What is the role of Science and Technology in
Society?
Introduction to Science and Technology
What is ST and Society?
❖ Study of how social, political, and
cultural values affect scientific research
and technological innovation and how
these, in turn, affect or the community,
political and culture.
Definition of Science and Technology
SCIENCE
❖ “Rational inquiry into Nature”, it means
such inquiry be within some logical
structure, to gain knowledge about Nature.
❖ Scientific knowledge is more than just a
collection of empirical statement. It satisfies
the following requirements
a. The collections must be internally
consistent.
b. There must be a logical
interrelationship between
statements that organizes these
into coherent whole (logical and
consistent).
c. We should be able to deduce a
prediction, which can be tested by a
experiment or observation.
 A systematic approach that organizes
knowledge in the form of testable
explanation and predictions about nature
and the universe.
 Is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge
about a particular field of study through
observation and experimentation, to
describe different natural phenomena.
 In science, we seek the so-called “Laws of
Nature” (general statements about the
behavior of Nature), but this depends on
crucial assumptions:
a. There is regularity in Nature that is
expressed by these Laws.
The human mind can “know” these Laws.
 Remove these assumptions, the scientific
structure will fall down
 In Physics, chemistry and biology, this
regularity in Nature is often expressed in
the language of mathematics, thus this is
another assumption that the regularity in
Nature has the same logical structure as
mathematics.
 The Laws of Nature do not carry any time
stamp that indicates when and where they
were discovered, or where they are
applicable. This implies that we assume
that the Laws of Nature are the same
everywhere an remain so for all time-again
a philosophical assumption.
FIELDS OF SCIENCE
I. Pure/Theoretical Science – method of
investigating nature by the
experimental method in an attempt to
satisfy the need to know (matter of
understanding); explains a
phenomenon.
a. Physical sciences – which deal with matter
and energy and allow us to describe the
material universe in terms of weight, mass,
volume, and other standard, objective
measures.
 Life Sciences is divided into
❖ Microbiology
❖ Botany
❖ Zoology
Earth Sciences is divided into
❖ Geology
❖ Meteorology
❖ Astronomy
Examples of Overlapping Sciences
❖ Physics + Chemistry = Physical
Chemistry
❖ Astronomy + Physics = Astrophysics
❖ Biology + Chemistry =
Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry
❖ Biology + Geology = Paleontology
❖ Biology + Astronomy + Physics =
Astronautics
❖ Geology + Chemistry = Geochemistry
❖ Geology + Astronomy = Astrogeology
FIELDS OF SCIENCE
II. Applied/Practical Science – determines
how a particular phenomenon may be
put to use
• Applies existing scientific knowledge to
develop more practical applications, like
technology or inventions.
a. Engineering sciences – include
thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid
mechanics, statics, dynamics,
mechanics of materials, kinematics,
electromagnetism, materials science,
engineering physics.
b. Medical science – include medical
microbiology, clinical virology
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
What means does science use now?
❖ Science used the scientific method
❖ It is a set of techniques for investigating
phenomena
❖ Acquiring knowledge
❖ Correcting and integrating previous
understanding.
Scientific Method vs Creationism
TECHNOLOGY
❖ Is the practical application of scientific
knowledge to human life; to solve
problem.
❖ As the production, tools and processes
used to accomplish tasks.
❖ The collection of techniques, methods
or processes used in the production of
goods or services or in the
accomplishment of objectives of
scientific investigation.
Scientific and technological changes are caused
by scientific and technological discoveries and
inventions
 ❖ Terrorist are using modern technology
for their destructive work.

❖ Due to the development of atomic

energy and atomic bomb create many
harmful diseases like skin, lungdiseases,
etc.

❖ Heart disease, brain disease are caused

due to the vibration of the mobile
phone.

❖ Modern technology have not only

ADVANTAGES affected man but it also affected plants
and animals due to nuclear energy.
❖ Life becomes easy and comfortable
through science and technology. ❖ Due to the development of modern
technology natural beauty is decreasing.
❖ Travelling has become easy and fast in
minutes.

❖ Communication becomes easy, fast and

cheaper.

❖ Standard of living have increased with

the increase in technology

❖ Man have become advanced by using

various new technology.

❖ Due to the development in the science

and technology impossible have
become possible.

❖ Difficult thing and work have become

easy and comfort to man due to science
and technology

❖ Life has become easy and stable.

DISADVANTAGES

❖ Man had misused the technology and

used in destructive purpose.

❖ Man is doing illegal things by using it.

❖ New technology like mobile, i-pads, etc.

are creating bad effect on children.
History of Science and Technology In the • Lasted from the third century B.C. to
Philippines 11th century A.D.

STONE AGE • Filipinos were engaged in extraction

smelting and refining of iron from ores,
until the importation of cast iron from
Sarawak and later from China.

• Filipinos from the Butuan were trading

with Champa (Vietnam) and those from
Ma-I (Mindoro) with China. ( bee wax,
cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats,
• Archeological findings show that tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts,
modern man from Asian mainland first panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets
came over land on across narrow sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots,
channels to live in Batangas and iron needles and tin).
Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
Inventions
• Settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga,
• They learn to weave cotton, make glass
Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal,
ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice
Bulacan and Cagayan.
and dike fields of terraced fields utilizing
Inventions spring water in mountain regions.

• They made simple tools and weapons of • They also learned to build boats for
stone flakes and later developed trading purposes.
method of sawing and polishing stones
• Spanish chronicles noted refined plank
around 40,000 B.C.
built warships called Caracoa suited for
• 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes interisland trade raids.
ornaments of seashells and pottery.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• They learned to produce copper,
bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and
ornaments.

IRON AGE

• Filipinos were already engage in

activities and practices related to
science forming primitive or first wave
technology. e.g. making of wine, mining
gold
 • There were curative values of some
plant on how to extract medicine from
herbs(superstitious beliefs).
• They had an alphabet, a system of
writing, a method of counting and
weights and measure.
• They had no calendar but counted the
years by the period of the moon and
from one harvest to another.
SPANISH REGIME
• Establishment of school system manage
by missionaries and priest (religion-
centered). e.g. Colegio de San Ildefonso-
Cebu-1595 Colegio de San Ignacio-
Manila-1595 Colegio De Nuestra Senora
del Rosario-Manila-1597 Colegio De San
Jose-Manila-1601.
• Development of Hospitals San Juan
Lazaro Hospital the oldest in the Far
East was founded in 1578.
AMERICAN REGIME
• In 17th and 18th Century, successive
shipwrecks of and attacks of pirates on
the galleons led to declining profits
from the trade that led to economic
depression in Manila during the later
part of the 17th century.
• The Real Sociedad Economica de los
Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas founded by
Governador Jose Basco y Vargas in 1780
encouraged research in agriculture and
industry.
• The society promoted cultivation of
indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and silk
industry.
• In 1789 Manila was opened to Asian
shipping, inaugurating an era of
increase in export of rice, hemp,
tobacco, sugar, and indigo, and imports
of manufacturing goods.
• The 19th Century In 1863 the colonial
authorities issued a royal degree to
reform the existing educational system.
• In 1871 the school of medicine and
pharmacy were opened to UST, after 15
years it had granted the degree of
Licenciado en Medicina to 62 graduates.
• There were no school for engineering
but they offered nautical four year
course for pilot of merchant marine that
includes the subject: a. Arithmetic, b.
Algebra, c. Geometry, d. Trigonometry,
e. Physics, f. Hydrography, g.
Meteorology h. Navigation, and i.
Pilotage.
• Jesuits promoted meteorological
studies founding Manila observatory at
the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in
1865.
• Science and technology advance rapidly
by the government encouragement and
support.
• Creation of Department of
Public Instruction which offers
free and compulsory
elementary (600 teachers from
USA taught in Philippines,
Philippine Normal School,
Philippine Medical School).
 • Promotion of higher education
in sciences and government
research institution and
agencies performing technical
function (Liberal Arts,
Veterinary medicine, law).
• Trained and qualified Filipino
teachers (they were sent
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE THE
abroad for advanced training).
INDEPENDENCE
• Men and women must finished
in American Colleges
(Pensionados)
• Scholarships for advanced
studies of a scientific or
technical nature.
• Produces medical doctors,
engineers,
• Proliferation of schools as
business enterprises and no
definite government policies.
• Government was responsible in
supervising private schools due
to substandard private schools
(Monroe survey).
• Creation of Bureau of Science as
government research
establishment and training
ground of Filipino Scientist
(Vaccines, dse like leprosy,
tuberculosis, cholera, dengue
fever, malaria and beri-beri and
scientific developments).
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
• Promotion of scientific development for
the economic development.
• Expansion of public school system to
accommodate all schoolchildren.
• Curriculum revision (removal of Gr-7,
double-single session and reducing time
or dropping certain subjects in basic
education).
• Reorganization and establishment of
government corporation to perform
development of natural resources.
• The State continues its support to
education at all levels.
• Proliferation of schools and many of
them were ill-equipped and ill-prepared
to provide quality education particularly
in sciences and engineering (Standards).
• UP system remains the most developed
with extensive graduate and
undergraduate degree programs in the
sciences and engineering. (half of the
national budget for SUC’s)
• Low enrollment rate in agriculture,
medical, natural and physical sciences
(low compensation of Filipino
scientists).
• Engineering and science courses entail
longer periods of study and been more
expensive to pursue.
• Little innovation and training of
scientists and engineers.
• Scientific work in the government
suffered from a lack of support,
planning and coordination after early
postwar years.
• Creation of science agencies like PCARR,
PSHS, PCRI, PTRI, NRCP, etc.
• Establishment of a Scientific Career
System in the Civil Service by PD No.
901 .
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
ANCIENT PERIOD
❑ Ancient Wheel
❑ Paper
❑ Shadoof
❑ Antikythera Mechanism
❑ Aeolipile
ANCIENT WHEEL
Before the wheel the Sumerian's used flat
bottomed structures called "sledges". These
sledges often got stuck and could not carry
heavy loads. The Sumerians also put the sledge
on a roller which is the picture under the sledge.
This would not work well because they would
have to keep the sledge balanced.
• They also used something called the
potter's wheel which when the
Sumerians used this it made them pots.
• The earliest wheels are believed to have
been used for pottery making.
• The Sumerians used the wheel to carry
heavy loads over long distances.
• The wheel was also used for chariots for
battle.
• The oldest known wheel found in an
archaeological excavation is from
Mesopotamia, and dates to around
3500 BC (Bronze Age).
ADVANCEMENT OF WHEEL
PAPER
• The Egyptians began to write,
about 3000 BC, they wrote from the
beginning in ink, on papyrus (pah-PIE-
russ)
• The Greeks and the Romans also used a
lot of papyrus, all bought in Egypt
because that is where papyrus grows.
But it wasn’t cheap! One sheet of
 papyrus probably cost about what $20 SHADOOF / SHADUF
is worth today.

• It took 3000 years to come up with

paper! Paper was invented around 100
BC in China. In 105 AD, under the Han
Dynasty emperor Ho-Ti, a government
official in China named Ts’ai Lun was the
first to start a paper-making industry.

TOOLS USED BEFORE THE USE OF PAPER

• Hand-operated device for lifting water,
invented in ancient times and still used
in India, Egypt, and some other
countries to irrigate land.

• Typically it consists of a long, tapering,

• Cuneiform is a system of writing first
developed by the ancient Sumerians of
Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is
considered the most significant among
the many cultural contributions of the
Sumerians and the greatest among
those of the Sumerian city of Uruk
which advanced the writing of
cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.
• The name comes from the Latin word
“cuneus” for 'wedge' owing to the
wedge-shaped style of writing.
nearly horizontal pole mounted like a
seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a
rope from the long end, and a
counterweight is hung on the short end.
• The operator pulls down on a rope
attached to the long end to fill the
bucket and allows the counterweight to
raise the bucket. To raise water to
higher levels, a series of shadufs are
sometimes mounted one above the
other. In India the device is called a
denkli, or paecottah.
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM

• In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing

implement known as a stylus is pressed
into soft clay to produce wedge-like
impressions that represent word-signs
(pictographs) and, later, phonograms or
`word-concepts' (closer to a modern-
day understanding of a `word').

• All of the great Mesopotamian

civilizations used cuneiform until it was • Ancient Greek mechanical device used
abandoned in favour of the alphabetic to calculate and display information
script at some point after 100 BCE. about astronomical phenomena.
 • The remains of this ancient “computer,”
now on display in the National
Archaeological Museum in Athens, were
recovered in 1901 from the wreck of a
trading ship that sank in the first half of
the 1st century BCE near the island of
Antikythera in the Mediterranean Sea.
Its manufacture is currently dated to
100 BCE, give or take 30 years.
AEOLIPILE
• Steam turbine invented in the 1st
century AD by Heron of Alexandria and
described in his Pneumatica.
• The Aeolipile was a hollow sphere
mounted so that it could turn on a pair
of hollow tubes that provided steam to
the sphere from a cauldron. The steam
escaped from the sphere from one or
more bent tubes projecting from its
equator, causing the sphere to revolve.
• The aeolipile is the first known device to
transform steam into rotary motion.
Like many other machines of the time
that demonstrated basic mechanical
principles, it was simply regarded as a
curiosity or a toy and was not used for
any practical purpose.
MIDDLE PERIOD
❑ Heavy Plough
❑ Gunpowder
❑ Paper money
❑ Mechanical clock
❑ Spinning wheel
HEAVY PLOUGH
The heavy plow was one of the most influential
inventions in Medieval Europe. This invention
allowed for the settlement of Northern Europe
and farming of the wet clay soil of Northern
Europe.
• Before the heavy plow was invented,
Northern Europe could not sustain a
large population because the soil was
heavy clay and there was no technology
at the time that could turn the soil over.
• Then the heavy plow was invented, and
it was the first plow that could turn over
the heavy, moist clay of Northern
Europe, thus allowing for towns to start
growing in Northern Europe.
• As the towns started to grow, they
realized that the clay soil was better for
farming and produced more crops. The
heavy plow then lead to a 7.7% increase
in population density and 14.3%
increase in urbanization between 900
AD and 1300 AD in Europe (Andersen,
jensen, and Skovsgaard 23).
GUN POWDER
• In Chinese, gunpowder is called huo
yao, meaning flaming medicine. Unlike
paper and printing, the birth of
gunpowder was quite accidental. It was
first invented inadvertently by
alchemists while attempting to make an
elixir of immortality. It was a mixture of
sulphur, saltpeter, and charcoal.
• At the end of the Tang Dynasty,
gunpowder was being used in military
affairs. During the Song and Yuan
Dynasties, frequent wars spurred the
development of cannons, and fire-
arrows shot from bamboo tubes.
• In the 12th and 13th centuries,
gunpowder spread to the Arab
countries, then Greece, other European
countries, and finally all over the world.
PAPER MONEY
• During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE),
however, merchants began to leave
those heavy strings of coins with a
trustworthy agent, who would record
how much money the merchant had on
deposit on a piece of paper.
• The paper, a sort of promissory note,
could then be traded for goods, and the
seller could go to the agent and redeem
the note for the strings of coins.
• With trade renewed along the Silk Road,
this simplified cartage considerably.
These privately produced promissory
notes were still not true paper currency,
however.
• At the beginning of the Song Dynasty
(960–1279 CE), the government
licensed specific deposit shops where
people could leave their coins and
receive notes. In the 1100s, Song
authorities decided to take direct
control of this system, issuing the
world's first proper, government-
produced paper money. This money
was called jiaozi.
MECHANICAL CLOCK
• There is historical disagreement as to
when the oldest mechanical clock in
medieval Europe was invented. Pope
Sylvester II built a clock for a German
town in 1996 and it is considered one of
the oldest clocks.
• By the 11th century, clocks were being
used in different parts of Europe.
However, the use of proper mechanical
clocks which utilised heavy weights for
time-keeping, is more accurately dated
back to the 14th century.
• One of these clocks was built by a monk
at Glastonbury in the 14th century and
exists to this day. From the 14th century
to the 15th century, mechanical clocks
evolved so that they began to use a
spring-powered operation rather than
 relying on heavy weights. However,
these clocks had to be wound up twice
a day by the monks for them to
functional accurately.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Replica of an early 17th-century foliot-and-verge
clock, generously provided by Mike Helfrich
SPINNING WHEEL
• Early machine for turning fibre into
thread or yarn, which was then woven
into cloth on a loom.
• The spinning wheel was probably
invented in India, though its origins are
obscure. It reached Europe via the
Middle East in the European Middle
Ages.
• It replaced the earlier method of hand
spinning, in which the individual fibres
were drawn out of a mass of wool held
on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to
form a continuous strand, and wound
on a second stick, or spindle.
MODERN PERIOD
❑ Compound microscope
❑ Telescope
❑ Jacquard loom
❑ Engine powered airplane
❑ Television
• The limitations of the single-lens
magnifier were apparent to scientists.
They labored to develop a practical
system to increase microscope
magnification.
• The next breakthrough in microscopy
was the invention of the compound
microscope. While the origin of this
device and the identity of its inventor
are the subject of some debate, credit
for the invention of the compound
microscope has generally been given to
Dutch optician Zacharias Janssen (1580-
circa 1638).
• Around 1590 Janssen reportedly
stumbled upon an idea for a multiple-
lens microscope design, which he then
constructed. Though he affirmed its
ability, no record exists of Janssen
actually using his invention. It is now
 believed that Janssen's son fabricated
the story.
• Meanwhile, Dutch scientist Cornelius
Drebbel claimed that he had
constructed the first compound
microscope in 1619. The astronomer
Galileo (1564-1642) also reported using
a two-lens microscope to examine and
describe the eye of an insect.
TELESCOPE
ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANE
• Even though this telescope had many
limitations (chromatic aberrations, low
field of view), it was enough for Galileo
to start looking at the sky and discovery
of phases of Venus, 4 largest moons of
Jupiter, and find proof that will support
astronomical model of heliocentrism.
• The pioneers in that field were Isaac
Newton who in 1668 built first practical
reflecting telescope (although it was not
used much because it was very
complicated and expensive for
manufacture).
JACQUARD LOOM
• Before the 1800s, complex woven
designs were created by hand. This was
very labour-intensive. As a result,
patterned fabric was extremely
expensive. In 1804 Joseph-Marie
Jacquard (1752 – 1834) developed the
Jacquard Loom, which mechanised the
production of patterned textiles. The
loom contributed to the transformation
of textile weaving from a ‘cottage
industry’ run by close-knit families of
skilled workers, to a focus of mass
production on an industrial scale.
• Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did
not invent flight, but their
craftsmanship skills helped them form
the early 20th-century equivalent of a
startup. Their invention of the Flyer,
which was the first crewed, powered,
heavier and (to some degree)
controlled-flight aircraft, brought people
and ideas together like never before.
• In just a few decades, their ideas led to
the creation of new aircraft in warfare,
assisted with the spread of goods and
people for globalization, and led to
spaceflight — including putting the first
people on the moon, in 1969.
 TELEVISION

• The history of the television can be

dated back to the late 1800’s when
• Doctor Fe Del Mundo (Bamboo
inventors experimented with ways to
Incubator Inventor) – credited with
have signals transmitted to a receiver. In
studies that lead to the invention of an
fact, the first coaxial cable (commonly
improved incubator and a device to
used to distribute cable TV signals) was
treat jaundice. Fe del Mundo’s invention
invented during this time. The first
has saved countless premature infants
actual transmission of images was
around the world.
successfully completed by John L. Baird
in 1925, which led to rapid • A medical incubator is an apparatus or
developments in television in device used to maintain environmental
subsequent years. And, the first conditions suitable for a new-born baby.
television system was created by Philo It is used in pre-term birth or for some
Farnsworth in 1927. These early ill full-term babies. The incubator
developments led inventors down the maintains optimal temperature,
road to rapid improvement in the humidity, and other conditions such as
television industry. the CO2 and oxygen content of the
atmosphere inside.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
ERYTHROMYCIN
❑ Bamboo Incubator

❑ Erythromycin

❑ The PC chipset

❑ Quick ink

❑ Electronic Jeepney

BAMBOO INCUBATOR

• Abelardo Aguilar discovered the

antibiotic from the Aspergillus species
of fungi in 1949 and sent samples to
Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli
 Lilly Co. The drug firm allegedly
registered the propriety name Iloson for
the antibiotic in honor of Iloilo province
where Aguilar discovered it.
Erythromycin, the generic name of
Iloson, was reportedly the first
successful macrolide antibiotic
introduced in the US.
THE PC CHIPSET
• Francisco Quisumbing- He is a scientist
from the Philippines who had
miraculously devised an instant and
quick drying ink, which had gained
recognition, in partnership with the
makers of the internationally acclaimed,
“Parker Pens”. “What is so special with
this Filipino ingenuity?” Basically, this
fast-drying ink is water resistant.
Therefore, it will not clog the opening of
this amazing writing instrument.
Through continuous usage, it will not
blot or fade with time and age.

• Diosdado Banatao developed the first

single-chip graphical user interface
accelerator that made computers work
a lot faster. This invention has allowed
computer users to use graphics for
commands and not the usual typed
commands in older computers. It has
allowed data processing to be a little
faster using very little space (small chips
instead of large boards).

QUINK INK