MASTERY TEST 01
Which of the following is the major source of
1. Erlang is used to: Measure busy period.
2. In free space, what is the radia�on characteris�c of a
half-wave dipole? Minimum radia�on from the ends,
maximum broadside
3. On an energized half-wave antenna, which of the
following electrical condi�ons exist? Voltage is minimum
at the ends
4. The analog signal needs to be sampled at a minimum
sampling rate of: 2fs
5. In digital transmission, what modula�on technique
requires minimum bandwidth? Delta modula�on
6. One Erlang is equal to: 3600 CCS
7. In a �me mul�plexed space switching system, one
speech sample appears every _____. 125 microsec
8. Which of the following pairs of well-known ports are
the default values you would use to configure a POP3
email client? 110 and 25
9. When a dc voltage is applied to a transmission line
and the load absorbs all the energy, what is the resul�ng
rela�onship between current and voltage? They are
evenly distributed along the line.
10. The alternate speeding up and slowing down of
electrons in a beam that produces electron bunches is
known as which of the following modula�on terms?
Velocity modula�on
11. Regarding a pin diode, which of the following
statements is correct? It is preferred as a microwave
switch
12. Traffic intensity can be measured in:
a. All of the choices
b. CCS
c. Erlangs
d. CM
13. What does an SWR reading of less than 1.5:1 mean?
A fairly good impedance match
14.
thermal noise in a microwave system? TWT amplifier in
transmiter
15. Which of the following topologies requires the
installa�on of termina�ng resistors at two loca�ons?
Bus
16. Analog signals can be ________by combining them
with a carrier frequency. mul�plexed
17. What does horizontal wave polariza�on mean? The
electric lines of force of a radio wave are parallel to the
earth`s surface
18. If the height of the reflec�ng layer of the ionosphere
increases, the skip distance of a high frequency (HF)
transmission: becomes greater
19. In a frequency modula�on transmiter, the _______
is located between the modulator and the frequency
mul�plier. oscillator
20. Busy hour traffic is the: Traffic during peak hour.
21. Telephone companies normally provide a voltage of
_________to power telephones. -48 volts DC
22. What factor significantly affects the frequency of
occurrence of the sporadic-E layer? La�tude
23. In a DTMF phone, dialing of 8 generates: 1336 Hz -
852 Hz
24. For a non-blocking cross bar configura�on, taking N
as the number of subscribers, there will be ______
number of cross points and _______number of switches
for establishing connec�ons when all the subscribers are
engaged. N², N/2
25. At microwave frequencies, the circuit elements are
taken as _____ elements. distributed
26. Adding a series inductance to an antenna would:
decrease the resonant frequency
27. In a frequency modula�on receiver, the _______ is
located between the limiter and the audio frequency
amplifier. frequency discriminator
28. The error probability of a PCM is:
a. Calculated using noise and inter symbol interference
b. All of the choices
c. Gaussian noise + error component due to inter
symbol interference
d. Calculated using power spectral density
29. For hamming distance dmin and number of errors D,
what is the condi�on for receiving invalid codeword? D
≤ dmin – 1
30. The skip distance of a sky wave will be greatest
when the: angle between ground and radia�on is
smallest
31. Plas�c op�c fibers: Are used in the automobile
industry
32. Due to which of the following reasons the
microwave link repeaters are typically 50 km apart?
Earth`s curvature
33. Which of the following materials is used as a
cathode material magnetron? Barium stron�um oxide
34. The ________ is a circuit-switched network, while
the ______ is a packet-switched network. Telephone,
ATM
35. What is the best antenna feed line to use, if it must
be put near grounded metal objects? Coaxial cable
36. Echo suppressor is detrimental to full duplex
opera�on because: It disables one of the two pairs in a
four-wire trunk line when a signal is detected on the
other pair.
37. Which of the following protocols appears on the
network as a service that client computers use to
resolve names into IP addresses? DNS
38. The fiber op�c transmiter has which of the
following func�ons?
Converts the electrical input signal to an op�cal signal
39. Radio waves that arrive at a receiving site along
different paths can cause signal fading if these waves
have different _____. phase rela�onships
40. What technique may be used to increase average
informa�on per bit? Shannon-Fano algorithm
41. In Delta modula�on: Both one bit per sample is
transmited and the step size is fixed.
42. Regenera�ve repeaters are used for:
a. Transmission over long distances
b. Elimina�ng noise
c. Reconstruc�on of signals
d. All of the choices
43. Traffic capacity is given by: Switching capacity ×
Theore�cal maximum load
44. What electromagne�c wave polariza�on does a half-
wavelength antenna have when it is perpendicular to
the earth's surface? Ver�cal
45. For M equally likely messages, M>>1, if the rate of
informa�on R > C, the probability of error is____. close
to unity
46. An antenna supplied by the center-feed method is
fed at what point? Low voltage and high current
47. The secured version of the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTPS) uses a different well-known port from
the unsecured version. Which of the following ports is
used by HTTPS by default? 443
48. What are some reasons to use parallel conductor
feed line? It will operate with a high SWR, and has less
loss than coaxial cable
49. Matched filter may be op�mally used only for:
Gaussian noise
50. What is the advantage of using Manchester format
of coding? Power saving
MASTERY TEST 02
1. What is the low angle radia�on patern of an ideal
half-wavelength dipole HF antenna installed parallel to
the earth? It is a figure-eight, perpendicular to the
antenna
2. What is one way to tell if radio frequency interference
to a receiver is caused by front-end overload? If the
interference is about the same no mater what
frequency is used for the transmiter.
3. Why should you regularly clean, �ghten and re-solder
all antenna connectors? To help keep their resistance at
a minimum
4. What microwave tube amplifier uses an axial
magne�c field and radial electric field? Reflex klystron
5. Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is also known as:
Pseudo ternary coding
6. Common channel signalling: Needs no addi�onal
transmission facili�es.
7. What kind of emission would your FM transmiter
produce if its microphone failed to work? An
unmodulated carrier
8. What does an SWR reading of less than 1.5:1 mean?
A fairly good impedance match
9. The current sta�on is the one that is accessing the
channel now. The right to this access has been passed
from the predecessor to the current sta�on. The right
will be passed to the successor when the current sta�on
has no more data to send. This network employs what
kind of controlled access method? Token Passing
10. Moving the feed point of a mul�element quad
antenna from a side parallel to the ground to a side
perpendicular to the ground will have what effect? It
will change the antenna polariza�on from horizontal to
ver�cal
11. What kind of filter would you use to atenuate an
interfering carrier signal while receiving an SSB
transmission? A notch filter
12. What is the main reason why so many VHF base and
mobile antennas are 5/8 of a wavelength? The angle of
radia�on is low
13. Which body organ can be fatally affected by a very
small amount of electrical current? The heart
14. At HF frequencies, line-of-sight transmission
between two sta�ons uses mainly the ____. ground
wave
15. Which of these materials is best for a ground rod
driven into the earth? Copper-clad steel
16. In Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is: 0 is encoded as
no pulse and 1 is encoded as posi�ve or nega�ve pulse
17. Parity check bit coding is used for: Error detec�on
18. Forward error correc�ng code corrects errors by:
requiring no part of the signal to be retransmited
19. How litle electrical current flowing through the
human body can be fatal? As litle as 20 milliamperes
20. Using ______ ARQ, a sending modem must wait for
a return ACK for each sent block before sending the next
block. discrete
21. Microstrip is similar to which of the following? Flat
coaxial transmission line
22. VHF signals from a mobile sta�on using a ver�cal
whip antenna will normally be best received using a:
Ver�cal ground-plane antenna
23. How can the bandwidth of a parasi�c beam antenna
be increased? Use larger diameter elements
24. The IF bandwidth of a radar receiver is inversely
propor�onal to the ____________. pulse width
25. For safety, how high should you place a horizontal
wire antenna? High enough so that no one can touch
any part of it from the ground
26. QPSK system uses a phase shi� of _____. π/2
27. Coherent detec�on of binary ASK signal requires:
Both phase synchroniza�on and �ming synchroniza�on
28. Why should you use only good quality coaxial cable
and connectors for a UHF antenna system? To keep RF
loss low
29. What augments the algorithm to handle the collision
specially for wired networks? Carrier sense mul�ple
access with collision detec�on
30. Pulse width modula�on may be generated: With a
monostable mul�vibrator.
31. Indicate the correct statement regarding satellite
communica�ons. A satellite earth sta�on must have as
many receiver chains as there are carriers transmited to
it.
32. One solu�on to mul�band opera�on with a
shortened radiator is the "trap dipole" or trap ver�cal.
These "traps" are actually: A coil and capacitor in
parallel
33. A duplexer is used: To allow the one antenna to be
used for recep�on or transmission without mutual
interference
34. What may happen if an SSB transmiter is operated
with the microphone gain set too high? It may cause
splater interference to other sta�ons opera�ng near its
frequency
35. With reference to a ‘magnetron’ which of the
following statements is correct? It is a high power
microwave oscillator
36. Interlacing is used in television to: Avoid flicker.
37. In an SSB transmission, the carrier is: reinserted at
the receiver
38. When a switch capacity is full, calls coming into that
switch are said to be____. blocked
39. The expression for bandwidth BW of a PCM system,
where v is the number of bits per sample and fm is the
modula�ng frequency, is given by _____. BW ≥ vfm
40. The binary waveform used to generate BPSK signal is
encoded in: Bipolar NRZ format
41. Switching systems: Improve the efficiency of the
data transfer.
42. The maximum power that may be handled by a
ferrite component is limited by the: curie temperature
43. Orthogonality of two codes means: The integrated
product of two different code words is zero
44. Recep�on of high frequency (HF) radio waves
beyond 4000 km is generally possible by _____ wave.
ionospheric
45. In what values are RF feed line losses expressed? dB
per unit length
46. In a low-level AM system, amplifiers following the
modulated stage must be: linear devices
47. What is a skip zone? An area which is too far away
for ground-wave propaga�on, but too close for sky-wave
propaga�on
48. Ethernet 10 Base 2 is an example of ______ network
topology. bus
49. In order to separate channels in a TDM receiver, it is
necessary to use: AND gates
50. In a single sideband transmiter, the ________ is in
between the mixer and the antenna. linear amplifier
MASTERY TEST 03
1. In a mul�point environment, the capacity of the
channel is shared. If several devices can use the link
temporally, it is a _______ connec�on. �me shared
2. The gain of a collinear antenna is greatest when the
elements are spaced from ____ wavelength apart or
when the number of elements is increased. 0.4 to 0.5
3. The color of light depends on its ______. frequency,
not its wavelength
4. What technique also expands the bandwidth of the
original signal, but the process is different? In this
technique, we replace each data bit with n bits using a
spreading code. Direct sequence spread spectrum
5. What is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever
five consecu�ve 1s follow a 0 in the data, so that the
receiver does not mistake the patern 0111110 for a
flag? Bit stuffing
6. What deals with procedures for communica�on
between two adjacent nodes—node-to-node
communica�on—no mater whether the link is
dedicated or broadcast? Data link control
7. For a series-resonant circuit, if the circuit is resonant
at a point above the generator frequency (the generator
frequency is too low), then the circuit acts ______.
capaci�vely
8. In wave propaga�on, the reflected energy is the
greatest when the wave is _____ to the reflec�ng
surface. nearly parallel
9. When light waves, which travel in straight lines,
encounter any substance, they are either: Transmited,
refracted, reflected, or absorbed
10. The field associated with the energy stored in the
antenna is the _____ field. Induc�on
11. The cutoff wavelength of a circular guide is ____
�mes the diameter of the waveguide. 1.71
12. What type of waveguide bend where the magne�c
fields are distorted when a waveguide is bent in this
manner? H bend
13. The effec�veness of a data communica�ons system
depends on what four fundamental characteris�cs?
Delivery, accuracy, �meliness, and jiter
14. In antennas, the exact value of radia�on resistance
depends on the ______. height of the antenna above
the ground
15. In what mode, each sta�on can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same �me? Half-duplex
16. In wave propaga�on, if either the source or the
receiver or both move toward the other, the receiver
will perceive a _____ frequency sound. higher
17. For transmission over bodies of water, _______
polariza�on is much beter for antennas at the lower
heights. ver�cal
18. To connect coaxial cable to devices, we need coaxial
connectors. The most common type of connector used
today is the ______. Bayonet Neill-Concelman
19. The first service provided by the data-link layer is
______. framing
20. In antennas, the points of minimum current and
minimum voltage are known as current and voltage
_____. nodes
21. In _____ TDM, the data rate of the link is n �mes
faster, and the unit dura�on is n �mes shorter.
synchronous
22. What is the most common UTP connector, which is a
keyed connector, meaning the connector can be
inserted in only one way? RJ45
23. In ____ propaga�on, higher-frequency radio waves
radiate upward into the ionosphere (the layer of
atmosphere where par�cles exist as ions) where they
are reflected back to earth. sky
24. Today, the prevalent coding system is called ______,
which uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or character
used in any language in the world. Unicode
25. In wave propaga�on, as the angle of incidence
increases, the amount of wave energy reflected ______.
increases
26. In the reflec�on of waves, if the reflec�ng surface is
smooth and polished, the angle between the incident
ray and the normal will be ______ the angle between
the reflected ray and the normal. the same as
27. Graded index fiber op�c cable is one with varying
densi�es. Density is _____ at the center of the core.
highest
28. A parity-check code can detect an ____ number of
errors. odd
29. In sound propaga�on, a denser material (such as
lead) passes sound ______. slower
30. The diameter of an equivalent circular waveguide
must be ____ �mes the "a" dimension of a rectangular
waveguide. 1.17
31. What signals can be used for short-range
communica�on in a closed area using line-of-sight
propaga�on? Infrared
32. Substances that transmit almost all the light waves
that fall upon them are said to be ______. transparent
33. In a ____ code, if a codeword is cyclically shi�ed
(rotated), the result is another codeword. Cyclic
34. Changing the frequencies of a cavity is known as
_____. tuning
35. In circular waveguides, the second subscript
indicates the number of _______. half-wave paterns
across the diameter
36. In antenna radia�on, a ____ is the area of a
radia�on patern that has minimum radia�on. null
37. In ____ propaga�on, radio waves travel through the
lowest por�on of the atmosphere, hugging the earth.
ground
38. What is the process of adding one extra byte
whenever there is a flag or escape character in the text?
Byte stuffing
39. The denser the medium, the higher the speed of
sound. The denser the medium, the _____ the speed of
light. lesser
40. To guarantee the detec�on of up to s errors in all
cases, the minimum Hamming distance in a block code
must be _____. dmin = s + 1
41. The frequency range of any system using
waveguides is limited by the _______ of the
waveguides. physical dimensions
42. What refers to the bends, twists, and joints
necessary to install waveguides. E bends, H bends, and
twists must have a radius greater than two
wavelengths? Waveguide plumbing
43. In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated
connec�on, called a _____, is always available between
the two end systems; the switch can only make it ac�ve
or inac�ve. circuit
44. A twisted-pair cable can pass a wide range of
frequencies. Increasing frequency, the atenua�on,
measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km), sharply
increases with frequencies above____. 100 kHz
45. In a _____ protocol, frames are sent from one node
to the next without any rela�onship between the
frames; each frame is independent. connec�onless
46. The narrowest dimension determines the ______ of
the waveguide and is called the "b" dimension. power-
handling capability of the line
47. Single-mode uses _____ fiber and a highly focused
source of light that limits beams to a small range of
angles, all close to the horizontal. step-index
48. What technique uses M different carrier frequencies
that are modulated by the source signal? At one
moment, the signal modulates one carrier frequency; at
the next moment, the signal modulates another carrier
frequency. Frequency hopping spread spectrum
49. On an open-ended resonant line, and at all even ¼-
wavelength points, the voltage is _____, the current is
_____ and the impedance is maximum. maximum,
minimum
50. At medium and low frequencies, _____ polariza�on
cannot be used at these frequencies because the
electric lines of force are parallel to and touch the earth.
horizontal
MASTERY TEST 04
1. Assume that we need to download text documents at
the rate of 100 pages per minute. A page is an average
of 24 lines with 80 characters in each line and each
character requires 8 bits. Then the required bit rate of
the channel is _____. 25.6 kbps
2. A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are
needed per level? 3
3. What does a very high SWR reading mean?
The antenna is the wrong length, or there may be an
open or shorted connec�on somewhere in the feed line
4. The number N of radio transmiters or point sources
of radia�on distributed uniformly over the sky which an
antenna can resolve is given by: 4π/ ΩA
5. In traffic engineering, 1 Erlang is equivalent to ____
CCS. 36
6. In a star topology with six computers, we need
________ links. 6
7. What does an SWR reading of less than 1.5:1 mean?
A fairly good impedance match
8. The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per
kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the beginning of a
cable with -0.3 dB/km has a power of 2 mW, what is the
power of the signal at 5 km? 1.416 mW
9. What causes splater interference? Overmodula�ng a
transmiter
10. A radio link has 15 W transmiter connected to an
antenna of 2.5 m² effec�ve aperture at 5 GHz. The
receiving antenna has an effec�ve aperture of 0.5 m²
and is located at a 15 km line of sight distance from
transmi�ng antenna. Assuming lossless, matched
antennas, the power delivered to the receiver is: 23 µm
11. If the transmiter power remains constant, an
increase in the frequency of the sky wave will: Lengthen
the skip distance.
12. As the beam area of an antenna decreases, the
direc�vity of the antenna: Increases
13. A one-to-all communica�on between one source
and all hosts on a network is classified as a _______
communica�on. broadcast
14. A router is a connec�ng device that operates in the
_______ layer(s). physical, data-link, and network
15. What kind of SWR reading may mean poor electrical
contact between parts of an antenna system? A jumpy
reading
16. What is the bit rate for high-defini�on TV (HDTV)?
1.5 Gbps
17. Patch antennas are the antennas of small size and
are made of: Microstrip lines
18. What is the required minimum bandwidth of a low-
pass channel if we need to send 1 Mbps by using
baseband transmission? 500 kHz
19. A one-to-one communica�on between one source
and one des�na�on is classified as a _______
communica�on. unicast
20. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only
an average of 12,000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network? 2 Mbps
21. What factor significantly affects the frequency of
occurrence of the sporadic-E layer? La�tude
22. When will a power source deliver maximum output
to the load? When the impedance of the load is equal to
the impedance of the source
23. We have a low-pass channel with bandwidth 100
kHz. What is the maximum bit rate of this channel? 200
kbps
24. What do you call the effec�ve earth radius to true
earth radius ra�o? K factor
25. Which of the following restric�ons apply to analog
broadcas�ng? Interference, fading and mul�path
recep�on
26. To obtain efficient power transmission from a
transmiter to an antenna requires: matching of
impedances
27. In TCP/IP Reference model, the job of _______ layer
is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network and
travel them independently to the des�na�on. 1, 2, 3
and 4
1. Physical
2. Transport
3. Applica�on
4. Host-to-network
28. Calculate the power of a signal with -30 dBm. 1 x
10¯⁶ W
29. In a fully connected mesh network with 10
computers, total ______ number of cables are required
and ______ number of ports are required for each
device. 45, 9
30. The characteris�c impedance of a coaxial line: can
be the same for different diameter line
31. What factors determine the characteris�c
impedance of a coaxial antenna transmission line? The
ra�o of the diameter of the inner conductor to the
diameter of the outer shield
32. The antenna in which loca�on of the feed
determines the direc�on of the lobe are: Wire antenna
33. The result of the presence of standing waves on a
transmission line is: reduced transfer of RF energy to the
antenna
34. In a fully connected mesh topology with six
computers, we need ________ links. 15
35. The number of paterns radia�on patern required
to specify the characteris�cs of antenna are: Three
36. If the characteris�c impedance of the feedline does
not match the antenna input impedance then: standing
waves are produced in the feedline
37. What type of transmission impairment in which an
outside source such as crosstalk corrupts a signal? Noise
38. When propaga�on speed is mul�plied by
propaga�on �me, we get the ________. distance a
signal or bit has traveled
39. A digi�zed voice channel is made by digi�zing a 4-
kHz bandwidth analog voice signal. We need to sample
the signal at twice the highest frequency (two samples
per hertz). Assuming that each sample requires 8 bits.
What is the required bit rate? 64 kbps
40. Consider the same noiseless channel of 3000 Hz
bandwidth transmi�ng a signal with four signal levels
(for each level, we send 2 bits). Calculate the maximum
bit rate. 12 kbps
41. A simple sine wave can be represented by one single
spike in the _____ domain. frequency
42. If an antenna radiates over half a sphere, direc�vity
of the antenna is: Two
43. What is the length of the shortest element in the
Yagi antenna? One half the wavelength of the highest
frequency
44. The members of the antenna family which are made
of wires of certain value in terms of opera�ng
wavelength are called: Dipole antennas
45. A one-to-many communica�on between one source
and a specific group of hosts is classified as a _______
communica�on. mul�cast
46. If your antenna transmission line gets hot when you
are transmi�ng, what might this mean? The SWR may
be too high, or the transmission line loss may be high
47. An antenna has a field patern of E (θ) = cos2 θ, θ
varies between 0 and 90°. Half power beam width of the
antenna is: 66°
48. In what values are RF transmission line losses
expressed? dB per unit length
49. What does standing-wave ra�o mean? The ra�o of
maximum to minimum voltages on a feed line
50. Assume we need to download text documents at the
rate of 100 pages per second. What is the required bit
rate of the channel? 1.636 Mbps
MASTERY TEST 05
1. Calculate the theore�cal highest bit rate of a regular
telephone line. A telephone line normally has a
bandwidth of 3000 and with the usual signal-to-noise
ra�o of 3162. 34.860 kbps
2. Which of the following transmission lines will give the
best match to the base of a quarter-wave ground-plane
antenna? 50 ohms coaxial cable
3. Moving towards the clockwise direc�on in the Smith
chart implies moving: Towards generator
4. Radio waves that arrive at a receiving site along
different paths can cause signal fading if these waves
have different _______. phase rela�onships
5. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel
with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do
we need? 98.7 levels
6. Radio communica�ons can be diffracted to
excep�onally long distances through the use of what
frequency band at what rela�ve power level? Very low
frequency; High power
7. The amount of power by which the received power
must be greater than the threshold level required to
maintain a minimum quality of service is called _____.
Link margin
8. What is the propaga�on �me if the distance between
the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the propaga�on
speed to be 2.4 x 10⁸ m/s in cable. 50 ms
9. What would you use to connect a coaxial cable of 50
ohms impedance to an antenna of 17 ohms impedance?
An impedance-matching device
10. In a parasi�c array antenna, the conductors that are
not connected to the transmission line are called as:
Parasi�c elements
11. Two or more strong out-of-band signals mix in your
receiver to produce interference on a desired frequency.
What is this called? Intermodula�on interference
12. What circuit blocks RF energy above and below a
certain limit? A band pass filter
13. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only
an average of 12,000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network? 2 Mbps
14. If the distance between a transmi�ng sta�on and
receiving sta�on is 1 km and if the antennas are
opera�ng at a wavelength of 5 cm, then the path loss is:
108 dB
15. The radia�on patern of a half-wave dipole has the
shape of a Doughnut
16. The signal-to-noise ra�o is o�en given in decibels.
Assume that SNR = 36 dB and the channel bandwidth is
2 MHz. Calculate the theore�cal channel capacity. 24
Mbps
17. Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the
value of the signal-to-noise ra�o is almost zero. In other
words, the noise is so strong that the signal is faint.
Calculate the channel capacity. 0
18. Why is top hat added to antennas? To increase
capacitance
19. The greatest amount of absorp�on takes place in the
ionosphere under which of the following condi�ons?
When the density of the ionized layer is the greatest.
20. To reduce energy from an HF transmiter ge�ng into
a television set, you would place a ____________ as
close to the TV as possible. high pass filter
21. If link transmits 4000 frames per second and each
slot has 8 bits, the transmission rate of circuit of this
TDM is ______. 32 kbps
22. If the power input to an antenna is 100 mW and if
the radiated power is measured to be 90 mW, then the
efficiency of the antenna is: 90 %
23. In a Smith chart, what is the center and radius of a
line with normalized load impedance of 1 + 0.5j? (1,2)
and 2
24. What is an advantage of downward sloping radials
on a ground plane antenna? It brings the feed point
impedance closer to 50 ohms
25. If we transmit a signal, the frequency of which is so
high we no longer receive a reflec�on from the
ionosphere, the signal frequency is above the:
maximum usable frequency
26. A parabolic reflector used for recep�on with the
direct broadcast system is 18 inches in diameter and
operates at 12.4 GHz. The far-field distance for this
antenna is: 17.3 m
27. What does the beamwidth of an antenna tell us?
Direc�vity
28. In a comparison of waves of light and sound as they
travel from an air into water, how is the speed of light
waves and sound waves affected? Decreased; increased
29. What does a very high SWR reading mean? The
antenna is the wrong length for the opera�ng
frequency, or the transmission line may be open or
short circuited
30. If the length of coaxial transmission line is increased
from 20 meters (66 �) to 40 meters (132 �), how would
this affect the line loss? It would be increased by 100%
31. Why is the boom of the Yagi antenna connected to a
metal mast and electrical ground? Lightning protec�on
32. What are the propaga�on �me and the transmission
�me for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the
bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume that the
distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000
km and that light travels at 2.4 x 10⁸ m/s. 0.020 ms
33. If the direc�vity of a square corner receiving
antenna is 20 and opera�ng at a wavelength of 0.25 m,
the effec�ve aperture of a square corner antenna is: 0.4
m²
34. What are the propaga�on �me and the transmission
�me for a 5-Mbyte message (an image) if the bandwidth
of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance
between the sender and the receiver is 12000 km and
that light travels at 2.4 x 10⁸ m/s. 40 s
35. How does the bandwidth of a folded dipole antenna
compare with that of a simple dipole antenna? It is
greater
36. The density of ionized layers is normally greatest
during which of the following periods? Between
a�ernoon and sunset
37. What is the use of loading coil? Correc�ng
resonance to a desired frequency
38. If the center impedance of a folded dipole is
approximately 300 ohms, and you are using RG8U (50
ohms) coaxial lines, what is the ra�o required to have
the line and the antenna matched? 6:1
39. The Smith chart is a polar chart which plots: R vs
Z_norm
40. A receiver designed for SSB recep�on must have a
BFO (beat frequency oscillator) because: the suppressed
carrier must be replaced for detec�on
41. Which of the following antennas produce a ver�cal
radia�on patern? Marconi antenna
42. Suppose a signal travels through a transmission
medium and its power is reduced to one-half. Calculate
the atenua�on or the loss of power. 3 dB
43. Which of the following is not one of the types of
driven array antenna? Rec�linear antenna
44. The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of
the noise is 1 µW. What are the values of SNR and
SNR_dB? 40 dB
45. A channel has a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this
channel is 63. What are the appropriate bit rate and
signal level? 6 Mbps; 4 levels
46. What happens to the feed point impedance of a
ground-plane antenna when its radials are changed
from horizontal to downward-sloping? It increases
47. If the beam width of an antenna in two orthogonal
planes are 300 and 600. Then the direc�vity of the
antenna is: 18
48. A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is
increased 10 �mes. Calculate the amplifica�on or gain
of power. 10 dB
49. Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of
3000 Hz, transmi�ng a signal with two signal levels.
What is the maximum bit rate? 6 kbps
50. What does an SWR reading of 1:1 mean? The best
impedance match has been atained
MASTERY TEST 06
1. The op�mum working frequency provides the best
long range HF communica�on. Compared with the
maximum usable frequency (MUF), it is usually: slightly
lower
2. Op�cal fiber uses reflec�on to guide light through a
channel, in which angle of incidence is ________ the
cri�cal angle. greater than
3. To increase the transmission distance of UHF signal,
which of the following should be done? Increase
antenna height.
4. Choose the Protocols used in the Data Link Control
layer of OSI model below? All of the choices
5. How do you calculate the length in meters (feet) of a
quarter-wavelength ver�cal antenna? Divide 71.5 (234)
by the antenna`s opera�ng frequency (in MHz)
6. Given the following statements:
1. Frequency Division Mul�plexing is a technique that
can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater
than combined bandwidth of signals to be transmited.
2. Wavelength Division Mul�plexing (WDM) is an analog
mul�plexing Technique to combine op�cal signals.
3. WDM is a Digital Mul�plexing Technique.
4. TDM is a Digital Mul�plexing Technique.
Which of the following is correct? 1, 2 and 4 are true; 3
is false.
7. When a space-wave signal passes over a mountain
ridge, a small part of the signal is diffracted down the far
side of the mountain. This phenomenon is called
______. knife-edge diffrac�on
8. Start and stop bits, respec�vely are: Space, mark
9. The characteris�c impedance of a transmission line is:
equal to the pure resistance which, if connected to the
end of the line, will absorb all the power arriving along it
10. The modes of a MAC to share a transmission
medium are: All of the choices
11. Polariza�on of an antenna is determined by: the
electric field
12. A speech signal, band-limited to 4 kHz, is sampled at
1.25 �mes the Nyquist rate. The speech samples
assumed to be sta�s�cally independent and uniformly
distributed in the range -5V to +5V, are subsequently
quan�zed in an 8-bit uniform quan�zer and then
transmited over a voice-grade AWGN telephone
channel. If the ra�o of the transmited signal power to
channel noise power is 26 dB, the minimum channel
bandwidth required to ensure reliable transmission of
the signal with an arbitrarily small probability of
transmission error (rounded off to two decimal places)
is ___kHz. 9.258 kHz
13. Choose the Protocols working in the Data Link
Control Layer of OSI model below: All of the choices
14. When a signal is returned to Earth by the
ionosphere, what is this called? Sky-wave propaga�on
15. The_________ layer lies between the session layer
and the applica�on layer. presenta�on
16. What layer is responsible for process delivery?
Transport layer
17. What is the effec�ve radiated power of a repeater
with 200 W transmiter power output, 4 dB feedline
loss, 4 dB duplexer and circulator loss, and 10 dB
feedline antenna gain? 317 W
18. If there are N people in the world and are using
secret key encryp�on/decryp�on for privacy purpose,
then number of secret keys required will be: N (N – 1) /
2
19. The carrier used with a BPSK demodulator is: The
BPSK signal itself
20. The distance from the transmiter to the nearest
point where the sky wave returns to the Earth is called
the: skip distance
21. If the received power at antenna terminals is -80
dBm, and if the input noise power is -115 dBm, then the
input SNR is: 35 dB
22. The characteris�c impedance of a transmission line
is determined by the: physical dimensions and rela�ve
posi�ons of the conductors
23. A transmission mode that can transmit data in both
the direc�ons but transmits in only one direc�on at a
�me. Half duplex
24. A rule or procedure that defines how data is to be
transmited is called a(n): Protocol
25. The conten�on mode of MAC implementa�on is
best suited for ______ traffic. low
26. The index of refrac�on of a material medium _____.
is greater than 1
27. A sudden and intense burst of ultraviolet light is
especially disrup�ve to communica�ons in which of the
following frequency bands? MF
28. A device is sending out data at the rate of 2000 bps.
How long does it take to send a file of 100,000
characters? 400 s
29. The physical address to each machine is provided by
which layer in an OSI reference model? Data Link Layer
30. When sunspot numbers are high, how is
propaga�on affected? Frequencies up to 40 MHz or
even higher become usable for long-distance
communica�on
31. A range of microwave frequencies more easily
passed by the atmosphere than are the others is called a
_______. window
32. A Token Ring implementa�on works on the
___mode. Round Robin
33. Home broadband connec�ons that work on DSL
(Digital Subscriber Line) use _______ protocol. All of the
choices
34. Which of the following descrip�ons of tropospheric
scater signal recep�on is NOT true? Receiver signal
strength decreases as the turbulence height is
increased.
35. To which class does the following IPv4 address
belong: 190.126.14.251? Class B
36. The speed of a radio wave: is the same as the speed
of light
37. Which is the layer that is responsible for sharing the
physical media (transmission medium) among many
computers or devices? MAC (Medium Access Control)
layer
38. A pure ALOHA Network transmits 200-bit frames
using a shared channel with 200 Kbps bandwidth. If the
system (all sta�ons put together) produces 500 frames
per second, then the throughput of the system is
______. 0.184
39. What does horizontal wave polariza�on mean? The
electric lines of force of a radio wave are parallel to the
earth`s surface
40. What is a data acquisi�on system? System used for
data processing, conversion and transmission.
41. What wave propaga�on principle accounts for the
apparent increase in frequency as a train whistle
approaches and the apparent decrease in frequency as
it moves away? Doppler`s effect
42. A�er the radia�on field leaves an antenna, what is
the rela�onship between the E and H fields with respect
to phase and physical displacement in space? In phase;
90 degrees
43. What does maximum usable frequency mean? The
highest frequency signal that will reach its intended
des�na�on
44. The ability of a reflec�ng surface to reflect a specific
radio wave depends on which of the following factors?
All of the choices
45. One type of network that never has a collision is:
Token-passing
46. If a wave has a velocity of 4800 feet per second and
a wavelength of 5 feet, what is the frequency of the
wave? 960 Hz
47. What states that power density is inversely
propor�onal to the distance from its source? Inverse
Square Law
48. What will be the best stub selec�on for the
transmission line? Shunt short
49. The wavelength corresponding to a frequency of 2
MHz is: 150 m (492 �)
50. Why is the F2 region mainly responsible for the
longest distance radio-wave propaga�on? Because it is
the highest ionospheric region
MASTERY TEST 07
1. Data transmission of one character at a �me with
start and stop bits is known as what type of
transmission? Asynchronous
2. Natural Sampling does not use: a sample-and-hold
circuit
3. What layer of the Open Systems Interconnec�on (OSI)
model is responsible for transla�ng and forma�ng
informa�on? Presenta�on
4. An Ethernet network interface adapter provides
func�ons that span which two layers of the Open
Systems Interconnec�on (OSI) model? Physical and data
link
5. Which of the following devices is used to physically
connect computers in the same VLAN? A switch
6. What is the maximum number of transmit and
receive antennae supported by the currently ra�fied
IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards? 8
7. The dynamic range of a system is the ra�o of: the
strongest transmitable signal to the weakest discernible
signal
8. What is the maximum number of routes that can be
included in a single RIP broadcast packet? 25
9. TV twin-lead feed line can be used for a feed line in
an amateur sta�on. The impedance of this line is
approximately: 300 ohms
10. Which of the OSI model layers is responsible for
syntax transla�on and compression or encryp�on?
Presenta�on
11. Which of the following topologies provides the
greatest number of redundant paths through the
network? Mesh
12. How does the range of sky-wave propaga�on
compare to ground-wave propaga�on? It is much longer
13. Quan�zing noise (quan�za�on noise): decreases as
the bits per sample increases
14. Why should you make sure that no one can touch an
open wire transmission line while you are transmi�ng
with it? Because high-voltage radio energy might burn
the person
15. Approximately what frequency range can most
humans hear? 20 - 20 000 Hz
16. Which protocols adopted the standards of HDLC
(High-Level Link Control) protocol? All of the choices
17. To protect you against electrical shock, the chassis of
each piece of your sta�on equipment should be
connected to: a good ground connec�on
18. What should you do for safety when opera�ng at
UHF and microwave frequencies? Keep antenna away
from your eyes when RF is applied
19. Huffman codes: allow alphanumeric data to be
compressed
20. What would you use to connect a coaxial cable of 50
ohms impedance to an antenna of 35 ohms impedance?
An impedance-matching device
21. The protocols at which layer of the Open Systems
Interconnec�on (OSI) model use port numbers to
iden�fy the applica�ons that are the source and the
des�na�on of the data in the packets? Transport
22. Mark and space refer respec�vely to: Binary 1 and
binary 0
23. In a circuit-switched network: each channel carries
only one data stream
24. The func�ons of a Logical Link Layer (LLC) are: All of
the choices
25. Which of the following explana�ons best describes
the func�on of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port number? The port
number is used by both the sender and the receiver to
iden�fy the applica�on that generated the informa�on
in the datagram.
26. Which is the protocol that maps varying IP addresses
to the Physical MAC Address of a machine in a LAN
network? ARP (Address Resolu�on Protocol)
27. The main reason that serial transmission is preferred
to parallel transmission is that: Serial requires only a
single channel
28. How can exposure to a large amount of RF energy
affect body �ssue? It heats the �ssue
29. Which of these materials is best for a ground rod
driven into the earth? Copper-clad steel
30. Which of the following is not an advantage of packet
switching over circuit switching? Packets can be stored
temporarily in the event of network conges�on.
31. Which of the following IPv6 address types is the
func�onal equivalent of an IPv4 APIPA address? Link
local
32. What is a skip zone? An area which is too far away
for ground-wave propaga�on, but too close for sky-wave
propaga�on
33. At which layer of the OSI model do you find the
protocol responsible for the delivery of data to its
ul�mate des�na�on on an internetwork? Network
34. When antenna feed lines must be placed near
grounded metal objects, which of the following feed
lines should be used? Coaxial cable
35. Which layer of the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model defines the medium, network interfaces,
connec�ng hardware, and signaling methods used on a
network? Physical
36. What is the minimum voltage which is usually
dangerous to humans? 30 volts
37. Which of the following Internet Protocol (IP) address
classes iden�fies mul�cast addresses? Class D
38. A 100BaseT cable uses: twisted-pair copper wires
39. Which of the following IEEE wireless LAN standards
provides the greatest possible throughput? 802.11ac
40. Which of the following technologies enables the IP
addresses assigned to clients by a Dynamic Host
Configura�on Protocol (DHCP) server to be
automa�cally added to the DNS namespace? Dynamic
DNS
41. Which of the following is not a protocol used to
allocate IP address assignments to clients on a network?
ARP
42. Which of the following is correct? The bit rate may
be greater than the baud rate.
43. The distance travelled by ground waves: is less at
higher frequencies
44. Which of the following is not a technology typically
used for a personal area network (PAN)? ISDN
45. A longitudinal redundancy check produces a(n):
Block check character
46. The number of amplitude, frequency, or phase
changes that take place per second is known as the:
Baud rate
47. In prac�cal terms, parallel data transmission is sent:
over short distances only
48. A 9600-baud-rate signal can pass over the voice-
grade telephone line if which kind of modula�on is
used? QAM
49. VLANs create the administra�ve boundaries on a
switched network that are otherwise provided by which
of the following devices? Routers
50. Compared to standard PCM systems, the quality of
the output of a vocoder is: not as good
MASTERY TEST 08
1. A dish designed for opera�on at 150 MHz is operated
at twice that frequency. By what factor do gain change?
4 �mes
2. Which of the following is not a field contained in a
Frame Relay frame header? Commited Informa�on
Rate (CIR)
3. A noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz
transmi�ng a signal with four signal levels can handle a
maximum of 40 kbps. If the signal level was altered to
eight, what will be the maximum channel bit rate kbps?
60
4. TCP residing in the receiving host will send an
acknowledgement for which of the following? Segment
5. What is the term for a device that combines several
sources into a single bit stream with a data rate that is
less than the combined data rates of all input sources?
Sta�s�cal �me division mul�plexer
6. What is a cookie? A set of data that a website server
gives to a browser the first �me the use visits the site,
that is updated with each return visit.
7. Which best describes the type of computer-based
device that interconnects two LANs of the SAME logical
link control protocol and of different medium access
control protocol? Bridge
8. A helical shape antenna with eight turns is used to
track a satellite that is opera�ng at 1.2 GHz. If the
spacing for the antenna is 10 cm, what is the beamwidth
of the antenna? 28.9°
9. What power density is required to produce electric
field strength of 100 volts per meter in air? 26.5 W/m²
10. In space propaga�on, radio waves go behind the so-
called geometrical horizon or line-of-sight horizon. This
is due to what phenomenon in the air? Refrac�on
11. What is the term for a device that allows for high
data rate access at a customer loca�on by distribu�ng
the data over several T-1 carriers? Inverse mul�plexer
12. As specified by the Na�onal Commitee on Radia�on
Protec�on Measurement (USA), what would be the
maximum accumulated permissible dose to the whole
body of a 50-year-old man? 160 rems
13. What is the ohmic resistance of the antenna, if the
efficiency of the antenna is 0.96 and the radia�on
resistance is 72 Ω. 3 Ω
14. In radio communica�ons, sidebands are generally
produced through modula�on process. How would you
understand the statement – “Not all forms of
modula�on produce sidebands”. Completely false
15. Which of the following statements regarding the
difference between a superframe (SF) and an extended
superframe (ESF) in a T-1 carrier is NOT true? Both SF
and ESF use A, B, C and D signaling bits
16. If the maximum number of free electrons in a
certain ionospheric layer is 2 x 10¹² per m³, what is its
cri�cal frequency? 12.73 MHz
17. Two halfwave dipole antennas are posi�oned for
op�mum transmission and recep�on. Calculate the
open-circuit voltage induced in one λ/2 dipole when 20
W of power at 250 MHz is radiated from another λ/2
dipole 100 km away. 119.32 µV
18. In a SONET network, which of the following is a
func�on of the Line Overhead? Automa�c Protec�on
Switching
19. Why is the F2 region mainly responsible for the
longest distance radio-wave propaga�on? Because it is
the highest ionosphere region
20. In serial type of data transmission which bit is
usually transmited last? Most Significant Bit (MSB)
21. In system networking, which device or so�ware
program determines the next network point to which a
packet should be forwarded toward its des�na�on?
Router
22. ATM and Frame Relay are referred to as “Fast
Packet” technologies. At which layer of the OSI 7-layer
model do these technologies work? Data link
23. The company which provides you with a connec�on
to the Internet via either a Dial-up Connec�on or a
Direct Connec�on is called a(n): ISP
24. Which of the following media does NOT belong to
the group? Vacuum
25. Antenna efficiency is dependent on the effec�ve
radia�on resistance or the electrical length of the
antenna element. For antenna length of one quarter
wavelength what is its effec�ve radia�on resistance?
Minimum
26. If an RF transmission line is open circuited, what will
be the current at the end of the line? Zero
27. To dis�nguish between varie�es of unshielded and
shielded twisted pair cables, EIA/TIA formulated several
cable categories according to their electrical
specifica�ons. Which of these voice-grade UTP cable is
capable of suppor�ng transmission rates of up to 4
Mbps belongs? Cat 2
28. The tuned circuit of the oscillator in a simple AM
transmiter employs a 50 µH coil and a 1 nF capacitor. If
the oscillator output is modulated by audio frequencies
up to 10 kHz, calculate the range occupied by the
sidebands. 722 to 702 kHz
29. Which of the following is defined under the
Broadband ISDN standards? ATM
30. The most common distance-limi�ng factor for mul�-
mode fiber when carrying high bit-rate traffic is: Modal
dispersion
31. Which of the following modula�on schemes
provides 4 bits per baud? 16-QAM
32. A non-resonant RF line is infinitely long. This is
because ________. all the energy travelling down the
line is absorbed by the load
33. The amount of radio signal reflected from a given
surface depends on the nature of the surface and the
angle at which the wave strikes the surface. If the
incident angle of the radio wave energy is perpendicular
to a dull surface, more of the incident energy is ______.
absorbed by the surface
34. In Microso� Excel, how does one keep the heading
from scrolling when viewing a spreadsheet with may
rows? Freeze Panes from Window menu
35. What channel encoding technique whereby
successive binary “1” bits in the bit stream are
transmited with alterna�on polarity? RZ-AMI
36. What would be the difference (in decibel) to the
antenna dish GAIN from its original value if its diameter
is increased by threefold while the other parameters
remain the same? 9
37. Inver�ng the inputs of an AND gate gives the same
result as inver�ng the output of which of the following?
An OR gate
38. A digital transmission line has a bandwidth of 2
MHz. With signal-to-noise of 36 dB, what is the
maximum capacity the line can handle in Mbps? 24
39. Which of the following technologies employs a
Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) architecture? SMDS
40. In HF radio communica�ons, typically what
percentage of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is
the best frequency to use for op�mum transmission
(FOT)? 85
41. In a coaxial line if the inner diameter is 0.51 cm and
the center conductor has a diameter of 0.22 cm. What is
the characteris�c impedance? 50.4 Ω
42. A transmission can be physically and/or electrically
long. What will make any length of transmission line to
appear as an infinitely long line? Termina�ng the line in
its characteris�c impedance
43. If the characteris�c impedance of the coax line does
not match the antenna input impedance, then: standing
waves are produced in the transmission line
44. As a ray of light moves away from the center of a
mul�-mode, graded index fiber, which of the following
statements is true? Velocity of light will increase
45. Which type of the technique does the signal remain
at the binary level assigned to it for the en�re bit �me?
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
46. One of the main du�es of the transport layer is to
provide ____________ communica�on. process-to-
process
47. Which term represents informa�on and overhead at
the Transport layer in the OSI 7- layer model? Segments
48. Which of the following is most similar in func�on to
an Ethernet LAN switch? Bridge
49. Which of the following determines the characteris�c
impedance of a coaxial antenna feed line? The ra�o of
the diameter of the inner conductor to the diameter of
the braid
50. The figure below shows a simple block diagram of a
digital communica�on system. Which block recreates
incoming binary sequence? Channel decoder
MASTERY TEST 09
1. We use the transit �me and the response �me to
measure a network’s ___________. Performance
2. A ____________ can be a hardware device or a
so�ware program that filters all the packets of data that
comes through a network, the internet, etc. Firewall
3. To double the covering range of TV transmiter tower,
its height should be mul�plied by: 4
4. Which one is used to perform rou�ng in OSI network
architecture? Network layer
5. Which of the following is the subset of a network that
contains all the routers but has no loops? Spanning-tree
6. Which of these is usually referred to as the port
number (default) of several web servers like apache? 80
7. Which one in the rou�ng algorithm that can be used
for network layer design? I, II and III
I. Shortest path algorithm
II. Link-state rou�ng
III. Distance vector rou�ng
8. Which of the following is used for voice applica�on
and data rate up to 10 Mbps? Category 3
9. Select from the following which command is used to
operate TCP/IP rou�ng table. Route
10. The TIA standard recognizes two basic types of
balanced twisted pair cabling for use in a structured
cabling system. What are they? 100-ohm Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
11. Which of the following is the work of the router to
do in a network? Iden�fied on which ou�ng link a
packet is to be sent.
12. Category 5e or Enhanced category 5 is intended to
support systems up to 1000Base-T of Gigabit Ethernet
up to a distance of ______. 100 m
13. Which of these is the oldest techniques used by
hackers for phone hacking to make free calls? Phreaking
14. Twisted pair cabling is used for both voice and data
cabling and typically a _______. 22 – 26 AWG
15. Which of the following cannot be detected and
therefore it is difficult to separate the original signal
from distorted signal in audio signal? Distor�on
16. Category 6A or Augmented Category 6 is designed to
support _______ up to distances of 100 meters.
10GBase-T
17. Which of these is an an�virus program type? I, II and
III
I. Kaspersky
II. Quick heal
III. Mcafee
18. The DNS would translate any Domain name into
___________. URL
19. In which manner each sample is represented in
audio signal? Stepwise
20. Choose the func�on of a router. Send the packet to
the uplinks
21. What is the usual impedance characteris�c of
twisted pair cables at 100 MHz? 100 ohms
22. When DC flows through a transmission line, the
movement of electrons through the conductor’s cross
sec�on is uniform. However, when AC is applied, the
expanding and collapsing fields about each electron
encircle other electrons. This retards the movement of
the encircled electrons. Which phenomenon is referred
to? Self-induc�on
23. In serial type of data transmission which bit is
usually transmited last? Most Significant Bit (MSB)
24. A simple AM transmiter employs an oscillator with
a 40 µH coil and 1 nF capacitor. If the oscillator output is
modulated by audio frequency of up to 24 kHz what is
the center frequency of the transmiter in Hz?
795,772.86
25. Which of the following is a standard for balanced
twisted pair cable and components suppor�ng signaling
rates up to 100 MHz? Category 5e
26. Which of these is the very first hacker’s conference?
DEFCON
27. Which is the important part of the system which are
being used to �me shi� broadcast programs to skip
commercial breaks? Hard drive-based servers
28. Which of these is NOT involved in the CIA Triad?
Authen�city
29. What is a standard for balanced twisted pair cable
and components suppor�ng signaling rates up to 250
MHz? Category 6
30. What is the horizontal beamwidth of a pyramidal
horn antenna if its width is one wavelength? 80°
31. Which type of audio video files can be made
portable by downloading? Compressed
32. In which of these a person is con�nually
chased/followed by another person or a group of
various people? Stalking
33. What is a standard for balanced twisted pair cable
and components suppor�ng signaling rates up to 500
MHz? Category 6A
34. What twisted pair cable ISO class is used for
frequency of 16 MHz? Class C
35. Which LAN topology uses a closed, point-to-point-
connected loop of sta�ons allowing data to flow in one
direc�on only e.g., from one sta�on to the next? Ring
36. A TV tower has a height of 100m. By how much the
height of the tower should be increased to triple its
coverage range (in m). 800
37. When a wave passes through one medium and
encounters a medium having different characteris�cs,
which of the following will likely NOT occur?
Regenera�on
38. Which of these ports and IP address scanners is
popular among the users? Angry IP Scanner
39. Which of these is a sort of independent type of
malicious program that would not require any host
program? Worm
40. Which of these is NOT a scanning type? Cloud Scan
41. Which of these would refer to the explora�on of the
apt, ethical behaviors that are related to the digital
media pla�orm and online environment Cyberethics
42. Which of the following malware types does not
clone or replicate itself through infec�on? Trojans
43. Twisted pair cabling uses a color code to allow
installers to quickly iden�fy each pair within a cable. The
�p colors indicate _______. which group a pair is
located
44. At which �me step is a sample taken in ADC? Even
45. What is expressed as the magnitude of sample
represented by finite number which is propor�onal to
some voltage in audio signal? Quan�zing
46. What is the cri�cal angle of the signal when it passes
from glass, with rela�ve permi�vity of 7.8, into air? 7.4°
47. Using the cipher algorithm, which of these types of
text would be transformed? Plain text
48. Digital signals: Can u�lize binary systems.
49. When DC flows through a transmission line, the
movement of electrons through the conductor’s cross
sec�on is uniform. However, when AC is applied, the
expanding and collapsing fields about each electron
encircle other electrons. This retards the movement of
the encircled electrons. Which phenomenon is referred
to? Self-induc�on
50. What category of performance is used for inside
wire and cable systems? Category 3
MASTERY TEST 10
1. Which u�lity is used if you want to find the number of
routers between a source and des�na�on? Traceroute
2. Which type of the technique does the signal remain
at the binary level assigned to it for the en�re bit �me?
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
3. If the cri�cal frequency is 10 MHz in sky wave
propaga�on, what is the best frequency to use assuming
30° of radia�on angle? 17 MHz
4. Select from the following in which forwarding, the
complete IP address of a des�na�on is provided in the
rou�ng table. Host-specific
5. For an antenna in a form of a linear conductor or an
array of conductors, calculate the effec�ve length at 3
MHz. 31.83 m
6. Select the command that is used to manipulate the
TCP/IP rou�ng table. Route
7. Which of the following is the correct op�on about the
purpose of peak clipper circuits in radio transmiters? To
prevent overmodula�on.
8. Select which one is used in delivery, the deliverer of
the IP packet and the des�na�on are on different
networks. An indirect
9. Choose from the following in which one forwarding,
the mask, and des�na�on addresses are both 0.0.0.0 in
the rou�ng table. Default
10. If a digital signal s(t), described at t = t₁ is sufficient
for determining the signal at t = t₂ at which the signal
also exists, then s (t) represents the so called ____signal.
determinis�c
11. In order to transfer maximum power between
transmit and receive antenna, both antennas must have
the same ________. Choose one that will make the
statement NOT TRUE. physical size
12. Which one is the natural mask for a class C
Network? 255.255.255.0
13. In skywave propaga�on, what is the cri�cal
frequency if the maximum number of free electrons in a
certain ionospheric layer is 1.5 x 10¹² per cubic meter?
11 MHz
14. The VSWR on a loss-free line of 50 ohms
characteris�c impedance is 4.2. Determine the value of
the purely resis�ve load impedance which is known to
be larger than 50 ohms. 210 Ω
15. In analyzing the behavior of light in an op�cal fiber
cable, which ray travels down the fiber without passing
through the axis? Skew
16. In which type of channel coding is the informa�on
bearing message stream is encoded in con�nuous
fashion by interleaving informa�on bits and error
control bits? Convolu�on
17. Select which one is used to relate to config in
Microso� Windows. I, II and III
I. Display all current TCP/IP network configura�on
values
II. Modify DNS se�ngs
III. Modify DHCP se�ngs
18. Which of the following determines the characteris�c
impedance of a coaxial antenna feed line? The ra�o of
the diameter of the inner conductor to the diameter of
the braid.
19. What is the maximum line-of-sight distance between
a paging antenna 250 � high and a pager receiver 3.5 �
of the ground? 25 mi
20. The net reactance of the antenna varies with the
wavelength. If the antenna is shorter than one-quarter
wavelength, which of the following dominates?
Capaci�ve reactance
21. The rou�ng tables of a router used to keep what?
The routes for forwarding the data to its des�na�on
22. Fiber op�c cables are widely used for high-speed
data transport. What is the main role of the glass
component in a glass fiber op�c cable? Carry the light
23. Which of these is also malicious so�ware? Malware
24. For a parallel-wire line, determine the conductance
if the conduc�vity is 200 x 10¯⁶ S/m and the conductor
diameter is 12 mm. The conductor spacing is 10 mm.
1.23 mS/m
25. In traffic engineering, which parameter measures
the average number of requests for connec�on per unit
�me? Calling rate
26. The computer networking classful addressing is
important as it gives as millions of network addresses.
Given this IP address 224-224.224.224. iden�fy what
classful address this number belongs? Class D
27. The rou�ng processor searches in the rou�ng table
is known as: Table lookup
28. A parallel-wire line spaced at 1.27 cm has a diameter
of 0.21 cm. What is the characteris�c impedance? 300 Ω
29. 172.31.25.151 is an example of which one? Private
30. The forward power in a transmission line is 150 W
and the reverse power is 20 W. Calculate the SWR on
the line. 2.15
31. Which is used in delivery, both the deliverer of the IP
packet and the des�na�on are on the same network? A
direct
32. An amplifier with 20 dB gain is connected to another
with 10 dB gain by means of a transmission line with a
loss of 4 dB; if a signal with a power level of -14 dBm
were applied to the system, calculate the power output.
12 dBm
33. In a spread spectrum technology, the frequency of
the carrier of the transmiter changed according to a
predetermined sequence, called pseudorandom at a
rate higher that of the serial binary data modula�ng the
carrier. Which type of spread spectrum this technique is
iden�fied to? Direct-sequence
34. If the antenna current increases 3.4 �mes, how
much does the radiated power increase? 11.56 �mes
35. What would be the approximate series impedance
of a quarter-wave matching line used to match a 600
ohms feed to 70 ohms antenna? 204.94 Ω
36. What propor�on of the incident power is reflected
back from the load for a 75-Ω line terminated with Z_L=
50 - j25 Ω? 7.84 %
37. Calculate the velocity factor of a coaxial cable used
as a transmission line, with the characteris�c impedance
of 50 ohms, capacitance is 40 pF/m, and inductance
equal to 50 μH/m. 0.0745
38. The bandwidth (BW) of a digital signal depends on
the bit rate and the pulse shape used. In dimensionality
theorem, if the rate of transmission required is 20
Mbps, what must be the minimum BW of the medium?
10 MHz
39. Determine the gain of a 6 �. parabolic dish opera�ng
at 1800 MHz. 28.17 dB
40. In wire communica�ons system, calculate the return
loss in dB, if the load impedance is 600 ohms and the
characteris�c impedance of the line is 300 ohms. 9.54
dB
41. What is the actual length in feet of one-quarter
wavelength of a coax with a velocity factor of 0.68 at 30
MHz? 5.576 �.
42. Select the size of the Source and Des�na�on IP
address in the IP header. 32 bits
43. What is the effec�ve area of a Hertzian dipole
antenna for unity efficiency at 3 MHz? 1190 m²
44. In aperture antennas for microwave
communica�ons, what is the aperture number if the
angular aperture is 55°? 0.48
45. The beamwidth and the direc�ve gain of the
antenna are interrelated with each other. If the
beamwidth of the antenna decreases, its direc�ve gain
_____. increases
46. To minimize interference, a 500 MHz dish needs to
have a 1-degree beamwidth. What is the corresponding
gain in dB? 44.7 dB
47. A TVRO installa�on for use with a C-band satellite
(download frequency at 4 GHz), has a diameter of about
3.5 meters and an efficiency of 60%. Calculate its
beamwidth. 1.5°
48. Select the uses of the switch in a datagram network.
Rou�ng table
49. In an improperly loaded transmission line,
determine the power reflected from the load if the
incident power at the load is 500 W and the reflec�on
coefficient is 0.71. 252.05 W
50. A helical antenna has the following dimensions:
pitch is 1/3 wavelength; diameter is ¼ wavelength and
turns is 27. What is the gain in dB? 19.2 dB
MASTERY TEST 11
1. What kind of antenna is less likely to pick up man-
made interference? Ver�cally polarized
2. What is the free space loss, in dB, between two
microwave parabolic antennas 38.0 kilometer apart
opera�ng at 7.0 GHz? 140.89 dB
3. A certain earth sta�on transmiter output power is 10
kW, transmi�ng antenna gain 100 dBi, receiving
antenna gain 75 dBi, uplink and downlink frequency of
2.4 GHz and 2 GHz respec�vely. What is the received
signal level at the satellite? 7.71 µW
4. According to Shannon-Hartley theorem: Both the
channel capacity does not become infinite with infinite
bandwidth and has a trade-off between bandwidth and
signal-to-noise ra�o are correct
5. When a user logs into a local �me-sharing system, it is
called ________ login. local
6. What happens to the feed point impedance of a
ground-plane antenna when its radials are changed
from horizontal to downward-sloping? It increases.
7. A cell phone transmiter has a maximum frequency
devia�on of 12 kHz. Calculate the modula�on index if it
operates at maximum devia�on with a voice frequency
of 300 Hz. 40
8. According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is
a combina�on of simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases. If the composite
signal is non-periodic, the decomposi�on gives a
combina�on of the sine waves with
__________frequencies. con�nuous
9. Calculate the electric field intensity in millivolts per
meter at 30 kW from a 5 km source. 189.74 mV/m
10. Fading is caused due to:
1. Mul� path propaga�on
2. Obstacles
3. Frequency varia�ons at the source
4. Varia�on in amplitude and phase at receiver
1, 2 and 4 are correct
11. In the TCP/IP protocol suite, which of the following is
a network layer protocol? The Internet Protocol (IP)
12. In the TCP/IP protocol suite, which of the following is
a transport layer protocol? The Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
13. BitTorrent is an example of a ____________ peer-to-
peer network. structured-decentralized
14. Which of the following pairs of well-known ports are
the default values you would use to configure a POP3
email client? 110 and 25
15. In a VHF mobile radio system, the base sta�on
transmits 100 W at 160 MHz frequency using half-wave
dipole antenna 20 meters above ground. Calculate the
field strength at a receiving antenna at a height of 4
meters and a distance of 30 km. (Gain of antenna is
1.64). 41.78 µV/m
16. In IEEE 802.11, when a frame is going from one
sta�on in a BSS to another without passing through the
distribu�on system, the address flag is _____. 00
17. The diversity schemes are based on: All the four are 26. How can you increase your transmiter's power by 6
correct dB? Mul�ply the original power by 4.
1. Time diversity
2. Frequency diversity 27. A certain antenna has a gain of 7 dB with respect to
3. Space diversity an isotropic radiator. What is the effec�ve area if it
4. Polariza�on diversity operates at 200 MHz? 0.897 m²

18. A half-wave dipole antenna is used to operate at 54

MHz. Considering end effect, what is the effec�ve area
of the antenna? 3.64 m2

28. In wave propaga�on, determine the refrac�ve index

of an ionospheric layer with 100 x 10⁶ free electrons per
cubic meter at 5 MHz frequency. 0.99
19. In the domain name space, a full domain name is a
sequence of labels separated by ________. dots

20. What digital modula�on technique is used in

frequency selec�ve channels? BPSK

21. Which of the following components does the port

number in a transport layer protocol header iden�fy? 29. What is the refrac�ve index of an ionospheric layer
An applica�on with 100 x 10⁵ free electrons per m³? Assume frequency
to be at 20 MHz. 0.99
22. A resistor at a temperature of 25°C is connected
across the input of an amplifier with a bandwidth of 50
kHz. How much noise does the resistor supply to the
input of the amplifier? 0.206 fW

23. If an antenna has a length of 0.125λ then what is the

radia�on resistance? 12.34 Ω 30. For an antenna in a form of a linear conductor, what
is the effec�ve length at 10.5 MHz? 9.09 m
24. What is a language for crea�ng a sta�c
document? I, II and III
I. Extensible Style Language (XSL)
II. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
III. Extensible Markup Language (XML)

25. In a frequency modula�on transmiter, the

____________is in between the speech amplifier and
the oscillator. Modulator
31. A signal has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It is sampled at a
rate 50% higher than the Nyquist rate and quan�zed
into 256 level using a µ-law quan�zer with µ = 225.
Determine the signal-to-quan�za�on-noise ra�o. 38.06
dB
32. In a centralized P2P network, the directory system
uses the ________ paradigm; the storing and
downloading of the files are done using __________
paradigm. client-server; peer-to-peer
33. Which of the following statement is FALSE?
Sunspots increase and decrease in 11-year cycle and
higher sunspots numbers cause less ioniza�on, lower
sunspot numbers increase ioniza�on.
34. How does a host on an Ethernet LAN know when to
transmit a�er a collision has occurred? 2 and 5
1. In a CSMA/CD collision domain, mul�ple sta�ons can
successfully transmit data simultaneously.
2. In a CSMA/CD collision domain, sta�ons must wait
un�l the media is not in use before transmi�ng.
3. You can improve the CSMA/CD network by adding
more hubs.
4. A�er a collision, the sta�on that detected the collision
has first priority to resend the lost data.
5. A�er a collision, all sta�ons run a random backoff
algorithm. When the backoff delay period has expired,
all sta�ons have equal priority to transmit data.
35. What is the effec�ve radiated power (ERP) of a
repeater with 450 W transmi�ng power output, 4 dB
feedline loss, 6 dB duplexer loss, 7 dB circulator loss and
feedline antenna gain of 25 dB? 2839.31 W
36. Moving the feed point of a mul�-element quad
antenna from a side parallel to the ground to a side
perpendicular to the ground will have what effect? It
will change the antenna polariza�on from horizontal to
ver�cal.
37. In the Shannon limit for informa�on capacity
theorem, if the bandwidth is reduced by 4 �mes while
maintaining the signal-to-noise ra�o of the transmission
medium at its original ra�o, what is the effect on its
maximum capacity? Reduced by 4 �mes
38. Polariza�on change o�en takes place on radio
waves that are propagated over long distances. Which
of these does not cause polariza�on change? Parabolic
interac�on
39. A local area network (LAN) is defined by: the
geometric size of the network
40. In the TCP/IP protocol suite, which of the following is
an applica�on layer protocol? The File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)
41. How do sunspots change the ioniza�on of the
atmosphere? The more sunspots there are, the greater
the ioniza�on.
42. Which among the following are the stable discrete
�me systems? 1, 2, 3 and 4
1. y(n) = x(4n)
2. y(n) = x(-n)
3. y(n) = ax(n) + 8
4. y(n) = cos x(n)
43. Determine the gain of an antenna with respect to a
dipole if its gain with respect to isotropic is 50 dBi. 47.86
dB
44. The range of the radar horizon is affected by bending
or diffrac�on of electromagne�c waves. In which
por�on of the radar frequency band is diffrac�on of
waves greatest? Lower
45. Two λ/2 dipoles are separated by 50 km. They are
“aligned” for op�mum recep�on. The transmiter feeds
its antenna with 10 W at 144 MHz. Calculate the power
received. 2.96 x10¯¹⁰ W
2. _______ is defined as any physical quan�ty that
varies with �me, space or any other independent
variable. Signal
3. ______ is the ra�o of the radia�on intensity in a given
direc�on from the antenna to the radia�on intensity
averaged over all direc�ons. Direc�vity

4. What is the number of modes that an op�cal fiber

can support if the normalized frequency is 10? 50
modes

5. A phase-locked loop has a VCO with a free-running

46. The free space model of propaga�on refers to: 1 and frequency of 14 MHz. As the frequency of the reference
2 are correct input is gradually raised from zero, the loop locks at 12
1. Unobstructed line of sight between the transmiter MHz and comes out of lock again at 18 MHz. Calculate
and receiver. the capture range. 4 MHz
2. Satellite communica�on systems and Microwave line
of sight radio links.
3. Propaga�on along the ground surface.

47. An Ethernet running at 10 Mbits / second uses:

Manchester encoding

48. The advantages of using a CDMA technique over

other spread spectrum techniques are: 1, 2 and 3 are
correct
1. Increased capacity
2. Easier handoff
3. Beter measure of security
4. Mul�ple users occupy different spectrum at a �me
49. In the Internet, the country domain sec�on uses
___________ country abbrevia�ons. two-character
6. What is the dura�on of the unit sample response of a
digital filter? Infinite
7. A microwave radio-link operated at frequency of 4
GHz has a separa�on distance of 50 km between
antennas. By how much must the beam clear the
obstacle? 18.35 m

50. The total power delivered to the radiator of an

isotropic antenna is 200,000 W. Determine the power
density at a distance of 100 meters 1.59 W/m²

8. The zeros in the transfer func�on are denoted by: 0

9. The poles in the transfer func�on are denoted by: X

MASTERY TEST 12
1. In _____ antennas the radia�on characteris�cs are
determined by the current distribu�on which produces
the local magne�c field. wire-type
10. Which three statements are true about the
opera�on of a full-duplex Ethernet network? 1, 2, and 5
1. There are no collisions in full-duplex mode.
2. A dedicated switch port is required for each full-
duplex node.
3. Ethernet hub ports are preconfigured for full-duplex
mode.
4. In a full-duplex environment, the host network card
must check for the availability of the network media
before transmi�ng.
5. The host network card and the switch port must be
capable of opera�ng in full-duplex mode.
11. A sine wave of frequency 15 kHz frequency-
modulates a carrier at 101.1 MHz. The peak frequency
devia�on is 75 kHz. Determine the peak amplitude of
the modula�ng signal if the sensi�vity of the modulator
is 50 rad/V 100 mV
12. With a maximum frequency devia�on of 75 kHz,
what is the maximum phase devia�on that can be
present in an FM radio broadcast signal, assuming it
transmits a baseband frequency of 50 Hz to 20 kHz?
1500
13. _______ is the func�onal equivalent area from
which an antenna directed toward the source of the
received signal gathers or absorbs the energy of an
incident electromagne�c wave. Effec�ve area
14. What are the decimal and hexadecimal equivalents
for the binary number 10110111? 183/B7
15. How would you arrange, through a block diagram
the rela�onship of following devices? 2, 1, 6, 3, 4, & 5
1. Mixer
2. RF Amplifier
3. Demodulator
4. AF Amplifier
5. Speaker
6. IF Amplifier
16. When data is encapsulated, which is the correct
order? Data, segment, packet, frame, bit
17. In an office with 20 PCs, how many interconnec�ng
wires or links are required so that any computer can
communicate with any other computer? 190
18. Using Carson’s rule, what is the bandwidth of an FM
signal with 5 kHz maximum frequency devia�on and 2.5
kHz maximum modula�ng frequency? 15 kHz
19. Which of the following methods are used to convert
analog filter into digital filter? All of the men�oned
20. In aperture-type antenna, the _____ radia�on
patern can be found from the Fourier transform of the
_____ patern. far-field; near-field
21. What type of RJ45 UTP cable is used between
switches? Crossover cable
22. What is the frequency swing of an FM broadcast
transmiter when modulated 80%? 60 kHz
23. What is the number of modes that an op�cal fiber
can support if the normalized frequency is 10? 50
modes
24. Which of the following are unique characteris�cs of
half-duplex Ethernet when compared to full-duplex
Ethernet? 1 and 4
1. Half-duplex Ethernet operates in a shared collision
domain.
2. Half-duplex Ethernet operates in a private collision
domain.
3. Half-duplex Ethernet has higher effec�ve throughput.
4. Half-duplex Ethernet has lower effec�ve throughput.
25. Which fields are contained within an IEEE Ethernet
frame header? 1 and 4
1. Source and des�na�on MAC address
2. Source and des�na�on network address
3. Source and des�na�on MAC address and source and
des�na�on network address
4. FCS field
26. Antennas have a property of being more sensi�ve in
one direc�on the in another which provides the ability
to filter signals from its environment. What is this
property of the antenna to filter signals? Spa�al
27. For a mul�-mode step-index fiber with glass core (n₁
= 1.53) and a fused quartz cladding (n₂ = 1.44),
determine the cri�cal angle. 70.25°
28. What are two purposes for segmenta�on with a
bridge? 2 and 3
1. To add more broadcast domains.
2. To create more collision domains.
3. To add more bandwidth for users.
4. To allow more broadcasts for users.
29. Why does the data communica�on industry use the
layered OSI reference model? 1 and 4
1. It divides the network communica�on process into
smaller and simpler components, thus aiding
component development, design, and troubleshoo�ng.
2. It enables equipment from different vendors to use
the same electronic components, thus saving research
and development funds.3. It supports the evolu�on of
mul�ple compe�ng standards and thus provides
business opportuni�es for equipment manufacturers.
4. It encourages industry standardiza�on by defining
what func�ons occur at each layer of the model.
30. What type of RJ45 UTP cable do you use to connect
a PC's COM port to a router or switch console port?
Rolled
31. Acknowledgments, sequencing, and flow control are
characteris�cs of which OSI layer? Layer 4
32. How to implement a network medium that is not
suscep�ble to EMI. Which type of cabling should you
use? Fiber-op�c cable
33. The basic European TDM telephone signal combines
30 voice channels with 2 signaling channels that have
the same data rate as the voice channels. The sampling
rate is 8 kHz and there are 8 bits per sample for each
voice channel. Calculate the total bit rate for this signal.
2.048 Mbps
34. Which of the following are types of flow control? 1,
3 and 4
1. Buffering
2. Cut-through
3. Windowing
4. Conges�on avoidance
35. Which of the following types of connec�ons can use
full duplex? 2, 3 and 5
1. Hub to hub
2. Switch to switch
3. Host to host
4. Switch to hub
5. Switch to host
36. An op�c fiber made of glass has a refrac�ve index of
1.56 and is clad with another glass whose refrac�ve
index is 1.51. Determine the acceptance angle when
launch in air. 23.07°
37. _____ is ra�o of the power at the input of a loss-free
isotropic antenna to the power supplied to the input of
the given antenna to produce, in a given direc�on, the
same field strength at the same distance. Gain
38. A circular waveguide is used for conical horn
antenna. If the internal diameter of the waveguide is 5
cm for a 12 GHz opera�ng frequency, what is the
characteris�c impedance of the guide in a dominant
mode? 394 Ω
39. In _____ antennas the radia�on characteris�cs are
determined by the field distribu�on across the aperture.
aperture-type
40. Fiber op�c cables are widely used for high-speed
data transport. What is the main role of the glass
component in a glass fiber op�c cable? Prevent light
leakages
41. Which layer 1 devices can be used to enlarge the
area covered by a single LAN segment? 3 and 4
1. Switch
2. NIC
3. Hub
4. Repeater
5. RJ45 transceiver
42. Antennas have the property of being more sensi�ve
to one polariza�on than another which provides the
ability to filter signals. What is this property of the
antenna to filter signals? Polariza�on
43. What is the purpose of flow control? To provide a
means for the receiver to govern the amount of data
sent by the sender.
44. Segmenta�on of a data stream happens at which
layer of the OSI model? Transport
45. A receiving host has failed to receive all of the
segments that it should acknowledge. What can the
host do to improve the reliability of this communica�on
session? Decrease the window size.
46. Routers operate at layer _____. LAN switches
operate at layer _____. Ethernet hubs operate at layer
_____. Word processing operates at layer _____. 3, 2, 1,
none
47. ______ is the varia�on of the field intensity of an
antenna as an angular func�on with respect to the axis.
Radia�on patern
48. If an emf is applied to the terminals of antenna A
and the current measured at the terminals of another
antenna B, then an equal current (both in amplitude and
phase) will be obtained at the terminals of antenna A if
the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna B.
Reciprocity
49. Which of the following describe router func�ons? 1,
2, 3 and 4
1. Packet switching
2. Packet filtering
3. Internetwork communica�on
4. Path selec�on
50. The instantaneous value of the modula�ng signal to
an FM modulator is -2V, sensi�vity k_f = 25 kHz/V and
opera�ng at a carrier frequency of 88 MHz. Determine
the output frequency of the modulator. 87.95 MHz
MASTERY TEST 13
1. A token is: an electronic code used in ring topology
2. Within buildings: both �ght-buffered and loose-
jacketed cables are used
3. The resul�ng signal when a con�nuous �me periodic
signal x(t) having period T, is convolved with itself is
___________. periodic having period T
4. In a certain microwave links, the following parameters
are given: Path distance = 40 km, average terrain and
climate opera�ng frequency = 8 GHz, reliability desired
= 99.99 %. Determine the fade margin to be assigned to
this link. 28.85 dB
17. In satellite communica�ons, what is the height of a
satellite from the earth’s surface if the sidereal period is
20 hours? 31,022.5 km

5. The process of conversion of data along with its

forma�ng is called: Source Coding

6. An installa�on in single story building may not

include: an intermediate cross-connect

7. An op�c fiber is made of glass with a surface index of

1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refrac�ve
index of 1.51. Launching takes place on air. Determine
the numerical aperture of the fiber. 0.35
8. The primary buffer: is a plas�c layer around the
cladding to protect the op�c fiber from mechanical
damage
9. For detailed examina�on of a very short length of
op�c fiber cable, the OTDR should use the: shortest
possible pulsewidth
18. An AM transmiter has an output power of 100 W at
no modula�on with efficiency of 60%. What will be the
output power with 97% modula�on? 147 W
19. A receiver has two uncoupled tuned circuits before
the mixer, each with a Q of 75. The signal frequency is
100.1 MHz and IF is 10.7 MHz. If the local oscillator uses
high-side injec�on, what is the image rejec�on ra�o in
dB? 29.33 dB

10. A white fiber with a black tracer is most likely to be

fiber number: 18

11. For any given signal, average power in its 6 harmonic

components as 10 mW each and fundamental
component also has 10 mV power. Then, average power
in the periodic signal is _______ mW. 60

12. A cable containing both op�c fiber and copper
conductors is called: a hybrid cable
13. The values of V_max and V_min as read from an AM
wave on an oscilloscope are 2.6 and 0.29 respec�vely.
Determine the percentage modula�on. 79.9%
14. In the Fourier transform, if the �me domain signal
x(t) is real and even, then the frequency domain signal
X(jΩ) will be: Real and even
15. Star�ng with the smallest, the types of networks
are: LAN, MAN, WAN
16. Which of these values of μ would correspond to the
linear amplifica�on? = 0
20. The cutoff frequency of a TE₁₀ mode is 3.75 GHz in
an air-dielectric waveguide with an inside cross-sec�on
of 2 cm by 4 cm. What is the characteris�c impedance
of this waveguide at the opera�ng frequency of 10 GHz?
406.68 Ω
21. A bi-phase (Manchester) system: generates �ming
informa�on, even when the incoming data is held at a
constant level
22. Tree topology: uses less cable than bus topology
23. The main advantage of using a star coupler to
connect a large number of terminals is that: the power
loss is lower than would be the case if tee couplers were
to be used
24. Which of the following signals are con�nuous and 31. Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit
can vary in wide range of values? Analogue signals 600 km above the surface of the earth. 1.6 hours

25. From a digital filter, we would get an output pulse as

_______ of our current pulse and previous pulse.
Summa�on

26. Calculate the required via net loss for a satellite link
with a one-way delay of 250 ms. 50.4 dB

27. In the case of CDMA, ______ frequency reuse is

32. When external cables are passed through the wall of
totally possible. 100%
a building they should: be sealed to prevent water or
gas from gaining access to the building
28. An IF transformer of a radio receiver operates at 455
kHz. The primary circuit has a Q of 50 and the secondary
33. In the case of down-conversion, the mul�plica�on
has a Q of 40. Find the bandwidth using the op�mum
with cosine wave would be followed by which of these
coupling factor. 15.288 kHz
filters? Low pass
29. An AM transmission of 3 kW is 100% modulated. If it
34. An AM receiver uses a double tuned IF transformer
is transmited as an SSB signal, what would be the
with coupling constant of 1.5 k_c. The quality factor of
power transmited? 500 W
the primary and secondary winding is 60 and 30
respec�vely. What is the bandwidth of the transformer
if the IF is 455 kHz? 16.38 kHz

30. An AM receiver is tuned to broadcast sta�on at 600

kHz. Calculate the image rejec�on in dB, assuming that
the input filter consists of one tuned circuit with a Q of 35. Between two users of any given ideal TDM system,
40. 38.57 dB the cross-correla�on present is: 0

36. Antennas having a constant patern in the azimuthal

plane are called: Omni direc�onal antenna

37. Transmi�ng of JPEG signal in a bandwidth-limited

channel is hardly possible, thus data compression
technique is employed. Which technique is used in
JPEG? Lossy compression
38. During polishing of a silica fiber, final inspec�on
reveals a large scratch running right across the fiber. A
likely cause of this is: contamina�on of the final lapping
film with some coarse grit from a previous stage of the
polishing
39. Changing the spectral width of the light source
would affect the: fiber bandwidth in a single mode
system
40. A single-mode fiber is made with a core diameter of
10 micrometers and is coupled to a light source with a
wavelength of 1.2 micrometers. Its core glass has a
refrac�ve index of 1.55. Determine the cladding index
required for producing single-mode propaga�on. (V cut
off = 2.405) 1.547
41. A standard AM receiver is tuned to a sta�on at 650
kHz. If the intermediate frequency of the receiver is 455
kHz, what is the image frequency (high–side injec�on)?
1560 kHz
42. A bit stream would be por�oned into an even
stream and an odd stream in which of these systems?
QPSK
43. If x(-t) = x(t), x[-n] = x[n] then signals x(t) and x[n] are
called as _____. even signal
44. LEDs are not used as the light source for high-speed
telecommunica�ons because of their: slow switching
speed and higher spectral width
45. The energy signal has _____ �me average power
and ______ energy. zero; finite
46. Let us consider a frequency range of 405.0125 MHz
to 405.0875 MHz and a 25 kHz channeling plan,
determine the center frequency of the second channel
from the lower limit. 405.05 MHz
47. Given the signal: Non-periodic and discon�nuous.
X (t) = cos t₁ if t<0
X (t) = Sin t₁ if t≥0
The correct statement among the following is:
48. Quan�za�on noise can be reduced by: increasing the
number of levels during sampling
49. Consider the following statements for a periodic
signal: 1, 2 and 3
1. Both the magnitude and phase spectra are line
spectra.
2. For real-valued signals, the magnitude spectrum has
even symmetry.
3. For real-valued signals, the phase has odd symmetry.
Which of the above statements are correct?
50. A cycle slip would occur whenever the original phase
error’s magnitude exceeds: 2π radians
MASTERY TEST 14
1. In digital modula�on system, what is the input rate to
MSK modulator, if the mark frequency is 5 MHz. Assume
n is equal to unity. 10 Mbps
2. Determine the output voltage of a µ-law compander
with a maximum voltage range of 1 V and an input of
0.25 V. 0.75 V
3. Determine the dynamic range for a 10-bit sign
magnitude code. 511
4. The expression for poin�ng vector of an isotropic
point source at a distance “r” from the source is given
by: P/ 4πR²
5. ATM cells have fixed length of ______ bytes. 53
6. In PCM, assuming uniform quan�za�on, what is the
signal-to-noise ra�o in dB for an 8-bit code word? 49.8
dB
15. How many Hamming bits would have to be added to
a data block containing 128 bits? 8 bits
16. Which of the following is true for Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM)? Mul�plexing technique
17. The three ciphers can easily operate ______ bit
blocks of plaintext as well as cipher text. 64
18. The first sec�on of a URL iden�fier is the ______.
protocol
19. On a 10 Mbps Ethernet packet format, how fast can
a 1500-byte block of data be transmited? 1.2208 ms

7. In A-law companding, determine the output voltage if

the input voltage to the compander is 0.8 V and the
maximum possible input voltage is 1 V. 0.96 V

8. In error detec�on and correc�on, ________ between

two words is the number of differences between
corresponding bits. hamming distance

9. Which of these tells us about a low-level transmission

20. A periodic digital signal will have _______ frequency
and also framing? G series
component(s) in the frequency domain. infinite number
of discrete
10. Effec�ve aperture in terms of beam area and
opera�ng wavelength is given by the rela�on: λ²/ ΩA
21. If the transmission rate of a digital communica�on
system of 10 Mbps modula�on scheme used is 16 QAM,
11. In Manchester and differen�al Manchester
determine the bandwidth efficiency. 4 bits/cycle
encoding, the transi�on at the middle of the bit is
mainly used to ________. None of the choices

12. Assume a file is being transmited between two

computers over a single-hop link. The propaga�on delay
component of the overall delay experienced during the
transmission can be reduced by: None of the choices

13. What device is used to interconnect two LANs that

use the SAME logical link control protocol but may use 22. Informa�on bearing channels in ISDN are called: B
different medium access control protocols? Bridge channels

14. In a ___________ connec�on, the server leaves the 23. What is the signal-to-noise ra�o in a PCM system
connec�on open for more requests a�er sending a with 512 quan�zing levels using uniform quan�za�on?
response. persistent 55.95 dB
24. What would be the difference (in decibel) to the
antenna dish GAIN from its original value if its diameter
is increased by threefold while the other parameters
remain the same? 9
25. _______ fading occurs if the coherence bandwidth
happens to be smaller than that of the bandwidth of the
given signal. Frequency selec�ve
26. Temperature of the troposphere decreases with
al�tude. This is because of: High pressure of gas
27. What device allows different nodes of a network to
communicate directly with each other? Switch
28. In frequency hopping spread spectrum technology,
the frequency synthesizer puts out a random sine wave
frequency to the mixer, and the mixer creates a new
carrier frequency. The �me that the synthesizer remains
on a single frequency is called _____�me. dwell
29. If the pulse rate of a digital signal is N [pulse/sec],
then successful transmission of this signal over a
noiseless channel (i.e. medium) will require that ______
of the channel’s bandwidth be allocated to the given
signal. N/2 [Hz]
30. Which mul�plexing technique signals are spread
over a wide bandwidth, making them less sensi�ve to
the noise, fading, reflec�ons, and mul�path
transmission effects common in microwave
communica�on systems? Orthogonal Frequency-
Division
31. What is the transmission rate of a system for
transmi�ng the output of a microcomputer to a line
printer opera�ng at a speed of 30 lines/minute? Assume
that the line printer has 8 bits of data per character and
prints out 80 characters/line. 320 bps
32. A non-periodic digital signal will have ____ number
of amplitude values in the �me domain. limited
33. What devices allow several users to send
informa�on over a network at the same �me without
slowing each other down? Switches
34. Which of the following are considered to be
advantage of circuit-switched over packet switched
networks? in-order packet delivery
35. For a dynamic range of 120, how many bits are
required in the PCM code (including the sign bit)? 8 bits
36. For an Ethernet bus that is 500 meters in length,
using a cable with a velocity factor of 0.66, and a
communica�on rate of 10 Mb/s, calculate the total
number of bits that would be sent by each sta�on
before it detects a collision, if both sta�ons begin to
transmit at the same �me. 25 bits
37. Assume two web-browser applica�ons on Computer
A (applica�ons A-1 and A-2) are communica�ng with the
same web-server applica�on on Computer B
(applica�on B-1). Which of the following must be true?
the port numbers of all three applica�ons (A-1, A-2, B-1)
are likely different from each other
38. What device is used to interconnect DISSIMILAR
protocols and servers? Gateway
39. ______ antennas have gain less than reflector
antennas but have more lenient tolerance on surfaces.
Lens
40. From the perspec�ve of local area network (LAN)
organiza�on, the key advantages of bus (Ethernet)
topology over ring topology are: fast / effec�ve packet
transmission under low traffic condi�ons, i.e. when
there is only one machine sending at any given point in
�me
41. A “unit” of measure of usage or traffic intensity.
Erlang
42. What device is used to interconnect SIMILAR
networks, e.g. similar protocols and worksta�ons and
servers? Router
43. The auto-correla�on func�on of a rectangular pulse
of dura�on T is: A triangular pulse of dura�on 2T.
44. In which layer do virtually all-weather phenomena
take place? Troposphere
45. The direc�vity of an antenna in terms of the
aperture efficiency and opera�ng wavelength is given
by: 4πAe/λ²
46. In the case of NRZ-L coding, the signal’s baud rate is
generally expected to be ________ the bit rate of the
respec�ve data sequence. equal to or smaller than
4. Which property of Fourier transform gives rise to an
addi�onal phase shi� of -2π �_d for the generated �me
delay in the communica�on system without affec�ng an
amplitude spectrum? Time Shi�ing
5. A one-quarter wave Q-matching sec�on made of
microstrip is designed to match a source of 50 Ω to a
load of 136 Ω at 5.8 GHz. The PCB dielectric constant εr
is 2.4. Calculate the required impedance of the
microstrip and its length. 82.46 Ω and 0.3286 in.

47. If the length of aperture in a pyramidal horn

antenna is 10 cm and δ for the design is 0.25. Then, the
flaring angle of the pyramidal horn is: 25.4°

48. An asynchronous communica�on system uses ASCII

at 9600 bits/sec with eight bits, one start bit, one stop
bit and no parity bit. Express the data rate in words per
minute. (Assume a word has five characters or leters
and one space) 9600 wpm

49. Determine the resolu�on for an 8-bit linear sign-

magnitude PCM for a maximum decoded voltage of 2.55
Vp. 0.02 V

50. Which layer of atmosphere contains ozone in it?

Stratosphere
MASTERY TEST 15
1. According to Rayleigh's theorem, it becomes possible
to determine the energy of a signal by: Es�ma�ng the
area under the square of its amplitude spectrum
6. An RF voltmeter with a detector probe is used to
measure the voltage across a 75-Ω resis�ve load. The
frequency is 137.5 MHz. The measured voltage is 8 V.
What power is dissipated in the load? 426.5 mW

2. An RG-11/U foam coaxial cable has a maximum

voltage standing wave of 52 V and a minimum voltage of
17 V. Find the SWR. 3.05

3. What is the maximum theore�cal data rate if one

transponder is used for binary transmission? The
bandwidth of one transponder channel is 36 MHz. 72
Mbps
7. The data link layer is responsible for: I, II, III and IV
I. framing data bits
II. providing the physical addresses of the
sender/receiver
III. data rate control
IV. detec�on and correc�on of damaged and lost frames

8. The number of cables for Mesh network is:

n (n – 1) / 2
9. The number of cables for Star network is: n
10. Trunking in a cellular network refers to:
Accommoda�ng large number of users in limited
spectrum
11. The spectral response of an ideal photodetector
depicts its efficiency as a func�on of: Wavelength
12. Which of the following mul�mode fiber core sizes is
NOT a standard commercial fiber size? 5 μm
13. The other devices will s�ll be able to send data
through the hub; there will be no access to the device
which has the failed connec�on to the hub. Star
topology
14. An RG-11/U foam coaxial cable has a maximum
voltage standing wave of 52 V and a minimum voltage of
17 V. Find the value of a resis�ve load. 24.59 Ω or
228.75 Ω
15. For a second order system, damping ra�o ζ is such
that 0 < ζ < 1. Then the roots of characteris�c equa�on
are: complex conjugate
16. A circuit has a bandwidth of 200 kHz. What is the
fastest rise �me this circuit will pass? 1.75 μs
17. Duality Theorem / Property of Fourier Transform
states that: Shape of signal in �me domain & shape of
spectrum can be interchangeable.
18. All transmission stops if the failure is in the bus. If
the drop-line fails, only the corresponding device cannot
operate. Bus topology
19. A cable TV service uses a single coaxial cable with a
bandwidth of 860 MHz to transmit mul�ple TV signals to
subscribers. Each TV signal is 6 MHz wide. How many
channels can be carried? 143
20 Hexagon shape is used for radio coverage for a
cell because: All of the choices
21. Which result is generated/ obtained by the addi�on
of a step to a ramp func�on? Ramp Func�on shi�ed by
an amount equal to step
22. The number of cables for Bus network is: one
backbone and n drop lines
23. In single-mode fibers, how does the frac�on of
energy traveling through bound mode appear in the
cladding? As an evanescent wave
24. The transport layer oversees the process-to-process
delivery of the en�re message. It is responsible for: I, II
and III
I. dividing the message into manageable segments
II. reassembling it at the des�na�on
III. flow and error control
25. In an op�cal fiber, the concept of Numerical
Aperture (NA) is applicable in describing the ability of:
Light collec�on
26. The components of a data communica�on systems
are: I, II, III, IV and V
I. Sender
II. Receiver
III. Transmission medium
IV. Message
V. Protocol
27. What is the open-circuit noise voltage across a 100-
kΩ resistor over the frequency range of direct current to
20 kHz at room temperature (25°C)? 5.74 μV
28. If the forward power and reflected power in a circuit
are known, the SWR can be calculated. If the forward
power is 380 W and the reflected power is 40 W, what is
the SWR? 1.96
29. A fiber-op�c cable has a bandwidth ra�ng of 600
MHz·km. What is the bandwidth of a 500-� segment of
cable? 3.93 GHz
30. What term is used to define a cable system's signal
processing center generally the main core of a Cable TV
system and usually includes antennas (off-air and
satellite), satellite receivers, processors, demodulators,
modulators, system converters, decoders, encoders,
op�cal transmiters, op�cal receivers, de-mul�plexers,
mul�plexers, cable modem termina�on system, op�cal
line terminals, local origina�on equipment, servers,
routers, switches, monitoring equipment and other
related equipment? Headend
31. In a fixed channel assignment strategy, if all the
assigned channels are occupied, the call: Gets blocked
32. A measurement is made on a fiber-op�c cable 1200
� long. Its upper frequency limit is determined to be 43
Mbps. What is the dispersion factor d? 12.7 ns/km
33. The number of cables for Ring network is: n – 1
34. The numerical aperture of a fiber-op�c cable is 0.29.
What is the cri�cal angle? 16.86°
35. According to frequency response of photo-detector,
the modula�on frequency at which the output current
decreases to ________of peak value. Half
36. The Philippine Electronics Code or the Code of
Technical Standards of Prac�ce for Professional
Electronics Engineers, Electronics Engineers and
Electronics Technicians defines distribu�on
architectures in Cable TV system. Which type of Cable
TV distribu�on arrangement fiber-fed termina�on units
are shared by several dwellings? FTTC – Fiber to the
curb
37. The discrete �me system describes by y(n) = x(n₂) is:
casual, linear, �me varying
38. In a complex wave, the nega�ve half of the wave is a
reproduc�on of the posi�ve halfwave. Then: the wave
does not contain even harmonics
39. For an opera�ng frequency of 450 MHz, what length
of a pair of conductors is considered to be a
transmission line? 2.628 in
40. If one connec�on fails, the other connec�ons will
s�ll be working. Mesh topology
41. The failed connec�on may disable the whole
network unless it is a dual ring or there is a by-pass
mechanism. Ring topology
42. An RG-11/U foam coaxial cable has a maximum
voltage standing wave of 52 V and a minimum voltage of
17 V. Find the reflec�on coefficient. 0.51
43. What is the nature of Fourier representa�on of a
discrete & aperiodic signal? Con�nuous & periodic
44. The Philippine Electronics Code or the Code of
Technical Standards of Prac�ce for Professional
Electronics Engineers, Electronics Engineers and
Electronics Technicians defines distribu�on architecture
in Cable TV system. Which type of fiber network used
for delivering cable TV signals from Head-end to
individual buildings such as residences, apartment
buildings and business establishments? FTTH – Fiber to
the home
45. An RF amplifier has an S/N ra�o of 8 at the input and
an S/N ra�o of 6 at the output. What are the noise
factor and noise figure? 1.333 and 1.25 dB
46. Which property of periodic signal in DTFS gets
completely clarified / iden�fied by the equa�on x (n -
n₀)? Time Shi�ing
47. Which type of system response to its input
represents the zero value of its ini�al condi�on? Zero
state response
48. What are the three criteria necessary for an effec�ve
and efficient network? I, II and III
I. Performance
II. Reliability
III. Security
49. The Philippine Electronics Code or the Code of
Technical Standards of Prac�ce for Professional
Electronics Engineers, Electronics Engineers and
Electronics Technicians defines distribu�on architecture
in Cable TV system. Which type of a distribu�on
architecture in which fiber nodes feed coaxial feeder
lines without any intervening coaxial trunk lines? FTTF –
Fiber to the feeder
50. The integral of k u(t) is: a ramp of slope k
MASTERY TEST 16
1. A system is said to be defined as non-causal, when:
the output at the present depends on the input at a
�me instant in the future
2. An AM transmiter uses high-level modula�on of the
final RF power amplifier, which has a dc supply voltage
Vcc of 48 V with a total current I of 3.5 A. The efficiency
is 70 percent. What is the power in one sideband for 67
percent modula�on? 18.85 W
3. FIR digital filter is having __________ stability than
FIR filter. good stability
4. Double integra�on of a unit step func�on would lead
to: a parabola
5. Which of the following is/are not a
property/proper�es power spectral density func�on
Sx(ω)? Sx(ω) is non-posi�ve func�on of ωSx(ω) ≤ 0 for
all ω
6. A receiver with a 75- Ω input resistance operates at a
temperature of 31°C. The received signal is at 89 MHz
with a bandwidth of 6 MHz. The received signal voltage
of 8.3 μV is applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of
2.8 dB. Find the S/N in decibels. 9.63 dB
7. What gives the frequency domain of a periodic
signal? Fourier series
8. A receiver with a 75-Ω input resistance operates at a
temperature of 31°C. The received signal is at 89 MHz
with a bandwidth of 6 MHz. The received signal voltage
of 8.3 μV is applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of
2.8 dB. Find the noise temperature of the amplifier.
261 K
9. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
reliable process-to-process delivery? Transport layer
10. What gives the frequency domain of a nonperiodic
signal? Fourier analysis
11. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
log-in and log-out procedures? Session layer
12. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
defining frames? Data link layer
13. An informa�on signal to be transmited digitally is a
rectangular wave with a period of 71.4 µs. It has been
determined that the wave will be adequately passed if
the bandwidth includes the fourth harmonic. Calculate
the fourth harmonics. 56 kHz
14. What are some reasons to use parallel conductor
feed line? It will operate with a high SWR and has less
loss than coaxial cable.
15. Which among the following belongs to the category
of non-recursive systems? Causal FIR Systems
16. An AM transmiter uses high-level modula�on of the
final RF power amplifier, which has a dc supply voltage
Vcc of 48 V with a total current I of 3.5 A. The efficiency
is 70 percent. What is the RF input power to the final
stage? 168 W
17. The reason that an RF transmission line should be
matched at the transmiter end is to: transfer the
maximum amount of power to the antenna
18. In 50/125 commercial fiber size, what does 50
mean? Diameter of the fiber cable`s core
19. Which among the following is regarded as an
inelas�c scatering of a photon? Raman Effect
20. What defines the maximum bit rate of a noiseless
channel? Nyquist theorem
21. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
format and code conversion services: Presenta�on layer
22. In 50/125 commercial fiber size, what does 125
mean? Diameter of the outside of the fiber cable`s
cladding
23. What is a means of sending a digital or an analog
signal without modula�on using a low-pass channel?
Baseband transmission
24. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
the transmission of bits across the medium? Physical
layer
25. An AM transmiter uses high-level modula�on of the
final RF power amplifier, which has a dc supply voltage
Vcc of 48 V with a total current I of 3.5 A. The efficiency
is 70 percent. How much AF power is required for 100
percent modula�on? (Hint: For 100 percent modula�on,
AF modula�ng power Pm is one-half the input power.)
84 W
26. A signal g(t) = A, then g(t) is a: power signal
27. An informa�on signal to be transmited digitally is a
rectangular wave with a period of 71.4 μs. It has been
determined that the wave will be adequately passed if
the bandwidth includes the fourth harmonic. Calculate
the minimum sampling frequency (Nyquist rate). 112
kHz
28. All causal systems must have the component of:
Memory
29. A receiver with a 75-Ω input resistance operates at a
temperature of 31°C. The received signal is at 89 MHz
with a bandwidth of 6 MHz. The received signal voltage
of 8.3 µV is applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of
2.8 dB. Find the input noise power. 0.1 pW
30. The applica�on layer services include: I, II, III and IV
I. file transfer
II. remote access
III. shared database management
IV. mail services
31. The mul�mode graded-index fiber that has the best
bend performance and will show the least amount of
op�cal degrada�on if mishandled is what size? 85/125
µm
32. Which among the following represents the lateral
shi� of a light beam on reflec�on at a dielectric
interface? Goos-Haenchen`s Shi�
33. What does an SWR reading of less than 1.5:1 mean?
A fairly good impedance match
34. An SSB transmiter has a 24-V dc power supply. On
voice peaks the current achieves a maximum of 9.3 A.
What is the PEP? 223.2 W
35. The atributes of the 62.5/125- µm fiber do NOT
include which of the following factors? Low source to
fiber coupling efficiency
36. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
ensuring reliable transmission of data? Data link and
transport layers
37. The frequency domain of a voice signal is normally
con�nuous because voice is a: nonperiodic signal
38. What network for transmi�ng signals is modulated
onto RF carriers that includes a linearly amplitude
modulated op�cal link followed by a coaxial distribu�on
network? Hybrid Fiber-Coax
39. An SSB transmiter has a 24-V dc power supply. On
voice peaks the current achieves a maximum of 9.3 A.
What is the average power of the transmiter? 55.8 W
to 74.4 W
40. A receiver with a 75-Ω input resistance operates at a
temperature of 31°C. The received signal is at 89 MHz
with a bandwidth of 6 MHz. The received signal voltage
of 8.3 μV is applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of
2.8 dB. Find the input signal power. 0.918 pW
41. The Fourier series of an odd periodic func�on
contains: sine harmonics only
42. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
providing independence from different data
representa�on? Presenta�on layer
43. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
establishing, managing and termina�ng sessions?
Session layer
44. Damped sinusoids are: sinusoid signals mul�plied by
decaying exponen�als
45. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
providing user services? Applica�on layer
46. What is the meaning of the term velocity factor of a
transmission line? The velocity of the wave on the
transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a
vacuum.
47. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communica�ons is the Open Systems Interconnec�on
(OSI) model. What layer of this model is responsible for
route selec�on: Network layer
48. A receiver with a 75-Ω input resistance operates at a
temperature of 31°C. The received signal is at 89 MHz
with a bandwidth of 6 MHz. The received signal voltage
of 8.3 μV is applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of
2.8 dB. Find the S/N of the amplifier. 4.83
49. An AM transmiter uses high-level modula�on of the
final RF power amplifier, which has a dc supply voltage
Vcc of 48 V with a total current I of 3.5 A. The efficiency
is 70 percent. What is the carrier output power?
117.6 W
50. An informa�on signal to be transmited digitally is a
rectangular wave with a period of 71.4 µs. It has been
determined that the wave will be adequately passed if
the bandwidth includes the fourth harmonic. Calculate
the signal frequency. 14 kHz
MASTERY TEST 17
1. Near-field communica�on (NFC) is a short-range
wireless technology that is designed to facilitate
communica�ons between two devices within which of
the following distances from each other? 4 cen�meters
2. The voltage range of an A/D converter that uses 14-
bit numbers is 26 to 16 V. Find the number of discrete
levels (binary codes) that are represented. 16,384
3. To provide Internet access, the cable company has
divided the available bandwidth of the coaxial cable into
three bands: video, downstream data, and upstream
data. The downstream data occupies the upper band
from: 550 to 750 MHz
4. In a _________, there is a need for end-to-end
addressing during the setup and teardown phases to
make the corresponding entry in the switching table.
virtual-circuit network
5. In _______, the corrupted message is discarded (the
sender needs to retransmit the message). error
detec�on by retransmission
6. If you wanted to bridge two microwave antennas 10
kilometers apart using 2.4GHz, and the land was
perfectly flat. By how much must the beam clear the
obstacle? 11.0 m
7. From a digital filter, the output pulse can be obtained
as _______ of the current pulse and previous pulse.
Summa�on
8. What is the maximum modula�ng frequency that can
be used to achieve a modula�on index of 2.2 with a
devia�on of 7.48 kHz? 3.4 kHz
9. What provides a prac�cal solu�on to the problem of
connec�ng mul�ple devices in a network? Switching
10. What technique uses M different carrier frequencies
that are modulated by the source signal? Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
11. A transmiter operates on a frequency of 915 MHz.
The maximum FM devia�on is 612.5 kHz. What are the
maximum and minimum frequencies that occur during
modula�on? 915,012.5 kHz and 914,987.5 kHz
12. Convolu�on of step signal 49 �mes that is 49
convolu�on opera�ons. What is the Laplace transform?
1/s⁴⁹
13. The Ls path loss depends on: Wavelength
14. A pulse train has a rise �me of 6 ns. What is the
minimum bandwidth to pass this pulse train faithfully?
58.3 MHz
15. What do you call a technique that subs�tutes long
zero level pulses with a combina�on of other levels
without increasing the number of bits?
Scrambling
16. To provide Internet access, the cable company has
divided the available bandwidth of the coaxial cable into
three bands: video, downstream data, and upstream
data. The downstream-only video band occupies
frequencies from: 54 to 550 MHz
17. What does the spectral density func�on of any
signal specify? Distribu�on of energy or power
18. To provide Internet access, the cable company has
divided the available bandwidth of the coaxial cable into
three bands: video, downstream data, and upstream
data. The upstream data occupies the lower band from:
5 to 42 MHz
19. Where does the maximum value of auto-correla�on
func�on of a power signal occur? At origin
20. What do you call the number of signal elements sent
in 1s? The unit is the baud. Signal rate
21. In _________, slots are dynamically allocated to
improve bandwidth efficiency. sta�s�cal TDM
22. What defines the number of data elements (bits)
sent in 1s? The unit is bits per second (bps). Data rate
23. In a _____, more than one bit is corrupted (not
necessarily con�guous). burst error
24. The input voltage of a compander with a maximum
voltage range of 1 V and a μ of 255 is 0.25. What are the
output voltage and gain? 0.75 V and 3
25Which of the following is true in the analog signal
hierarchy? I, II, III, IV and V
I. Voice channels (4 kHz)
II. Groups (48 kHz)
III. Supergroups (240 kHz)
IV. Master groups (2.4 MHz)
V. Jumbo groups (15.12 MHz)
26. In ________, the receiver tries to correct the
corrupted codeword. forward error correc�on
27. In a ______, only one bit of a data unit is corrupted.
single bit error
28. What are the major components of the telephone
network I, II and III
I. local loops
II. trunks
III. switching offices
29. Which of the following statements is true? All of the
choices
30. For a ______ channel, the Nyquist bit rate formula
defines the theore�cal maximum bit rate. Noiseless
31. Baseband transmission of a digital signal is possible
only if we have a ____ channel. low-pass
32. The voltage range of an A/D converter that uses 14-
bit numbers is 26 to 16 V. Find the resolu�on of
digi�za�on expressed as the smallest voltage increment.
732.5 μV
33. What is a skip zone? An area which is too far away
for ground-wave propaga�on, but too close for sky-wave
propaga�on
34. In a __________, end-to-end addressing is needed
during the setup and teardown phase to create a
connec�on for the whole data transfer phase. circuit-
switched network
35. Calculate the radius of the first Fresnel zone for a
2.5-GHz signal at a point that is 12 km from the source
and 18 km from the des�na�on. 29.4 m
36. In a _______, each packet is independent. The
rou�ng of a packet is done for each individual packet.
datagram network
37. What do you call the set of techniques that allows
the simultaneous transmission of mul�ple signals across
a single data link? Mul�plexing
38. What is the devia�on ra�o of TV sound if the
maximum devia�on is 25 kHz and the maximum
modula�ng frequency is 15 kHz? 1.667
39. Which of the following IEEE wireless LAN standards
provides the greatest possible throughput? 802.11ac
40. Which of the following technologies associated with
the Internet of Things (IoT) is o�en used to iden�fy pets
using embedded chips? RFID
41. Which topology has the highest reliability? Mesh
topology
42. As per �me displacement theorem in Laplace
transforma�on, displacement in the �me domain by T
becomes: mul�plica�on by e^-sT in the s domain
43. An SWR meter measures the degree of match
between transmission line and antenna by: comparing
forward and reflected voltage
44. A circuit has a bandwidth of 200 kHz. What is the
fastest rise �me this circuit will pass? 1.75 μs
45. ______ is common for mul�plexing op�cal signals
because it allows the mul�plexing of signals with a very
high frequency. WDM
46. What is the average noise power of a device
opera�ng at a temperature of 90°F with a bandwidth of
30 kHz? 1.26 x 10¯¹⁶ W
47. What is the noise variance for AWGN? N₀/2
48. When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant
for a while, the spectrum creates very low frequencies,
called _________, that present problems for a system
that cannot pass low frequencies. DC components
49. In _________, each input has a reserved slot in the
output frame. synchronous TDM
50. The voltage range of an A/D converter that uses 14-
bit numbers is 26 to 16 V. Find the number of voltage
increments used to divide the total voltage range.
16,383
MASTERY TEST 18
1. An AM transmiter has a carrier power of 30 W. The
percentage of modula�on is 85 percent. Calculate the
power in one sideband. 5.4 W
2. The data rate of QPSK is ___________ of BPSK. Twice
3. In free space, what is the radia�on characteris�c of a
half-wave dipole? Minimum radia�on from the ends,
maximum broadside
4. Which among the following asser�ons represents a
necessary condi�on for the existence of Fourier
Transform of discrete �me signal (DTFT)? Discrete Time
Signal should be absolutely summable
5. The sequence of opera�ons in which PCM is done is:
Sampling, quan�zing, encoding
6. The figure shows a simple block diagram of a digital
communica�on system. Which block recreates incoming
binary sequence? Channel decoder
7. What happens to the feed point impedance of a
ground-plane antenna when its radials are changed
from horizontal to downward-sloping? It increases.
8. What is the term used to refer to the condi�on where
the signals from a very strong sta�on are superimposed
on other signals being received? Cross-modula�on
interference
9. The fiber NA relates to which of the following
characteris�cs? Maximum angle within the fiber
acceptance cone
10. In a S/H circuit, the �me that it must hold the
sampled voltage is: Aperture �me
11. Which among the following opera�ons is/are not
involved /associated with the computa�on process of
linear convolu�on? Integra�on Opera�on
12. For radio signals, the skip distance is determined by
the: height of the ionosphere and the angle of radia�on
13. What is the defini�on of the term “receiver
desensi�zing”? A reduc�on in receiver sensi�vity
because of a strong signal on a nearby frequency.
14. How can selec�vity be achieved in the front-end
circuitry of a communica�ons receiver? By using a
preselector.
15. How does the gain of a parabolic dish antenna
change when the opera�ng frequency is doubled?
Gain increases 6 dB.
16. What mul�mode fiber proper�es help reduce
connec�on losses? Larger core size and higher NA
17. The distance travelled by ground waves: is less at
higher frequencies
18. The main characteris�c of a ver�cal antenna is that
it will: receive signals equally well from all compass
points around it
19. The format in which the posi�ve half interval pulse is
followed by a nega�ve half interval pulse for
transmission of ‘1’ is: Manchester format
20. With respect to converter circuits: ADCs include a
DAC
21. Under which condi�ons does an ini�ally relaxed
system become unstable? Only if bounded input
generates unbounded output
22. The ability of the ionosphere to reflect high
frequency radio signals depends on: the amount of solar
radia�on
23. This is an analog system which is first used to
transmit voice using analog signals. This was further
changed a�er the born of computers for digital system.
POTS
24. Which condi�on determines the causality of the LTI
system in terms of its impulse response? Only if the
value of an impulse response is zero for all nega�ve
values of �me
25. Aliasing can be defined as errors occurring when:
The input frequency exceeds the sample rate.
26. In a Yagi-Uda 3 element direc�onal antenna, the
_______ is not the longest nor the shortest radia�ng
element. driven element
27. What happens to the beamwidth of an antenna as
the gain is increased? The beamwidth: Decreases as the
gain is increased.
28. What kind of propaga�on would best be used by
two sta�ons within each other's skip zone on a certain
frequency? Ground-wave
29. The usual effect of ionospheric storms is to:
cause a fade-out of sky-wave signals
30. What does "antenna front-to- back ra�o" mean in
reference to a Yagi antenna? The power radiated in the
major radia�on lobe compared to the power radiated in
exactly the opposite direc�on
31. Polar coding is a technique in which: 1 is
transmited by a posi�ve pulse and 0 is transmited by
nega�ve pulse
32. In a certain microwave links, the following
parameters are given: Path distance = 40 km, average
terrain and climate opera�ng frequency = 8 GHz,
reliability desired = 99.99 %. Determine the fade margin
to be assigned to this link. 28.85 dB
33. To produce a single sideband suppressed carrier
transmission it is necessary to ____ the carrier and to
____ the unwanted sideband. cancel, filter.
34. In a frequency modula�on receiver, the _______ is
located between the filter and the limiter. intermediate
frequency amplifier
35. In a network, par�cipa�ng computers are referred to
as: Nodes
36. Which property of delta func�on indicates the
equality between the area under the product of
func�on with shi�ed impulse and the value of func�on
located at unit impulse instant? Sampling
37. If a subscriber (normally an organiza�on) needs to
provide free connec�ons for other subscribers (normally
customers), it can request what type of service?
800 service
38. A data channel with bandwidth of 15 Mbps can pass
only an average of 15,000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 12,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this channel with respect to the
bandwidth? 0.20
39. What is the term for the ra�o between the largest
tolerable receiver input signal and the minimum
discernible signal? Dynamic range
40. An AM transmiter has a carrier power of 30 W. The
percentage of modula�on is 85 percent. Calculate the
total power. 40.8 W
41. It augments the algorithm to handle the collision
specially for wireless networks. Carrier sense mul�ple
access with collision avoidance
42. What is the result of cross-modula�on? The
modula�on of an unwanted signal is heard on the
desired signal
43. In the northern hemisphere, in which direc�on
should a direc�onal antenna be pointed to take
maximum advantage of auroral propaga�on? North
44. The ______ between two words of the same size is
the number of differences between the corresponding
bits. Hamming distance

45. The resonant frequency of an antenna may be

increased by: shortening the radia�ng element

46. What is the limi�ng condi�on for sensi�vity in a

communica�ons receiver? The noise floor of the
receiver.

47. Which of the following protocols uses jumbo frames

to increase performance levels on storage area
networks? Ethernet

48. Both SONET and SDH technology offers high speed

transport services and both are using different
standards. However, their transport bit rate meets at
higher level. What is the first common bit transport rate
level by which they meet? 51 Mbps

49. Which phenomenon occurs due to an increase in the

channel bandwidth during the transmission of narrow
pulses in order to avoid any interven�on of signal
distor�on? Expansion in frequency domain

50. What influences all radiocommunica�on beyond

ground-wave or line-of-sight ranges? Solar radia�on