Design Document, with creating
B. ABC Sprint more specified details in the planning, the proposal creates
The group of students in one of Germany's universities tries less rework in the normal one.
scrum methodology by modifying the traditional sprint into
D. Distributed Software Development
three sprints, by turning each sprint from 30 days to 2-4 weeks
[27]. Three sprints namely Alpha Sprint, Beta Sprint, and The development is based on scrum methodology by creating
Completion Sprint with each detail as shown in table 1. are fully supported distributed teams up to 4 teams with each
1. Alpha Sprint, in which stage is making the group getting team consist of 7-8 members. The development is built due to
used to the scrum, and understanding the basics of the long-distance area to work together, so they built up a
functionality needed in the game development also team and having to raise multiple product owners to lead [30].
creating a backlog to do it.
V. PROPOSED GAME DEVELOPMENT STEPS WITH
2. Beta Sprint, in which stage they already create a feature-
SCRUM METHODOLOGY
complete game with their final assets and waiting for
testing. The complexity of developing video games are very high,
3. Completion Sprint, in which stage the game has finalized multiple genres and system developer can create. More and
with bug-free and ready to be recommendations. more innovation come out to make the games look unique,
The results were very satisfied based on them, and they also also determine the system in the game needed some detail and
recommend using the scrum methodology because the student planning too, as researcher had made type of information
can understand easily and quite adapt to it. system that game could be implemented [31,32,33], such as
the detail as virtual place, avatar that represents player in the
C. Software development Project Pattern (sdPP) and game, so it makes more real.
improved Game Design Document (iGDD)
There is an approach in an instance of scrum methodology by
modified the software development project pattern and the
GDD (Game Design Document) [28], which was one of the
fundamental things in pre-production in game development
software engineering life cycle [29].

TABLE II. AN IGDD (IMPROVED GAME DESIGN DOCUMENT) DETAILS

[28].

iGDD Section Description SRS Characteristics

Describes briefly the
Overview most important aspects
of the game
Describes the elements of
Mechanics
the game
Describes how the
Dynamics elements of the game
will take action in the
Relations with other
documents, and common
language for better
understanding
Organization of game
requirements (objects
organization)
Organization of game
requirements. Relation of
complexity with the Fig. 4. Proposed Game Development with Scrum Methodology
 Many considerations had to consider in developing the
games, especially to project management, in evaluating the
product cost, time and people. Choosing the best solution that
can create an effective result in the games. My proposed
methodology in game development would be the classic scrum
with its process[34,35]. I suggest on following the steps by its
3 phases consist of:
A. Pre-production Phase (Planning)
This phase will need planning to proceed with the game
development, they are:
1. Requirement Specification, in which identifying the user
requirement and also specified requirement from
functional to non-functional requirement to create the
product backlog.
2. Game Design Document (GDD), is the fundamental thing
for game development because the content inside reveals
the goals and also all things that will be needed in both
planning and development later.
3. High-level Architecture, by what mean in creating a team
by classified the jobs, in the game, there are many kinds
of the position that needed [36], for example:
a. Game Artist, creating the character and the assets.
b. Game Programmer, creating an infrastructure of all
the components to be worked.
c. Audio Engineer, the one that creates the background
music and sound effect.
And many more, so it needs to be the plan on the
development team and then creating the product backlog.
B. Production Phase (Development)
This phase will be creating the product by selecting a
product backlog to work and become the sprint backlog that
will be targeted to complete it by the development team. In
this process, I divided into four processes to create an ideal
game:
1. Design, with the detailed specification needed, the
development team will design the things that will be used
in-game development such as.
a. Storyboard production, creating a storyboard that
suits the requirement by making a sketched graphic
that will be used as a standard.
b. Asset Creation means all the component likes wall,
character, grass, or anything else that will be used in
the game.
2. Development, this stage will involve what kind of
platform that will be used in developing the game, for
example, system languages like C++, Java, and others,
and also the game engine that making easy to develop. In
this case, I will recommend using the Unity Game Engine
with the embedded language C++ in there.
3. Testing, this stage will involve a kind of testing that will
be assured of the quality of the game. There are:
a. Beta Testing: evaluate overall game functionality
using the external tester, it was used to find the bug
that the developer didn't know.
b. Heuristic-based Testing: evaluate the interface, and
the playability experience also need evaluation such
as the game story, play, and mechanics.
4. Review, after testing the games, the development team
will review the testing results by analyzing what needed
to be improved and putting some new mechanics in it.
The sprint cycle will be one month, and there will be the next
sprint conducted if there is a product backlog that has not
finished.
C. Post-production Phase (Closure)
After its done testing and quality assurance, the game will be
ready to launch, and during this phase, the studios need to
create user documentation for making the game more
packaged well. After doing the process, the other would be the
marketing, on how the product should be sell and how much
to get the ROI or the fund.
VI. CONCLUSION
The benefits of using scrum methodology could help the
game development nowadays, but don’t forget that there is no
such thing called perfect. Although there are some game
studios had using agile practices especially scrum [37]. There
are also some difficulties in implementing the scrum [38,39].
There is some suggestion that maybe the solution for the
developer could experience scrum first maybe by attending the
seminar or course, but I do suggest it can do by playing some
scrum-based game like Playscrum [40], which is a card game
that can learn agile scrum method in it. This method was also
tested in some of the universities and showing that 86% of
students get a better understanding [41,42].
The proposed scrum methodology will apply with three
steps such as pre-production (planning phase), production
(development phase) and post-production (Closure phase). For
development phase, there are four sub-processes such as
design, development, testing and review sub-steps and it will
cycle as long the result unsatisfied.
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