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Pre Calculus Reviewer
Pre Calculus Reviewer
There are four main conic sections, namely, circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.
LET’S DO THIS: Determine the center-radius form of equation of the circle given its center
and radius.
EXAMPLE #1: Center: (𝟎, 𝟎), Radius:𝟓
Step 1: Identify the value of h, k, and r
in the given 𝒉 = 𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟎 , and 𝒓 = 𝟓
Step 2: Substitute the values of h, k, and r in the center-radius form and always use
parenthesis.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − (𝟎))𝟐 + (𝒚 − (𝟎))𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐
Step 3: Simplify
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
EXAMPLE #2: Center: (−𝟐, 𝟕), Radius:4
Step 1: Identify the value of h, k, and r
in the given 𝒉 = −𝟐, 𝒌 = 𝟕 , and 𝒓 = 𝟒
Step 2: Substitute the values of h, k, and r in the center-radius form and always use
parenthesis.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − (−𝟐))𝟐 + (𝒚 − (𝟕))𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐
Step 3: Simplify
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
LET’S DO THIS: Determine the center and radius in the given center-radius form of equation
of the circle.
EXAMPLE #1: (𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Remember that the value of 𝒉 is enclosed with 𝒙 and 𝒌 is enclosed with 𝒚
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Step 1: Determine the center of the circle (ℎ, 𝑘)
Get the opposite sign of the h and k in the given.
ℎ = −8 and 𝑘 = −5
Therefore, the center of the circle is (−𝟖, −𝟓)
STEP 2: Solve for the radius
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Since 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟗, thus to solve for the value of r we need to extract the square root
of 9.
𝑟2 = 9
√𝑟 2 = √9
𝒓=𝟑
of 49.
𝑟 2 = 49
√𝑟 2 = √49
𝒓=𝟕
THE GRAPH OF THE CIRCLE
EXAMPLE#1: 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The presence of h and k is missing, it means that both h and k is zero (0).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 0)2 + (𝑦 + 0)2 = 25
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
Center at (0, 0) indicates that the center of the circle is at the origin.
STEP 2: Solve for the value of radius (𝑟).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
𝑟 2 = 25
√𝑟 2 = √25
𝒓=𝟓
EXAMPLE #2: 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The presence of h and k is missing, it means that both h and k is zero (0).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 0)2 + (𝑦 + 0)2 = 32
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
Center at (0, 0) indicates that the center of the circle is at the origin.
*p=4
STEP 3: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝟎, 𝒑)
Substitute the value of p which is 4, therefore the focus is at (0,4).
*focus: (0, 4)
For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
𝑦 = ±𝑝 since the value of p is positive 4
*Equation of LR: 𝒚 = 𝟒
The direction of the latus rectum is horizontal with a length of absolute value of 4p
(absolute value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(4)| = 𝟏𝟔 units (length)
STEP 8: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 7.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.
*Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒚
*p=−3
STEP 3: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒑, 𝟎)
Substitute the value of p which is −3, therefore the focus is at (−3,0).
*focus: (−3,0)
STEP 4: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is negative therefore the parabola opens to the left.
*Opening of parabola: to the left
STEP 5:Solve for the Latus Rectum
For the two end points of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
(𝑝, 2𝑝) → (−3, 2(−3)) → (−𝟑, −𝟔) first end point
(𝑝, −2𝑝) → (−4, −2(−3)) → (−𝟑, 𝟔) second end point
For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
𝑥 = ±𝑝 since the value of p is negative 3
*Equation of LR: 𝒙 = −𝟑
The direction of the latus rectum is vertical with a length of absolute value of 4p (absolute
value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(−3)| = 𝟏𝟐 units (length)
STEP 8: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 7.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.
* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙
EXAMPLE #3: (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖)
STEP 1: Identify the type of equation
The variable y is squared and both h and k are present which indicates a vertex at (h,k),
therefore we will use the column of (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉) under the vertex (h,k) to solve for the
characteristics of the parabola.
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is −1.
*h=8 and k=−1
*Vertex: (8, −1)
STEP 3: Solve for the value of p
To get the value of p in the given (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖), we will divide 4 by 4.
4
=1
4
*p=1
STEP 4: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌)
Substitute the value of p which is 1, h is 8, and k is −1.
(ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘)
(8 + 1, −1)
*focus: (9,−1)
STEP 5: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is positive therefore the parabola opens to the right.
*Opening of parabola: to the right
For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p and h to the formula then solve.
𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑝 since the value of p is positive 1 and h is positive 8
𝑥 =8+1
*Equation of LR: 𝒙 = 𝟗
The direction of the latus rectum is vertical with a length of absolute value of 4p (absolute
value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(1)| = 𝟒 units (length)
* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.
(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖)
*p=−2
STEP 4: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒑)
Substitute the value of p which is −2, h is −3, and k is 2.
(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
(−3,2 + (−2))
(−3, 2 − 2)
*focus: (−3, 0)
STEP 5: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is negative therefore the parabola opens downward.
*Opening of parabola: downward
For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p and to the formula then solve.
𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑝 since the value of p is −2 and k is positive 2
𝑦 = 2 + (−2)
*Equation of LR: 𝒚 = 𝟎
The direction of the latus rectum is horizontal with a length of absolute value of 4p
(absolute value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(−2)| = 𝟖 units (length)
STEP 9: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 8.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.
* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒚 − 𝟐)
ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane such that the sum of their distances from two
fixed points is a constant. Each fixed point is called a focus (plural: foci) and they are located
inside the ellipse.
Major axis- the longer line that goes
through the foci.
Minor axis-The two axes intersect at
the center of the ellipse. The major
axis always contains the foci.
Vertices - (singular: vertex) are at
the intersection of the major axis and
the ellipse, also the endpoints of
major axis
Co-vertices -are at the intersection
of the minor axis and the ellipse, also
the endpoints of minor axis.
Center- The midpoint of the
segment joining the foci
Latus rectum - the line segment that passes through a focus and perpendicular to the major
axis.
Directrices - (singular: directrix). the two lines on the outside of an ellipse parallel to the minor
axis.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒
STEP 1: Identify the form of equation by identifying the 𝒂.
Remember that the larger denominator contains the 𝒂.
In the given the denominator of 𝒙 has larger denominator which is 𝟗. Therefore, the
equation is in the form of
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝟗 4
In the given the denominator of 𝑦 has larger denominator which is 25. Therefore, the
equation is in the form of
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝒂𝟐
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 + 7)2
+ =1
16 𝟐𝟓
STEP 2: Solve for the value of 𝒂.
By looking at the given 𝟐𝟓 is 𝒂𝟐 , to solve for 𝒂 we need to extract the square root of 𝟐𝟓.
𝑎2 = 25
√𝑎2 = √25
𝒂=𝟓
STEP 3: Solve for the value of 𝒃.
𝒃 is the smaller denominator, and in the given 𝟏𝟔 contains 𝒃. To solve for 𝒃 we need to
extract the square root of 𝟏𝟔.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
2 2
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑦 + 7)
+ =1
𝟏𝟔 25
𝑏 2 = 16
√𝑏 2 = √16
𝒃=𝟒
𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ − , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎
−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 −𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ℎ−𝑎 ≤𝑥 ≤ℎ+𝑎 ℎ−𝑏 ≤𝑥 ≤ℎ+𝑏
Permissible −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏 −𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎 𝑘−𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑏 𝑘−𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑎
Values
Let us graph an ellipse given an equation in standard form
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE#1: + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟔
STEP 1: Identify the center the location of 𝒂 and the type of equation.
In the given the value of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are both missing indicates that the center is at the
origin (0,0).
(𝑥 + 0)2 (𝑦 + 0)2
+ =1
16 𝟐𝟓
center: (0,0)
The variable 𝒚 has the larger denominator which is 𝟐𝟓 indicates the location of 𝒂,
therefore the equation is in the form of:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑏 2 𝑎2
By this form of equation we will use the column of its characteristics.
Let us now solve for the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 by extracting the square roots of 𝟐𝟓 and 𝟏𝟔.
𝑎2 = 25 𝑏 2 = 16
√𝑎2 = √25 √𝑏 2 = √16
𝒂=𝟓 𝒃=𝟒
Let us now identify the value of 𝒄, by substituting the value of 𝒂𝟐 and 𝒃𝟐
𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √25 − 16
𝑐 = √9
𝒄=𝟑
STEP 3: Identify the vertices, using the table of characteristics of the given equation
The coordinates of vertices according to the table are (𝟎, 𝒂) and (𝟎, −𝒂).
Substitute the value of 𝒂 to get the coordinates.
(0, 𝑎) (0, −𝑎)
𝑎=5 𝑎=5
Vertex: Vertex:
(𝟎, 𝟓) (𝟎, −𝟓)
Focus: Focus:
(𝟎, 𝟑) (𝟎, −𝟑)
STEP 5: Identify the major axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The equation of the major axis is 𝒙 = 𝟎, which means its location lies on the y-axis
The length of the major axis is twice the value of :
2𝑎 length
𝑎=5
2(5)
𝟏𝟎 units
The endpoints of the major axis are the vertices: (𝟎, 𝟓) and (𝟎, −𝟓)
STEP 6: Identify the minor axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The equation of the minor axis is 𝒚 = 𝟎, which means its location lies on the x-axis
The length of the minor axis is twice the value of :
2𝑏 length
𝑏=4
2(4)
𝟖 units
The endpoints of the minor axis are the co-vertices (−𝒃, 𝟎) and (𝒃, 𝟎).
Substitute the value of b which is 4 to get the endpoints of minor axis.
(−𝑏, 0) and (𝑏, 0)
(−𝟒, 𝟎) and (𝟒, 𝟎) end points
𝑎 = 5 and 𝑐 = 3
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑦= 𝑦=−
𝑐 𝑐
52 52
𝑦= 𝑦=−
3 3
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝒚= 𝒚=−
𝟑 𝟑
STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints).
The endpoints of the latus rectum are: (substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄 then simplify)
𝑎=5 𝑏=4 𝑐=3
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
( , −𝑐) (− , −𝑐) ( ,𝑐 ) (− , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
42 42 42 42
( , −3) (− , −3) ( ,3 ) (− , 3)
5 5 5 5
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
( , −𝟑) (− , −𝟑) ( , 𝟑) (− , 𝟑)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
STEP 9: Graph the ellipse.
Plot the following then draw the
graph of the ellipse
• center
• endpoints of minor axis
• endpoints of major axis
• endpoints of latus rectum
Also, show the foci, major axis,
minor axis, latus rectum, and
directrices.
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟒)𝟐
EXAMPLE#2: + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒
STEP 1: Identify the center the location of 𝒂 and the type of equation.
In the given the value of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are both present indicates that the center is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
The variable 𝒙 has the larger denominator which is 𝟗 indicates the location of 𝒂,
therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒
By this form of equation we will use the column of its characteristics.
Let us now solve for the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 by extracting the square roots of 9 and 4.
𝑎2 = 9 𝑏2 = 4
√𝑎2 = √9 √𝑏 2 = √4
𝒂=𝟑 𝒃=𝟐
STEP 3: Identify the vertices, using the table of characteristics of the given equation
(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘)
(−1 + 3, 4) (−1 − 3, 4)
Vertex(𝟐, 𝟒) 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐱(−𝟒, 𝟒)
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘)
(−1 + √5, 4) (−1 − √5, 4)
Foci (−1 + √5, 4) Foci (−1 − √5, 4)
or (1.24, 4) or (−3.24, 4)
STEP 5: Identify the major axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The major axis is horizontal and has an equation of 𝑦 = 𝑘
since 𝒌 is 4, then 𝒚 = 4
STEP 6: Identify the minor axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The major axis is vertical and has an equation of 𝑥 = ℎ
since ℎ is −𝟏, then 𝒙 = −𝟏
The length of the minor axis is twice the value of :
2𝑏 length
𝑏=4
2(2)
𝟒 units
The endpoints of the minor axis are the coordinates of co-vertices
According to the table co-vertices are (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒃) and (𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒃).
(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏)
(−1, 4 + 2) (−1,4 − 2)
Co-vertex(−1, 6) Co-vertex(−1, 2)
STEP 7: Identify the directrices.
𝑎2 𝑏2
The equation of the directrices are 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑐
and 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑐
substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒄 and 𝒉.
𝑎=5 𝑐=3 ℎ = −1
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑥 =ℎ+ 𝑥=ℎ−
𝑐 𝑐
32 32
𝑥 = −1 + 𝑥 = −1 −
√5 √5
𝟗 𝟗
𝒙 = −𝟏 + 𝒙 = −𝟏 −
√𝟓 √𝟓
or or
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟓. 𝟎𝟐
STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints).
(−𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑) (−𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔) (𝟏. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑) (𝟏. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔)
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute value of the difference of the
distances between two fixed points stays constant. The two fixed points are the foci (singular:
focus) of the hyperbola, and the midpoint of the segment joining the foci is the center of the
hyperbola.
A hyperbola has two axes of symmetry. A hyperbola has two axes of symmetry. The axis along
the direction the hyperbola opens is called the transverse axis. The conjugate axis passes
through the center of the hyperbola and is perpendicular to the transverse axis. The intersection
of the two axes is the center of the hyperbola.
Principal axis or Focal axis is different from the transverse axis. This axis contains the foci, the
center, and the vertices of the hyperbola. In the figure above the x-axis is the principal axis.
The latus rectum is the chord through either focus perpendicular to the principal axis.
The points of intersection of the hyperbola and the transverse axis are called the vertices
(singular: vertex) of the hyperbola. These vertices are the endpoints of the transverse axis, while
the endpoints of conjugate axis are called co-vertices.
As points on a hyperbola get farther from its center, they get closer and closer to two lines called
asymptote lines. The asymptote lines are used as guidelines in sketching the graph of a
hyperbola. To graph the asymptote lines of hyperbola at (ℎ, 𝑘) , form an auxiliary rectangle by
using the points (ℎ– 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏), (ℎ– 𝑎, 𝑘– 𝑏), (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏), and ( ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘– 𝑏) and draw its
diagonals as extended lines.
• CENTER at (𝒉, 𝒌)
(𝒙 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝒚 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Before we graph a hyperbola, let’s practice on how to identify the center (𝒉, 𝒌), 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Equation of Hyperbola (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− = 1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑐 is greater than 𝑎 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: − =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝟐 2
𝒙 𝑦
− =1
𝟏𝟔 9
And the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are missing which means their value is 0 and the hyperbola is
at the origin (𝟎, 𝟎).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
2 (𝑦 − 𝟎)2
(𝑥 − 𝟎)
2
− =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Center at origin (𝟎, 𝟎)
(𝒚−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
EXAMPLE #2: − =𝟏
𝟒 𝟑𝟔
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
4 36
Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑦 − 𝒌)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝟏)2 (𝑥 − 𝟑)2
− =1
4 36
Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (𝟑, 𝟏)
STEP2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Since the positive term or the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝑦 − 1) 2 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
4 𝟑𝟔
(𝒚+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟐)𝟐
EXAMPLE #3: − + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟖𝟏
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
(𝑦+1)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2
The given − + = 1 can be written as − =1
9 81 81 9
In the given the positive is the (𝒙 − 𝟑) term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝟐 2
(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝑦 + 1)
− =1
81 9
Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 + 𝟐)2 (𝑦 + 𝟏)2
− =1
81 9
Let us identify the 𝒉 and 𝒌 for the coordinates of the center
Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 + 𝟐)2
Get the opposite sign of 𝒉 in the equation, from 2 it becomes −2.
𝒉 = −𝟐
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚, get the opposite sign of 𝒌 in the given.
(𝑦 + 𝟏)2
𝒌 = −𝟏
Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (−𝟐, −𝟏)
STEP2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Since the positive term or the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2
𝒂𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐
=1 𝟖𝟏
− 𝟗
=1
𝑥=−
𝑎2
𝑦=−
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑥 =ℎ− 𝑦=𝑘−
𝑐 𝑐
Auxiliary (𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, 𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Rectangle (−𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, −𝑎) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
(𝑎, −𝑏) (−𝑏, 𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
(−𝑎, −𝑏) (−𝑏, −𝑎) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: − =𝟏
𝟗 𝟐𝟓
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒚𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 𝒙
− =𝟏
𝟗 𝟐𝟓
And the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are missing which means their value is 0 and the hyperbola is at the
origin (𝟎, 𝟎).
(𝑦 − 𝒌)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝟎)2 (𝑥 − 𝟎)2
− =1
9 25
2 2
𝑦 𝑥
− =1
9 25
Center at origin (𝟎, 𝟎)
In the table the vertices are define as : (0, 𝑎) and (0, −𝑎). Substitute the value of 𝒂 which is 3.
Therefore vertices are: (𝟎, 𝟑) and (𝟎, −𝟑)
STEP 7: Identify the conjugate axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table. Substitute the value of 𝒃 in the length.
Equation: 𝒚 = 𝟎
Location: x-axis
Length: 2𝑏 = 2(5) = 𝟏𝟎 units
Endpoints: co-vertices
STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table.
𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝒚 = −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑
For the endpoints, substitute the value of = 3 ,𝑏 = 5 and 𝑐 = √34 then solve.
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
( , −𝑐) (− , −𝑐) ( , 𝑐) (− , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2 2 2 2
5 5 5 5
( , −√34) (− , −√34) ( , √34) (− , √34)
3 3 3 3
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
( , −√𝟑𝟒) (− , −√𝟑𝟒) ( , √𝟑𝟒) (− − , √𝟑𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
in decimal: in decimal: in decimal: in decimal:
(𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (−𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑)
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 + 𝟏)2 (𝑦 − 𝟐)2
− =1
16 9
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚, get the opposite sign of 𝒌 in the given.
(𝑦 − 𝟐)2
𝒌=𝟐
Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (−𝟏, 𝟐)
STEP 2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
According to the table the vertices of the given are defined as (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘).
Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 4, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2, then simplify.
(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘)
(−1 + 4, 2) (−1 − 4,2)
(𝟑, 𝟐) (−𝟓, 𝟐)
The coordinates of co-vertices according to the table are defined as: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) and (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏).
STEP 6: Identify the transverse axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of transverse axis in the table.
STEP 7: Identify the conjugate axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table. Substitute the value of 𝒃 in the length.
STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table.
For the equation, substitute the value of ℎ = −1, and 𝑐 = 5 then solve.
Solution: Solution:
𝑥 =ℎ+𝑐 𝑥 =ℎ−𝑐
𝑥 = −1 + 5 𝑥 = −1 − 5
𝒙=𝟒 𝒙 = −𝟔
or or
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟒. 𝟐
Each conic section has its own standard form of an equation with x- and y-variables that you
can graph on the coordinate plane.
Analyze the following key points to the standard equations of conic sections at (0,0) below.
CIRCLE PARABOLA ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒓
is equivalent to: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 showing the showing the
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙
numerical coefficient numerical coefficient
showing the
numerical coefficient 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝒂𝟐 𝒃
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒓𝟐 𝒓
Let’s classify the following equations according to the type of conic each represents:
GIVEN CONCLUSIONS
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, they are both positive and have
1. 4 + 4 = 1
the same numerical coefficient, therefore it is a circle.
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, one term is negative and the
2. − =1
81 9 other is positive, therefore it is a hyperbola.
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, they are both positive but have
3. 16 + 4 = 1
the different numerical coefficient, therefore it is an ellipse.
4. 𝑦 =
2 (𝑥+2) Only one term is squared, therefore it is a parabola.
4
5.
𝑦 𝑥
+ =1 Both terms are not squared, therefore it doesn’t represent a conic
36 4 section.