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Lightning Performance Analysisof Overhead Transmission Lines Usingthe EMTP
Lightning Performance Analysisof Overhead Transmission Lines Usingthe EMTP
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Universidad del Valle (Colombia)
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Abstract—This paper presents a procedure for the calculation that could detect those parameters for which more accurate in-
of lightning flashover rates of transmission lines using a Monte formation is required and the range of values that can be of con-
Carlo method. The procedure has been implemented in the Alter- cern for each parameter; see Section IX of this paper.
native Transients Program version of the Electromagnetic Tran-
sients Program. Parametric studies using this procedure can also The main contribution of this paper is the Alternative Tran-
be performed to determine the sensitivity of the flashover rate with sients Program (ATP) implementation of a new Monte Carlo
respect to some parameters of the transmission line and the return procedure for calculation of lightning flashover rates of over-
stroke. Some refinements are proposed to decrease the computer head transmission lines. The ATP is a well-known member of
time while preserving the accuracy of calculations. the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) family; there-
Index Terms—Modeling, Monte Carlo method, overvoltages, fore, its main solution algorithms are common to most electro-
power system lightning effects, sensitivity, statistics. magnetic transients programs [1]. For a summary of ATP capa-
bilities that can be useful for the present work, see [2].
I. INTRODUCTION The paper is organized as follows. Section II includes a sum-
mary on modeling guidelines for representing transmission lines
factor . Although the three waveforms have the same rise and
tail times, the time intervals between the start of the wave and
the crest are different.
(4)
(5a)
where
(5b)
(5c)
(5d)
(6a)
Fig. 3. Heidler model. Effect of factor n (t = 1:2 s, t = 50 s).
where
the first stroke is a better representation since it does not show (6b)
a discontinuity at .
(6c)
Several expressions have been proposed for such a waveform.
One of the most widely used is the so-called Heidler model. It This new function has a median value , which is the antilog
is given by of and a standard deviation given by (6c).
where is the peak current, is a correction factor of the peak Procedures for the calculation of lightning flashovers can be
current, is the current steepness factor, and and split into two main groups.
are time constants determining current rise and decay • Methods based on simplified models and approximated
time, respectively [25]. calculations of lightning overvoltages; they are derived
Fig. 2 depicts the waveform of a concave return stroke. The from guidelines proposed by IEEE [3]–[4], [27], IEC [24],
main parameters used to define this waveform in the present and CIGRE [5].
work are the peak current magnitude , the rise time • Methods based on more rigorous models and calculations;
, and the tail time (i.e., the time interval be- they usually rely on results derived from EMTP-like tools.
tween the start of the wave and the 50% of peak current on tail). The main differences between procedures are related to the
The main difficulty to synthesize a concave waveform is the following issues:
determination of the parameters to be specified in (3) from those • lightning stroke waveform and parameters;
of the return stroke [26]. Fig. 3 shows the effect of • lightning incidence models;
MARTINEZ AND CASTRO-ARANDA: LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES USING THE EMTP 2203
TABLE I
LINE CONDUCTORS CHARACTERISTICS
paring the two distributions of Fig. 6, one can see that there is a
range of values for every type of failure and a range of peak cur- • Return stroke parameters play an important role in the
rent magnitudes that cause no failure. The procedure is stopped lightning performance of a transmission line. Since only
when the probability density function of all the random variables negative polarity strokes were assumed, more accurate re-
matches their theoretical functions within the specified error. In sults would be derived by assuming that a percentage of
this work, the resulting and the theoretical distributions were return strokes is of positive polarity. A seasonal variation
compared at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the cumulative of this percentage could also be considered [21].
distribution functions. More than 10 000 runs were needed to • The return stroke parameters that were included in the
match them within an error margin of 10%. For an error margin study and the way in which they were generated were
of 5%, no less than 30 000 runs were needed. Results shown in motivated by the fact that only the maximum over-
Fig. 6 were obtained after 40 000 runs. The flashover rate, for voltage across insulator strings was of concern. However,
fl/km , was 1.477 per 100 km and year. flashover caused by subsequent strokes could also be
Fig. 7 shows the rise-time distribution of lightning strokes considered [14]. Additional random parameters (e.g., the
to shield wires and towers. It is evident from this plot that the number of strokes per flash and the probability density
probability of failure with rise times above 5 s is negligible. functions for each multiplicity), should be calculated
when other aspects (e.g., line arrester failures) were of
concern.
D. Discussion
• Return strokes with a nonvertical path, when the leader
The following paragraphs are aimed at discussing the limita- approaches ground, have been reported [14]. Therefore, a
tions of the models used in this work and some future work. probability density function for the leader angle could be
• One of the steps that has received more criticism is the ap- considered in future versions of the procedure.
plication of the electrogeometic model, used to determine
the point of impact of a return stroke. Although it has been
adopted by some standards [27], it is recognized that other VIII. REFINING THE PROCEDURE
models (e.g., the Leader Progression model), represent an 1) With the criterion chosen for checking the convergence of
improvement [33]. the Monte Carlo method, one can assume that the number
• The limitations of models used in transients simulations of runs will be fixed for a given convergence error. That is,
are usually due to two reasons: lack of reliable data and this criterion guarantees the convergence of the input vari-
limited built-in capabilities of the simulation tool. Several ables, but since only a small percentage of the randomly
parts of the implemented model are not accurate enough: generated strokes will impact the line, the convergence of
the corona effect was not included in the line span models, the output variables (i.e., the distribution of stroke peak cur-
voltages induced by the electric and magnetic fields of rent magnitudes to shield wires and phase conductors), is
lightning channels to shield wires and phase conductors generally not achieved. This can only be improved by in-
were neglected, footing impedance and insulator string creasing the number of impacts to the line. A very simple
models were too simple. The calculation of induction ef- solution that keeps the above convergence criterion and im-
fects in transmission lines is a new subject for which not proves the solution of the Monte Carlo procedure can be
much work has been performed, see [34]–[35]; however, based on a reduction of the area of impact of return strokes;
they can significantly affect the flashover rate, as reported that is, on decreasing the maximum distance from vertical
in [35]. A new random variable, the return stroke velocity, paths and the line. Locations of vertical path strokes are
must be generated when induction effects are simulated. randomly generated by assuming a uniform ground distri-
Present ATP capabilities are a drawback for an easy and bution. Therefore, only a span length of the line has to be
accurate implementation of corona and induction effects. analyzed. If the area where stroke channels are located is
2206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 3, JULY 2005
TABLE II
PERFORMANCE OF THE REFINED PROCEDURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The second author would like to express his gratitude to the
Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) for the support received
during the preparation of his Ph.D.
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[32] G. Furst, “Monte Carlo lightning backflash model for EHV lines. A Ferley Castro-Aranda was born in Tuluà, Colombia. He is currently pursuing
MODELS-based application example,” in EEUG Meeting, Budapest, the Ph.D. degree at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
Hungary, Nov. 10–12, 1996, pp. 10–12. He is Profesor Asociado at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. His re-
[33] Lightning Exposure of Structures and Interception Efficiency of Air Ter- search interests are in the areas of insulation coordination and system modeling
minals, 1997. CIGRE TF 33.01.03, CIGRE Brochure 118. for transient analysis using EMTP.